Jump to content

Israel–Turkey relations: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
IsrArmen (talk | contribs)
219 edits
Ending of reconciliation attempts by Islamists and Erodgan's visit to Gaza on 9th November 2012 with the Egyptian Foreign Minister to upgrade the status of Palestine in the United Nations.
IsrArmen (talk | contribs)
219 edits
Line 111: Line 111:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Gaza flotilla raid]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[History of the Jews in Turkey]]
* [[History of the Jews in Turkey]]

Revision as of 12:19, 4 November 2012

Israeli–Turkish relations
Map indicating locations of Israel and Turkey

Israel
Turkey

Israeli–Turkish relations refers to bilateral ties between Israel and Turkey. Israel–Turkey relations were formalized in March 1949.[1] Turkey was the first Muslim majority country to recognize the State of Israel.[2][3]

Cooperation between Turkey and Israel were accorded high priority by both countries, which shared concerns with respect to the regional instabilities in the Middle East.[4][5] According to a New York Times report in 1999, the strategic partnership between the two countries had the potential to alter Middle East politics: Trade and tourism were booming, the Israel Air Force practiced maneuvers in Turkish airspace and Israeli technicians were modernizing Turkish combat jets. There were also plans for high-tech cooperation and water sharing. [6] Relations deteriorated after the 2008–09 Gaza War and the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid.

History

Turkey recognized the State of Israel in 1949. In 1958, Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion and Turkish prime minister Adnan Menderes met secretly to discuss a “peripheral pact" which included public-relations campaigns, exchange of intelligence information and military support.[7] In 1967, Turkey joined the Arab condemnation of Israel after the Six-Day War and called for Israel’s withdrawal from the occupied territories but abstained from voting in favor of a clause referring to Israel as an “aggressor state.” At a meeting of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in Rabat, Morocco, Turkey opposed a resolution calling for severing diplomatic relations with Israel.[7]

Diplomatic relations

Memorial for fallen Ottoman soldiers, Beersheba

In 1992, Turkey raised the level of its diplomatic relations with Israel and dispatched an ambasasdor to Tel-Aviv.[8]

Israel has maintained two diplomatic missions in Turkey: its embassy is located in the capital city of Ankara, and its Consulate General is located in Turkey's largest city, Istanbul.[9] Until the recent downgrading in relations, the Israeli ambassador to Turkey was Pinhas Avivi,[10] and the Israeli consul-general was Mordechai Amihai.[11] These missions are responsible for Israeli consular affairs for the Marmara, Aegean, Eastern Thrace and western part of the Black Sea regions of Turkey.[12]

Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan visited Israel in 2005 offering to serve as a Middle East peace mediator and looking to build up trade and military ties. Erdogan brought a large group of businessmen on his two-day trip, which included talks with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and President Moshe Katsav. Erdogan also laid a wreath at the Holocaust memorial, Yad Vashem.[13][14] Erdogan told Sharon that his Justice and Development Party regarded anti-Semitism as “a crime against humanity.” He added that Iran's nuclear ambitions were a threat not just to Israel but to “the entire world.”[15]

On a three-day visit to Ankara in November 2007, Israeli President Shimon Peres met with Turkish President Abdullah Gül, and addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Gül promised to help free three abducted Israeli soldiers: Gilad Shalit, Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev.[16][17]

In early 2006, despite the accession of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey,[18] the Israeli Foreign Ministry described its relations with Turkey as "perfect." A joint Israeli-Palestinian industrial park was being developed under Turkey's aegis. Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey a day apart. Peres described Turkey as an "important player in the Middle East in relation to the United States, Syria and the Palestinians, as well as us."[16] According to a report in the Jerusalem Post, a spokeswoman for the Syrian Foreign Ministry said that Turkey was serving as a "channel of communication" between Syria and Israel.[19]

