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'''''Chlamydia trachomatis''''', an [[Obligate intracellular parasite|obligate intracellular]] [[human pathogen]], is one of three [[bacteria]]l species in the [[genus]] ''[[Chlamydia (genus)|Chlamydia]]''.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages=463–70| publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9}}</ref> ''C. trachomatis'' is a Gram-negative bacteria, therefore its cell wall components retain the counter-stain [[safranin]] and appear pink under a light microscope.<ref name=MW>{{cite web |url=http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chlamydia |title=Chlamydia |author= Kenyon College - Dept. of Biology |work=MicrobeWiki | date=2006-08-15 | accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>
'''''Chlamydia trachomatis''''', an [[Obligate intracellular parasite|obligate intracellular]] [[human pathogen]], is one of three [[bacteria]]l species in the [[genus]] ''[[Chlamydia (genus)|Chlamydia]]''.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages=463–70| publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9}}</ref> ''C. trachomatis'' is a Gram-negative bacteria, therefore its cell wall components retain the counter-stain [[safranin]] and appear pink under a light microscope.<ref name=MW>{{cite web |url=http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chlamydia |title=Chlamydia |author= Kenyon College - Dept. of Biology |work=MicrobeWiki | date=2006-08-15 | accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>


The inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis were first described in 1942, the Chlamydia trachomatis agent was first cultured in the yolk sacs of eggs by Feifan Tang et al in 1957.<ref>S Darougar, B R Jones, J R Kimptin, J D Vaughan-Jackson, and E M Dunlop. Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum. Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 416–420; TANG FF, HUANG YT, CHANG HL, WONG KC. Further studies on the isolation of the trachoma virus. Acta Virol. 1958 Jul-Sep;2(3):164-70; TANG FF, CHANG HL, HUANG YT, WANG KC. Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo. Chin Med J. 1957 Jun;75(6):429-47; TANG FF, HUANG YT, CHANG HL, WONG KC. Isolation of trachoma virus in chick embryo. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1957;1(2):109-20</ref>
The inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis were first described in 1942, the Chlamydia trachomatis agent was first cultured in the yolk sacs of eggs by Professor Feifan Tang et al in 1957.<ref>S Darougar, B R Jones, J R Kimptin, J D Vaughan-Jackson, and E M Dunlop. Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum. Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 416–420; TANG FF, HUANG YT, CHANG HL, WONG KC. Further studies on the isolation of the trachoma virus. Acta Virol. 1958 Jul-Sep;2(3):164-70; TANG FF, CHANG HL, HUANG YT, WANG KC. Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo. Chin Med J. 1957 Jun;75(6):429-47; TANG FF, HUANG YT, CHANG HL, WONG KC. Isolation of trachoma virus in chick embryo. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1957;1(2):109-20</ref>


Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Budai I |title=Chlamydia trachomatis: milestones in clinical and microbiological diagnostics in the last hundred years: a review |journal=Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17523388 |doi=10.1556/AMicr.54.2007.1.2 |url=}}</ref>
Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Budai I |title=Chlamydia trachomatis: milestones in clinical and microbiological diagnostics in the last hundred years: a review |journal=Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17523388 |doi=10.1556/AMicr.54.2007.1.2 |url=}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:13, 2 December 2012

Chlamydia trachomatis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Missing taxonomy template (fix): Chlamydia trachomatis
Binomial name
Chlamydia trachomatis[1]
(Busacca 1935) Rake 1957 emend. Everett et al. 1999
Synonyms
  • Rickettsia trachomae (sic) Busacca 1935
  • Rickettsia trachomatis (Busacca 1935) Foley and Parrot 1937
  • Chlamydozoon trachomatis (Busacca 1935) Moshkovski 1945

Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is one of three bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia.[2] C. trachomatis is a Gram-negative bacteria, therefore its cell wall components retain the counter-stain safranin and appear pink under a light microscope.[3]

The inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis were first described in 1942, the Chlamydia trachomatis agent was first cultured in the yolk sacs of eggs by Professor Feifan Tang et al in 1957.[4]

Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum.[5]

C. trachomatis includes three human biovars:

Many, but not all, C. trachomatis strains have an extrachromosomal plasmid.[7]

In a study released on March 12, 2012 in Nature Genetics, researchers have found that Chlamydia has evolved more actively than was previously thought. Using whole genome sequencing the researchers show that the exchange of DNA between different strains of Chlamydia to form new strains is much more common than expected.[8]

Identification

Chlamydia species are readily identified and distinguished from other chlamydial species using DNA-based tests.

