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{{Infobox artist |
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| bgcolour = #6495ED |
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| name = Franz Marc |
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| image = alves.jpg |
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| imagesize = 220 px |
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| caption = Plaque on the house where Marc was born |
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| birth_name = |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|2|8|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[German Empire]] |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1916|3|4|1880|2|8|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Braquis]], [[France]] |
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| nationality = [[Germany|German]] |
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| field = [[Painting]] |
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| training = [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich]] |
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| movement = [[Expressionism]] |
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| works = ''Fate of the Animals'', ''Tiger'', ''The Yellow Cow'', ''Fighting Forms'' |
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}} |
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'''Franz Marc''' (February 8, 1880 – March 4, 1916) was a German [[Painting|painter]] and [[printmaking|printmaker]], one of the key figures of the [[Germans|German]] [[Expressionist]] movement. He was a founding member of ''[[Der Blaue Reiter]]'' (The Blue Rider), a journal whose name later became synonymous with the circle of artists collaborating in it. |
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==Early life and education== |
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Franz Marc was born in 1880 in [[Munich]], then the capital of the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]. His father, Wilhelm, was a professional [[landscape painter]], and his mother Sophie was a strict [[Calvinist]]. In 1900, Marc began to study at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich]], where his teachers would include [[Gabriel von Hackl]] and [[Wilhelm von Diez]]. In 1903 and 1907 he spent time in [[France]], particularly in [[Paris]], visiting the city's museums and copying many paintings, a traditional way that artists studied and developed technique. In Paris, Marc frequented artistic circles, and was able to meet numerous artists, including the actress [[Sarah Bernhardt]]. He discovered a strong affinity for the work of [[Vincent van Gogh]]. |
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==Marriage and family== |
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During his twenties, Marc was involved in a number of stormy relationships, including a years-long affair with Annette von Eckardt, a married antique dealer who was nine years older than him. He married twice, first to Marie Schnuer, then to Maria Franck. |
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==Career== |
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In 1906, Marc traveled with his elder brother Paul, a [[Byzantine]] expert, to [[Saloniki]], [[Mount Athos]], and various other [[Greece|Greek]] locations. A few years later in 1910, Marc developed an important friendship with the artist [[August Macke]]. |
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In 1911 Marc founded the ''[[Der Blaue Reiter]]'' journal, which became the center of an artist circle with Macke, [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and others who decided to split off from the ''[[Neue Künstlervereinigung]]'' (New Artist's Association) movement. |
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Marc showed several of his works in the first ''Der Blaue Reiter'' exhibition at the [[Thannhauser Galleries]] in Munich between December 1911 and January 1912. The apex of the German [[expressionist]] movement, the exhibit also showed in [[Berlin]], [[Köln]], [[Hagen]], and [[Frankfurt]]. In 1912, Marc met [[Robert Delaunay]], whose use of color and [[Futurism (art)|futurist]] method was a major influence on Marc's work. Fascinated by futurism and [[cubism]], Marc created art increasingly stark and abstract in nature. |
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===Camouflage pioneer=== |
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Marc joined up as a cavalryman, but by February 1916, as shown in a letter to his wife, he had gravitated to [[military camouflage]]. He noted that the role of camouflage was to hide artillery from aerial observation. His technique was to paint canvas covers in broadly [[pointillist]] style. He took pleasure in creating a series of nine such tarpaulin covers in styles varying "from [[Manet]] to [[Kandinsky]]", suspecting that the latter could be the most effective against aircraft flying at 2000 meters or higher.<ref>{{cite book | title=Camouflage | publisher=Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum | author=Newark, Tim | year=2007 | pages=68}}</ref> |
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After mobilization of the German Army during World War I, the government identified notable artists to be withdrawn from combat to protect them. Marc was on the list, but before orders for reassignment could reach him, he was struck in the head and killed instantly by a shell splinter during the [[Battle of Verdun]] in 1916.<ref>Dantini, Michele, ''Modern & Contemporary Art'', (Sterling Publishing Inc., 2008), 29.</ref> |
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==Style== |
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Marc made some sixty prints, in [[woodcut]] and [[lithography]]. Most of his mature work portrays animals, usually in natural settings. His work is characterized by bright primary color, an almost [[cubist]] portrayal of animals, stark simplicity and a profound sense of emotion. His work attracted notice in influential circles even in his own time. Marc gave an emotional meaning or purpose to the colors he used in his work: blue was used for masculinity and spirituality, yellow represented feminine joy, and red encased the sound of violence. After the [[National Socialists]] took power, they suppressed modern art; in 1936 and 1937, the Nazis condemned Marc as an ''[[entarteter Künstler]]'' (degenerate artist), and ordered that approximately 130 of his works be taken from exhibit in German museums. |
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Franz Marc's best-known painting is probably ''Tierschicksale'' (also known as ''Animal Destinies'' or ''Fate of the Animals''), which hangs in the [[Kunstmuseum Basel]]. Marc completed the work in 1913, when "the tension of impending cataclysm had pervaded society", as one art historian noted.<ref name=kleiner>Kleiner, Fred S. ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages''. 2008, page 916</ref> On the rear of the canvas, Marc wrote, "Und Alles Sein ist flammend Leid" ("And all being is flaming agony").<ref name=kleiner /><ref>Rookmaaker, Hendrik Roelof. ''Modern Art and the Death of a Culture''. 1994, page 136</ref> Conscripted during World War I, Marc wrote to his wife of the painting, it "is like a premonition of this war—horrible and shattering. I can hardly conceive that I painted it."<ref name=kleiner /> |