Changes since 2008

The Turkish government's condemnation of the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict strained relations between the two countries.[20][21] In December 1987, Turkey had already declared support for the Palestinians' right to self-determination. In 2004, Turkey had denounced Israeli assassination of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. It described Israeli policy in the Gaza Strip as "state-sponsored terrorism".[2][3][22][23] There were demonstrations across Turkey against Israeli actions in Gaza.[24][25]

On 5 March 2009, the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz reported that "secret reconciliation talks at the highest level" had been held to get the Israeli-Turkish relations back on track.[26] This report was cited in the Turkish press.[27][28]

On 11 October 2009, a military aerial exercise was to consist of Turkey, Israel, the United States, and Italy. However, Turkey barred Israel from the Anatolian Eagle military exercise.[29][30]

In October 2009, following Turkey's banning Israel's participation in the Anatolian Eagle military exercise, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu objected to Turkey as a mediator, stating "Turkey can't be [an] honest broker", between Syria and Israel.[31]

Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticizes Israeli policy and leaves the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland

Erdoğan harshly criticized Israel's conduct in Gaza at the World Economic Forum conference in Davos, Switzerland in early 2009.[29] After the assembled audience applauded Peres, Erdoğan said: "I find it very sad that people applaud what you said. You killed people. And I think that it is very wrong." The moderator, Washington Post columnist David Ignatius asked Erdoğan to finish, saying that people needed to go to dinner.[32] Erdoğan complained about the fact, that he was given 12 minutes to talk, whereas Peres talked for a duration of 25 minutes. Erdoğan then proceeded to leave the stage.[33][34][35]

In October 2009, Ayrılık, a prime-time serial on Turkish state television channel TRT 1 featured fictionalized scenes of Israeli soldiers shooting Palestinian children and mistreating elderly Arabs.[36] Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman criticized the program,[37] and rebuked the Turkish Ambassador in front of assembled media.[38] Lieberman subsequently apologized after Turkey threatened to withdraw its ambassador.[38]

After Hamas leader Khaled Mashal paid an official visit to Turkey, relations began to cool off.[39] In January 2010, Israel protested when an episode ("Ambush") of the Turkish soap opera Valley of the Wolves depicted Israeli intelligence spying inside Turkey and kidnapping Turkish babies. The series depicted a fictional Mossad attack on the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in which the ambassador and his family are taken hostage. On 11 January 2010, Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon met with Turkish ambassador Ahmet Oğuz Çelikkol, who was seated on a stool that was lower than Ayalon's. Ayalon allegedly turned to his aide and quipped, "The main thing is that you see that he is seated low and that we are high ... that there is one flag on the table (the Israeli flag) and that we are not smiling." [40][41]

Moshe Ya'alon, Israel's Minister of Strategic Affairs, accused Turkey of cooperating with Hamas and Iran. According to the Shin Bet, Hamas established a command post in Turkey and has used it to recruit operatives and oversee operations in the Middle East.[42]

Turkish government send the three IAI Heron back to Israel after technical problems were found with the aircraft, Turkish news outlet NTV reported in October 2012. Turkey acquired the drones in 2008 as part of a 10 drone, $183 million deal with Israel Aerospace Industries.[43]According to Israel Radio, Turkey claimed the Israeli government has rejected repeated requests to repair the aircraft, as specified in their agreement. As a result, Turkey has decided to return them to Israel and demand compensation for damages incurred because of Israel’s unwillingness to meet its obligations.[44]During the same month damaged relations between the two countries were manifested in mutual and official boycotts of the countries' independence ceremonies.[45]

Economic relations

On 1 January 2000, Israel and Turkey signed a free-trade agreement, making Turkey the first Muslim majority country to sign such an agreement with Israel.[46]

Israel exports an annual $1.5 billion in goods and services to Turkey, and imports $1.8 billion.[47]"Turkey: Israel's Largest 3rd Export Market in 2011."[48] Trade between Turkey and Israel increased from $600 million (2010) to $695 million (first six months of 2011), and Israeli exports to Turkey rose to $662 million from $420 million.[49]

Military collaboration

Turkey-Israel naval collaboration, 2009: US Capt. John Moore, Turkish Rear Adm. Ismail Taylan, Israeli Rear Adm. Rom Rutberg
Annual U.S.-Turkish-Israeli training exercise, 2009