Most strains of C. trachomatis are recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to epitopes in the VS4 region of MOMP.[9] However, these mAbs may also cross-react with two other Chlamydia species, C. suis and C. muridarum.

Life cycle

Clinical significance

See also: Chlamydia infection

C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen (i.e. the bacterium lives within human cells) and can cause numerous disease states in both men and women.[2] Both sexes can display urethritis, proctitis (rectal disease and bleeding), trachoma, and infertility. The bacterium can cause prostatitis and epididymitis in men. In women, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and acute or chronic pelvic pain are frequent complications.

C. trachomatis is also an important neonatal pathogen, where it can lead to infections of the eye (trachoma) and pulmonary complications.[citation needed] Chlamydia trachomatis is the single most important infectious agent associated with blindness; approximately 600 million worldwide suffer C. trachomatis eye infections and 20 million are blinded as a result of the infection.[citation needed]

Treatment

C. trachomatis may be treated with any of several bacteriostatic antibiotics: macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, etc) or tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline, etc).[10]

Laboratory tests[11]

  • Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). These tests find the genetic material (DNA) of chlamydia bacteria. These tests are the most sensitive tests available. That means they are very accurate and that they are very unlikely to have false-negative test results. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is an example of a nucleic acid amplification test. This test can also be done on a urine sample.
  • Nucleic acid hybridization tests (DNA probe test). A probe test also finds chlamydia DNA. A probe test is very accurate but is not as sensitive as nucleic acid amplification tests.
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, EIA). This quick test finds substances (chlamydia antigens) that trigger the immune system to fight chlamydia infection.
  • Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA). This quick test also finds chlamydia antigens.
  • Chlamydia culture. A culture is a special cup that allows the chlamydia bacteria to grow. This test is more expensive, and the results take longer (5 to 7 days) than the other tests. The culture must be done in a lab.

See also

References

  1. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Chlamydia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  2. ^ a b Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 463–70. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Kenyon College - Dept. of Biology (2006-08-15). "Chlamydia". MicrobeWiki. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  4. ^ S Darougar, B R Jones, J R Kimptin, J D Vaughan-Jackson, and E M Dunlop. Chlamydial infection. Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum. Br J Vener Dis. 1972 December; 48(6): 416–420; TANG FF, HUANG YT, CHANG HL, WONG KC. Further studies on the isolation of the trachoma virus. Acta Virol. 1958 Jul-Sep;2(3):164-70; TANG FF, CHANG HL, HUANG YT, WANG KC. Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo. Chin Med J. 1957 Jun;75(6):429-47; TANG FF, HUANG YT, CHANG HL, WONG KC. Isolation of trachoma virus in chick embryo. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1957;1(2):109-20
  5. ^ Budai I (2007). "Chlamydia trachomatis: milestones in clinical and microbiological diagnostics in the last hundred years: a review". Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica. 54 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1556/AMicr.54.2007.1.2. PMID 17523388. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Fredlund H, Falk L, Jurstrand M, Unemo M (2004). "Molecular genetic methods for diagnosis and characterisation of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: impact on epidemiological surveillance and interventions". APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 112 (11–12): 771–84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11211-1205.x. PMID 15638837.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Carlson JH, Whitmire WM, Crane DD; et al. (2008). "The Chlamydia trachomatis Plasmid Is a Transcriptional Regulator of Chromosomal Genes and a Virulence Factor". Infection and immunity. 76 (6): 2273–83. doi:10.1128/IAI.00102-08. PMC 2423098. PMID 18347045. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Nature Genetics (2012-03-12). "Whole genome analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis highlights risks with current method of tracking". Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  9. ^ Ortiz L, Angevine M, Kim SK, Watkins D, DeMars R (2000). "T-Cell Epitopes in Variable Segments of Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein Elicit Serovar-Specific Immune Responses in Infected Humans". Infect. Immun. 68 (3): 1719–23. doi:10.1128/IAI.68.3.1719-1723.2000. PMC 97337. PMID 10678996.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Chlamydia Information
  11. ^ "Chlamydia Tests". Sexual Conditions Health Center. WebMD. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
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