User:Porter482/sandbox: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> |
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> |
||
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease that infects humans and other animals caused by microorganisms in the Plasmodium family. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito, which introduces the parasite through its saliva and into the infected host’s circulatory system. It then travels through the bloodstream into the liver where it can mature and reproduce. <ref name=Lancet>{{Cite journal|authors=B.M. Greenwood, K. Bojang, C.J. Whitty, G.A. Targett|title=Malaria|journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]]|year=2005|volume 365|pages=1487-1498|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, headache, shaking chills, anemia, and in severe cases can progress to coma or death. |
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease that infects humans and other animals caused by microorganisms in the [[Plasmodium]] family. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito, which introduces the parasite through its saliva and into the infected host’s circulatory system. It then travels through the bloodstream into the liver where it can mature and reproduce. <ref name=Lancet>{{Cite journal|authors=B.M. Greenwood, K. Bojang, C.J. Whitty, G.A. Targett|title=Malaria|journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]]|year=2005|volume 365|pages=1487-1498|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, headache, shaking chills, anemia, and in severe cases can progress to coma or death. |
||
Climate is an influential driving force of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Malaria is especially susceptible to the effects of climate change because mosquitoes lack the mechanisms to regulate their internal temperature. This implies that there is a limited range of climatic conditions within which the pathogen (malaria) and vector (a mosquito) can survive, reproduce and infect hosts. <ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|author=S. Mia, R.A. Begum, A.C. Er, R.Z. Abidin, J.J. Pereira|title= Malaria and Climate Change: Discussion on Economic Impacts|journal=[[American Journal of Environmental Sciences]]|year=2010|volume=7|issue=1|pages=73-82|doi=http://tru.summon.serialssolutions.com/search?s.q=malaria+and+climate+change}}</ref>. Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, have distinctive characteristics that determine [[pathogenicity]]. These include: the survival and reproduction rate of the vector, the level of vector activity (i.e. the biting or feeding rate), and the development and reproduction rate of the pathogen within the vector or host. <ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|author=S. Mia, R.A. Begum, A.C. Er, R.Z. Abidin, J.J. Pereira|title= Malaria and Climate Change: Discussion on Economic Impacts|journal=[[American Journal of Environmental Sciences]]|year=2010|volume=7|issue=1|pages=73-82|doi=http://tru.summon.serialssolutions.com/search?s.q=malaria+and+climate+change}}</ref> Changes in climate factors substantially affect reproduction, development, distribution and seasonal transmissions of malaria. |
|||
The ideal temperature range for malaria-carrying mosquitoes is 15–30 °C. <ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|authors=H. Pates, C. Curtis|title=Mosoquito behaviour and vector control|journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]]|year=2005|volume=50|issue=1|pages=57-70|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130439}}</ref> Mosquitoes are also highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and humidity. Increased precipitation can increase mosquito population indirectly by expanding larval habitat and food supply. Mosquitoes are, however, highly dependent on humidity, surviving only within a limited humidity range of 55-80%. <ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|authors=H. Pates, C. Curtis|title=Mosoquito behaviour and vector control|journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]]|year=2005|volume=50|issue=1|pages=57-70|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130439}}</ref> |
|||
The population at risk of malaria in the absence of climate change is projected to double between 1990 and 2080s to 8820 million, however; unmitigated climate change would, by the 2080s, further increase the population at risk of malaria by another 257 to 323 million. Therefore, reducing the effects of climate change in the present would reduce the total by about 3.5%, saving tens of thousands of lives worldwide. <ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|authors=I.M. Goklany, D.A. King|title=Climate change and malaria|journal=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|year=2004|volume 306|issue=5693|pages=55-57|doi=10.1126/science.306.5693.55}}</ref> |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
| Line 9: | Line 14: | ||