In 2007, Israel and Turkey discussed the sale of Israeli Ofeq satellites and Arrow missile air-defence systems to Turkey to upgrade Turkish military and intelligence capabilities.[16] Israeli defense companies have helped to modernize the F-4 Phantom fleet of the Turkish air force. Agreements have included air, sea, land and intelligence cooperation, manufacturing of aircraft, armaments and missiles, mutual military visits, training and exercises, dispatch of observers to oversee military exercises, staff exchanges and military know-how.[50]

  • Modernization of Turkey's F-4 Phantoms and F-5 aircraft – $900 million.
  • Upgrading 170 of Turkey's M60A1 tanks – $687 million.[51]
  • Popeye-I and Popeye-II missiles.
  • Popeye-II surface-to-air missiles – $150 million.
  • 10 Heron UAV - $183 million.[51]
  • Arrow anti-ballistic-missiles. (Agreed in principle by Israel; approval by the United States pending.)
  • The agreement provided exchange of pilots eight times a year; allowed Israeli pilots to practice "long range flying over mountainous land" in Turkey's Konya firing range; and permitted Turkish pilots to train at Israel's computerized firing range at the Nevatim airfield.[52]
  • The two navies conducted maneuvers during Operation Reliant Mermaid (the U.S. also participated) in January 1998.

In September 2011, military agreements between Turkey and Israel were suspended.[53] Turkey has frozen 16 defense contracts worth billions of dollars since March 2010. Turkey suspended a 5 billion dollar deal for 1,000 Merkava Mk 3 tanks. Turkey also dropped Israel Aerospace Industries Arrow-2 anti-ballistic missile system worth $2 billion from bidding. Now only US, European, and Chinese companies can bid.[51]

Turkish government send the three IAI Heron back to Israel after technical problems were found with the aircraft, Turkish news outlet NTV reported in October 2012. Turkey acquired the drones in 2008 as part of a 10 drone, $183 million deal with Israel Aerospace Industries.[54]According to Israel Radio, Turkey claimed the Israeli government has rejected repeated requests to repair the aircraft, as specified in their agreement. As a result, Turkey has decided to return them to Israel and demand compensation for damages incurred because of Israel’s unwillingness to meet its obligations.[55]During the same month damaged relations between the two countries were manifested in mutual and official boycotts of the countries' independence ceremonies.[56]

Tourism

Turkey was an important tourism destination for Israelis. Istanbul is a 90-minute flight from Tel Aviv. No visa was required for travel between the countries. In 2008, before the 2008-09 Gaza war, 560,000 Israelis vacationed in Turkey, according to Israeli tourism officials. In October 2010 Israel's Tourism Minister Stas Misezhnikov encouraged Israelis to boycott Turkey as a vacation spot in response to Turkey's stance on Gaza.[57] The number of Israeli tourists in Turkey dropped to 300,000 in 2009 and to 110,000 in 2010; it declined further to about 62,000 between January and August 2011. According to the Turkey’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Israeli's share of Turkey's total tourism declined from 3% to 0.05%. The number of Arab tourists in Turkey, by contrast, increased to about 1.4 million visitors in the first part of 2011, a jump from about 912,000 in the whole of 2009.[58] Turkey’s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan made an statement in June 2012, saying “We do not need Israeli tourists. We have successfully filled their places". [59]

Still, tourism to Antalya rose by more than 20% from September 2010 to September 2011, and the number of Israeli visitors to Istanbul rose 13%, still well below previous peaks.[60]

Turkish Airlines dropped the number of weekly flights to Israel by about half in 2010.[61] In 2011, Turkish charter airlines began to cut back weekly flights on routes to and from Israel against the backdrop of the crisis in relations between the two counties and the decline in Israelis' Turkey holidays. It also emerged that El Al Israel Airlines had contingency plans that would address the possibility that Turkey would bar the Israeli carrier from overflying Turkish territory.[62]