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==Legacy and honors== |
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*His family house in Munich is marked with an historic plaque. |
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*In October 1998, several of Marc's paintings garnered record prices at [[Christie's]] art auction house in London, including ''Rote Rehe I'' (''Red Deer I''), which sold for $3.30m. |
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*In October 1999, his ''Der Wasserfall'' (''The Waterfall'') was sold by [[Sotheby's]] in London to a private collector for $5.06m. This price set a record for both Franz Marc's work, and 20th-century German painting. |
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<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px"> |
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image:Marc-horse in a landscape.jpg|'''Pferd in der Landschaft''', ''Horse in a Landscape,'' [[Museum Folkwang]], Essen, 1910 |
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File:Haystacks in the Snow by Franz Marc 1911.jpeg|'''Hocken im Schnee''', ''Haystacks in the Snow'', 1911 |
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File:Large Blue Horses.jpg|'''Die großen blauen Pferde''', ''[[Large Blue Horses]]'', [[Walker Art Center]], 1911 |
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File:Schlafende Hirtin by Franz Marc 1912.jpg|'''Schlafende Hirtin''', ''Sleeping Shepherdess'', 1912, [[British Museum]] |
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File:Horses Resting by Franz Marc.jpeg|'''Ruhende Pferde''', ''Horses Resting'', 1911/12, [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |
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Image:Deer_in_the_Woods_II.jpg|'''Rehe im Walde II''', ''Deer in the Woods II'', 1912 |
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File:Aus der Tierlegende by Franz Marc 1912.jpg|'''Aus der Tierlegende''', ''From the Animal Legend'', 1912, [[British Museum]] |
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File:Atonement by Franz Marc 1912.jpeg|'''Versöhnung''', ''Atonement'', 1912, [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |
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File:The Bewitched Mill by Franz Marc 1913.jpg|'''Die verzauberte Mühle''', ''The Bewitched Mill'', 1913, [[Art Institute of Chicago]] |
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File:The Tower of Blue Horses Franz Marc.jpeg|'''Der Turm der blauen Pferde''', ''[[The Tower of Blue Horses]]'', 1913, missing since 1945 |
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File:Birth of the Wolves by Franz Marc 1913.jpeg|'''Geburt der Wölfe''', ''Birth of the Wolves'', 1913, [[Yale University Art Gallery]] |
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Image:The_Fate_of_the_Animals.jpg|'''Tierschicksale''', ''The Fate of the Animals'', 1913, [[Kunstmuseum Basel]] |
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Image:Franz_Marc_The_Lamb.jpg|'''Das Lamm''', ''The Lamb'', 1913/14 |
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File:Schöpfungsgeschichte II by Franz Marc 1914.jpg|'''Schöpfungsgeschichte II''', ''Creation Story'', 1914, [[British Museum]] |
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image:Fighting_Forms.jpg|'''Kämpfende Formen''', ''Fighting Forms'', 1914 |
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File:Franz Marc 020.jpg|'''Rehe im Walde''', ''[[Roe deer]] in the forest'', 1914 |
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File:Franz Marc - Red Horses.jpg|'''Weidende Pferde IV (Die roten Pferde)''', ''The Large Red Horses'', 1911 |
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File:Franz Marc - Foxes.jpg|'''Füchse''', ''Foxes'', 1913, Kunstmuseum, Düsseldorf |
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File:Franz Marc-Tiger.jpg|'''Tiger''', ''Tiger'', 1912, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich |
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</gallery> |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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*Rosenthal, M. ''Franz Marc'', Prestel, 2004. ISBN 3-7913-3094-2 |
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*[http://www.shareholder.com/bid/news/19991006-11259.cfm "Day of German and Austrian Art Sales at Sotheby's in London Raises £18,350,091"] ''Sotheby's'', October 6, 1999, retrieved September 4, 2006 |
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== External links == |
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{{commons|Franz Marc}} |
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* [http://hs.riverdale.k12.or.us/~dthompso/art/marc/gallery/ Gallery of Marc's work] |
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* [http://hs.riverdale.k12.or.us/~dthompso/art/marc/links.html Links on Marc] |
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* [http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/marc/ WebMuseum Franz Marc Page] |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=44310294}} |
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{{Camoufleurs}} |
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{{Der Blaue Reiter}} |
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME= Marc, Franz |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Marc, Franz |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Painting]] |
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|DATE OF BIRTH= February 8, 1880 |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Munich]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH= March 4, 1916 |
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|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Verdun]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Marc, Franz}} |
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[[Category:1880 births]] |
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[[Category:1916 deaths]] |
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[[Category:People from Munich]] |
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[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria]] |
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[[Category:German painters]] |
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[[Category:German Expressionist painters]] |
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[[Category:German printmakers]] |
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[[Category:Modern painters]] |
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[[Category:Expressionism]] |
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[[Category:German military personnel killed in World War I]] |
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[[Category:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni]] |
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[[Category:Camoufleurs]] |
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{{Link FA|de}} |
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[[zh:弗兰茨·马尔克]] |
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Revision as of 01:24, 9 November 2012
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