<ref name=Lancet>{{Cite journal|authors=B.M. Greenwood, K. Bojang, C.J. Whitty, G.A. Targett|title=Malaria|journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]]|year=2005|volume 365|pages=1487-1498|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> |
<ref name=Lancet>{{Cite journal|authors=B.M. Greenwood, K. Bojang, C.J. Whitty, G.A. Targett|title=Malaria|journal=[[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]]|year=2005|volume 365|pages=1487-1498|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> |
||
<ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|author=S. Mia, R.A. Begum, A.C. Er, R.Z. Abidin, J.J. Pereira|title= Malaria and Climate Change: Discussion on Economic Impacts|journal=[[American Journal of Environmental Sciences]]|year=2010|volume=7|issue=1|pages=73-82|doi=http://tru.summon.serialssolutions.com/search?s.q=malaria+and+climate+change}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|authors=H. Pates, C. Curtis|title=Mosoquito behaviour and vector control|journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]]|year=2005|volume=50|issue=1|pages=57-70|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130439}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|authors=H. Pates, C. Curtis|title=Mosoquito behaviour and vector control|journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]]|year=2005|volume=50|issue=1|pages=57-70|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130439}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=infectious>{{Cite journal|authors=I.M. Goklany, D.A. King|title=Climate change and malaria|journal=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|year=2004|volume 306|issue=5693|pages=55-57|doi=10.1126/science.306.5693.55}}</ref> |
|||
Revision as of 02:46, 29 November 2012
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease that infects humans and other animals caused by microorganisms in the Plasmodium family. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito, which introduces the parasite through its saliva and into the infected host’s circulatory system. It then travels through the bloodstream into the liver where it can mature and reproduce. [1] The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, headache, shaking chills, anemia, and in severe cases can progress to coma or death. Climate is an influential driving force of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. Malaria is especially susceptible to the effects of climate change because mosquitoes lack the mechanisms to regulate their internal temperature. This implies that there is a limited range of climatic conditions within which the pathogen (malaria) and vector (a mosquito) can survive, reproduce and infect hosts. [2]. Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, have distinctive characteristics that determine pathogenicity. These include: the survival and reproduction rate of the vector, the level of vector activity (i.e. the biting or feeding rate), and the development and reproduction rate of the pathogen within the vector or host. [2] Changes in climate factors substantially affect reproduction, development, distribution and seasonal transmissions of malaria.
The ideal temperature range for malaria-carrying mosquitoes is 15–30 °C. [2] Mosquitoes are also highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and humidity. Increased precipitation can increase mosquito population indirectly by expanding larval habitat and food supply. Mosquitoes are, however, highly dependent on humidity, surviving only within a limited humidity range of 55-80%. [2] The population at risk of malaria in the absence of climate change is projected to double between 1990 and 2080s to 8820 million, however; unmitigated climate change would, by the 2080s, further increase the population at risk of malaria by another 257 to 323 million. Therefore, reducing the effects of climate change in the present would reduce the total by about 3.5%, saving tens of thousands of lives worldwide. [2]
References
- ^ "Malaria". Lancet: 1487–1498. 2005. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3.
{{cite journal}}: Text "volume 365" ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e S. Mia, R.A. Begum, A.C. Er, R.Z. Abidin, J.J. Pereira (2010). "Malaria and Climate Change: Discussion on Economic Impacts". American Journal of Environmental Sciences. 7 (1): 73–82. doi:http://tru.summon.serialssolutions.com/search?s.q=malaria+and+climate+change.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); External link in|doi=
- ^ "Malaria". Lancet: 1487–1498. 2005. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3.
{{cite journal}}: Text "volume 365" ignored (help) - ^ a b c d S. Mia, R.A. Begum, A.C. Er, R.Z. Abidin, J.J. Pereira (2010). "Malaria and Climate Change: Discussion on Economic Impacts". American Journal of Environmental Sciences. 7 (1): 73–82. doi:http://tru.summon.serialssolutions.com/search?s.q=malaria+and+climate+change.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); External link in|doi=