Turkey is giving up on Israeli tourists as the Turkish Culture & Tourism Office has deleted Israel from its list of countries for which it has budgeted advertising campaigns, and that Israeli advertising agencies were not invited to participate in the office's latest tender in 2012. No Israeli agency was chosen in the tender, and no advertising activity took place in Israel giving the message that the Turkish Culture & Tourism Office stopped any relations with Israel.[63]

Disaster relief

After the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Israel assisted in search and rescue efforts and set up makeshift hospitals. The Israeli team included hundreds of personnel from the IDF SAR team, paramedics, surgeons and administrative personnel. The team was one of the largest international teams to assist in the catastrophe (which claimed more than 17,000 lives) and remained active for weeks.[64][65]

During the Mount Carmel forest fire in 2010, Turkey was one of the first nations to send aid to Israel. Turkey sent two firefighting aircraft, which started to extinguish fire in the early hours of 3 December.[66]

Following the 2011 earthquake in Turkey's Van province, Israel offered to provide prefabricated housing and tents in response to Turkish requests for foreign aid.[67] Israel airlifting mobile homes to the devastated region.[68]

Cultural ties

The Arkadas Association was established in 2003 to preserve the heritage of Turkish Jews, promote the study of Ladino, and strengthen ties between Israel and Turkey.[69] The organization has over 4000 members. Eyal Peretz, chairman of the association, told the Jerusalem Post that Jewish heritage trips to Turkey had stopped because of security concerns and dwindling demand. Peretz stated, “I’ve devoted most of my life as an adult to cultivate ties between the two people and I’ve seen how a warm relationship has been erased in one fell swoop. It’s very painful, very frustrating."[70]

2010 Gaza flotilla raid

IDF soldiers met with a violent Turkish mob armed with clubs, slingshots, saws, and knives

On 31 May 2010, nine activists (eight Turkish citizens and one Turkish-American with dual citizenship) were killed by Israeli troops after seven Israeli soldiers were injured on the Mavi Marmara, part of the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla",[71] a convoy of six ships carrying 663 people from 37 nations, including pro-Palestinian activists,[72] journalists, and humanitarians. Following the raid, which took place in the Mediterranean Sea in international waters,[73] tension between the two countries mounted. One of the ships taking part was flying a Turkish flag. Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan described the raid as "state terrorism". Turkey recalled its ambassador from Israel, and summoned the Israeli ambassador to demand an explanation. The Turkish Foreign Ministry stated that the incident could lead to irreparable consequences in bilateral relations.[74]

On 2 September 2011, Turkey downgraded diplomatic ties with Israel and suspended military co-operation after the UN released its report of the Mavi Marmara raid. A statement from the Israeli prime minister's office said, "Israel hopes to find a way to overcome the dispute and will continue to work towards this goal". Turkey demanded an Israeli apology and compensation over the 31 May 2010 incident aboard the Mavi Marmara in which eight Turkish nationals and an American man of Turkish descent died when the vessel was stormed by Israeli commandos. The Israeli government refused.[75]

In September 2011, Turkey expelled Israel's ambassador after a UN report found that the blockade of Gaza was legal according to international law although excessive force was used when boarding the ship.[76] Israeli officials stated that they hoped to restore ties but reiterated that they would not apologize.[77][78] Hamas praised Turkey's decision.[79][80]

Response of Turkish opposition parties

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Turkey's opposition leader, condemned the downgrade in relations with Israel, stating "No good can come of it and there is no need for us to risk our interest with petty action."[81] Faruk Logoglu, a deputy chairman of the opposition Republican People's Party, criticized Erdoğan, stating that "The probability that (Turkey's ruling) party has carried Turkey to the brink of a hot conflict is saddening and unacceptable." Alon Liel, a former Israeli ambassador to Turkey, stated that it was unlikely that Turkish forces would penetrate Israeli waters, but speculated that Turkey might to disrupt future Israeli gas exports to Cyprus and warned of a new Turkish-Egyptian alliance that could isolate Israel in the Mediterranean.[82]

Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak predicted that the rift would pass in time.[83][84]At the U.N. General Assembly in September 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama asked Erdogan to mend his ties with Israel.[85]

Natural gas dispute

The Leviathan gas field, a large natural gas field located in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Israel, was discovered in June 2010. Israeli energy firm Delek Group is seeking to work with Cyprus on natural gas exploration and extraction where Delek is already active.[86] Turkey claims that the Republic of Cyprus does not have an Exclusive economic zone and cannot sign deals with Israel which could be detrimental to the Turkish-Cypriot population in the Northern Cyprus.

According to Turkish media reports in September 2011, Israel Air Force fighter planes flew through the airspace of Cyprus after taking off to face a Turkish seismic research ship in the Eastern Mediterranean. The reports added that Turkey responded by launching two fighters to track the Israeli planes, at which point the Israeli fighter jets returned to Israeli airspace. The Turkish research vessel was seen as a Turkish provocation in the dispute over gas fields. The operation of Israeli planes in Cyprus airspace was interpreted as a further sign of close Israel-Cyprus ties and as a challenge to Turkey.[87]In May 2012, the Turkish Army command said its fighter jets chased an Israeli plane out of Turkish occupied Cypriot airspace. In May 2012 Cyprus also denied a report that Israel planned to deploy 20,000 troops in Cyprus to protect Israelis working on energy projects, as Turkey had accused Israel.[88]

Cyprus and Israel signed an accord demarcating their maritime borders to facilitate offshore gas exploration. Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou and Israel's Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau signed the deal in Nicosia. The intent is to facilitate a search for mineral deposits in the east Mediterranean where huge natural gas reserves have been discovered. Turkish sources said that the Foreign Ministry had summoned Israel's Ambassador to Turkey, Gabby Levy, and expressed discontent over the agreement.[89]

Erdogan's statement on reconciliation attempt and his visit to Gaza

On the 20th of September Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced that "they have sent richest Jew in the world” who was asked to intervene on Israel’s behalf to repair the frayed ties between Jerusalem and Ankara.Turkish media reports suggested that the mystery man was in fact Ronald Lauder, the president of the World Jewish Congress and a cosmetics tycoon listed by Forbes among the richest Jews in the world. Erdoğan reiterated Turkey’s conditions for reconciliation: that Israel apologize for the killing of the activists, pay compensation to the victims’ families, and lift the blockade on Gaza.[90]

Prime Minister Erdogan made the announcement aboard a plane from Berlin to the Turkish city of Ankara on 2 November 2012, adding that authorities are holding talks with officials in Gaza in order to arrange the trip to Gaza. Erdogan further reiterated his demand that the Israeli "regime" end the blockade of Gaza. Meanwhile Hürriyet Daily News reported that Ankara will host Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki and Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohammed Kamel Amr in November in an attempt to back a Palestinian bid to upgrade their status at the United Nations.[91]


See also

References

  1. ^ Abadi, pg. 6
  2. ^ a b http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf
  3. ^ a b "Turkey and Israel". Smi.uib.no. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  4. ^ "Middle East | Analysis: Middle East's 'phantom alliance'". BBC News. 1999-02-18. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  5. ^ http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?subjectid=18367&missionid=65&languageid=0&statusi
  6. ^ Quake Relief Shows Israel Feels Deeply For Turkey
  7. ^ a b Timeline of Turkish-Israeli Relations, 1949–2006
  8. ^ Efraim Inbar, "Israeli-Turkish Tensions and Beyond," The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs Vol. 4 No. 1 (2010), 28
  9. ^ "Web Sites of Israeli Missions Abroad". Israel-mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  10. ^ "The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Ankara.mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  11. ^ http://istanbul.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?SubjectID=15851&MissionID=66&LanguageID=0&StatusID=0&DocumentID=-1
  12. ^ "The Israeli Government's Official Website, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Istanbul.mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  13. ^ Turkish leader visits Israel, offers to help with peace process
  14. ^ Turkish Leader Visits Israel, Restoring Friendly Ties
  15. ^ Erdogan's travels
  16. ^ a b c Yaakov Katz (12 November 2007). "Israel may sell Arrow and Ofek to Turkey". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  17. ^ Yaakov Katz (13 November 2007). "Peres, Gul at odds over Iran nuke threat". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  18. ^ "Radikal-çevrimiçi". Radikal.com.tr. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  19. ^ "Damascus confirms channel with Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 30 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
  20. ^ Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza Al Jazeera English (THURSDAY, JANUARY 29, 2009)
  21. ^ Erdogan Clashes With Peres, Storms Out of Davos Panel (Update1) Bloomberg
  22. ^ "Turkey rallies to Gaza's plight" BBC News by Sarah Rainsford (BBC Istanbul), Friday, 16 January 2009
  23. ^ "Turkey's drift away from the West". Jerusalem Post (14 January 2009). Retrieved on 2009-02-04
  24. ^ "Hundreds of thousands protest in Turkey against Israeli offensive", Hürriyet Daily News
  25. ^ "Thousands in Turkey protest Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip", Hürriyet Daily News
  26. ^ "Livni, Turkish FM hold secret reconciliation talks", Haaretz, 5 March 2009 [dead link‍]
  27. ^ "Turkey, Israel in secret talks for swift end to diplomatic crisis - report", Hurriyet Daily News
  28. ^ "[Haaretz] Israel and Turkey in quiet talks", Today's Zaman
  29. ^ a b "Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza". Al Jazeera English. 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  30. ^ "Israel hits back at Turkey over scuppered air force drill". Haaretz. 2009-11-10. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  31. ^ "Netanyahu: Turkey can't be 'honest broker' in Syria talks". Haaretz. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  32. ^ "Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row", BBC News
  33. ^ "Turkish PM storms out of Davos' Gaza session, slams moderator" Hurriyet Daily News
  34. ^ "Stormy debate in Davos over Gaza" Al Jazeera English (Thursday, 29 January 2009)
  35. ^ "Erdoğan Clashes With Peres, Storms Out of Davos Panel"
  36. ^ "Lay off Iran's nukes, Turkish leader says." JTA. 28 October 2009
  37. ^ "Turkish TV show has IDF soldiers 'killing' Palestinian kids". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  38. ^ a b Renaudie, Jean-Luc (14 January 2010). "Israeli media slam govt handling of row with Turkey". AFP. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  39. ^ "Turkey, Israel and the US". Thenation.com. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  40. ^ "Ayalon to 'behave diplomatically' in future", Ynetnews, 13 January 2010
  41. ^ "Israel-Turkey tensions high over TV series". Edition.cnn.com. 2010-01-12. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  42. ^ Shin Bet:Hamas operating in Turkey, China
  43. ^ "Turkey to return drones purchased from Israel". 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  44. ^ "Turkey and Israel are again conflicting". 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  45. ^ Barak Ravid (2012-11-11). "The latest casualty of strained Turkish-Israeli relations: Independence Day ceremonies". Retrieved 2012-11-1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  46. ^ http://www.israeltrade.org.tr/content/view/354/1/
  47. ^ "Why Israel Needs Turkey", Haaretz
  48. ^ [1]
  49. ^ Turkey Suspends Israel Military Ties, Will Downgrade Diplomatic Relations
  50. ^ The Turkish Middle East Role: Between the Arabs and Israel U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
  51. ^ a b c "UAVs 'could end Israel-Turkey rift'". Retrieved 13 September 2011.
  52. ^ Nechmani, 1998: pg. 24; Pipes, 1997, pg. 34
  53. ^ [2], "Turkey suspends all military agreements with Israel".
  54. ^ "Turkey to return drones purchased from Israel". 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  55. ^ "Turkey and Israel are again conflicting". 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  56. ^ Barak Ravid (2012-11-11). "The latest casualty of strained Turkish-Israeli relations: Independence Day ceremonies". Retrieved 2012-11-1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  57. ^ Amy Teibel (2010-10-31). "Tourism minister urges Israelis to boycott Turkey". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  58. ^ Rob L. Wagner (2011-10-15). "At Turkish resort, Arabs fill Israeli rooms". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  59. ^ Tulin Daloglu (2012-06-30). "20% Israeli Tourists "Not Needed" In Turkey, Says Erdogan". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2012-08-06..
  60. ^ Sapir Peretz (2011-10-10). "20% increase in Israeli tourists to Antalya". Globes. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  61. ^ Zohar Blumenkrantz (2010-07-04). "Turkish Airlines drops number of daily flights to Israel". The Marker - Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  62. ^ Zohar Blumenkrantz (2011-09-07). "Turkish charter airlines cancel weekly Israel flights". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
  63. ^ Anat Bein (2011-09-07). "Turkey gives up on Israeli tourists". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
  64. ^ Stephen Kinzer Quake Relief Shows Israel Feels Deeply For Turkey New York Times, 28 August 1999
  65. ^ Arieh O'Sullivan, Israel rescue team aids Turkey quake victims,Jweekly.com, 20 August 1999
  66. ^ Turkey Helps Fight Israeli Fire
  67. ^ Turkey requests foreign quake aid amid lack of tents
  68. ^ "Turkey says 'yes' to Israeli earthquake aid offer". Jerusalem Post. October 25, 2011.
  69. ^ Arkadas, the Turkish community in Israel
  70. ^ http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=236883 Israeli-Turks watch relations crumble between their lands
  71. ^ Black, Ian; Haroon Siddique (31 May 2010). "Q&A: The Gaza Freedom flotilla". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  72. ^ Tia Goldenberg (31 May 2010). "Pro-Palestinian aid flotilla sets sail for Gaza". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  73. ^ Noah Kosharek (2 June 2010). "Israel transfers hundreds of Gaza flotilla activists to airport for deportation". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  74. ^ "Turkey condemns Israel over deadly attack on Gaza aid flotilla". London: Telegraph. 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  75. ^ [3], "Turkey downgrades ties with Israel"
  76. ^ Arsu, Sebnem; Cowell, Alan (2 September 2011). "Turkey Expels Israeli Envoy in Dispute Over Raid". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  77. ^ "Israel refuses to apologize or pay compensation regarding the 2009 Gaza flotilla raid"
  78. ^ Maayan Lubell (2 September 2011). "Israel hopes to mend ties with Turkey-govt official". Reuters. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  79. ^ Darren Mara; Chuck Penfold (3 September 2011). "UN chief tells Turkey, Israel to improve ties for sake of Middle East". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  80. ^ "Hamas welcomes Turkey move to expel Israeli envoy". The Egyptian Gazette. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  81. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4117626,00.html
  82. ^ Turkey: Israel possibly target of more sanctions by Selcan Hacaoglu and Aron Heller, Huffington Post, 6 September 2011.
  83. ^ "Barak on Turkey: This wave will pass." Ynetnews. 8 September 2011. 8 September 2011.
  84. ^ http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=237269
  85. ^ Benhorin, Yitzhak. "Obama urges Erdogan to resolve crisis with Israel." Ynetnews. 21 September 2011. 21 September 2011.
  86. ^ The Associated Press (2011-01-23). "Delek proposes Cyprus facility to process Israeli gas". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  87. ^ Haaretz (2011-09-30). "Report: Israel scrambles IAF warplanes toward Turkish ship". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
  88. ^ JAMES KANTER (2012-09-30). "Cyprus-Israel close to gas-sharing deal". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  89. ^ Alarab Online, 20 December 2010, "Turkey unhappy with Israel-Cyprus deal", 10 April 2011
  90. ^ Stuart Winer (2012-09-30). "Israel sent Jewish billionaire to intercede with us, Turkish prime minister says". The Times of ISRAEL. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  91. ^ Jodi Rudoren (2012-11-2). "Turkish Leader Says He Plans a Trip to Gaza Soon". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-2. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Israel–Turkey_relations&oldid=521347568"