User:Tamarkot/Sorbonne

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The Sorbonne is a university in Paris. At its foundation in the 12th century, more precisely in 1150, it was the university of Paris, one of the first European universities.

Since 1971, it has split into several universities of which several have shared the name Sorbonne and have control of the location on the historic site of la rue des Écoles (the street of the Schools), in the fifth arrondissement of Paris.

Naming

Several universities in Paris have the name "Sorbonne" in their charter, or maintain an affiliation with the Sorbonne:

• Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne), which also houses the observatory of the Sorbonne.
• Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle)
• Paris IV (Paris-Sorbonne)
• Paris V (René Descartes)

These four public universities are located in the historic buildings of the Sorbonne. They also welcome the rectorate of l'Académie de Paris, l'École des Chartes, and the School of Higher Studies (l'École pratique des hautes études).

These public universities should not be confused with:

• Le Collège de Sorbon in Ardennes.
• L'Ecole supérieure Robert de Sorbon, of which the social seat is located in La Trimouille (Vienna) and which does not seem to offer any teaching locations or courses. This private French educational establishment is based on the principle of the Validation of acquired experience (VAE; Validation des acquis de l'expérience) and in the evaluation of foreign diplomas to deliver their diplomas. It has never assumed any historic or administrative ties with the Sorbonne and seems even to play on certain confusion (!).
• l'Université francophone Robert de Sorbon, a North American university raised by the legislation in the state of Maine and installed in Florida does not have any association with the school in France.

History

The Sorbonne is one of the oldest universities of Europe. It originated in the college founded in 1253 in Paris by Robert de Sorbon, chaplain and confessor of the king Saint Louis. The foundation was confirmed by the king in 1257. Theology was mostly taught there to poor students and it grew rapidly. Paris became a large cultural and scientific center in Europe in the 13th century, the Sorbonne with more than 20000 students.

Soon the Sorbonne became moral authority. The doctors of the Sorbonne stated their views on famous controversies and problems of the time, such as the taxation of the church dispensations by the Saint-Siège. They also played a large role in the Great Schism of the West (1378-1417). It was the chancellor of the University of Paris, Jean Gerson, who lead the council of Constance (1414-1418), who put an end to the schism. During the Hundred Years War, the Sorbonne supported the English and the bourguignon, and approved the execution of Joan of Arc (1431). In 1469, the Sorbonne installed the first printing press in France, at the initiative of King Louis XI, by the prior of the Sorbonne, Jean Heynlin, and his librarian, Guillaume Fichet.

In the 15th century, the university often went on strike, notably for three months in 1443, and during six months from September 1444 until March 1445, to defend its tax exempt status. Until 1446, the students were subject to the school's law and punishment system. However, it students were regularly arrested by the provost of the king; in this case, the rector of the university would visit the Châtelet to demand taht the student be judged by the university rather than the state. If the provost refused, the university would go on strike.

The end of the 15th century marked, for the University of Paris, the begining of a chivalrous/delicate period. Charles VII submitted it, in 1446, to the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Pares, that which gave rise to the student riots in which, among others, participated the poet François Villon. In 1453, a student, Raymond de Mauregart, was killed by the guards/soldiers/sergents of the Châtelet and the university again went on strike for several months.

The Sorbonne opposed in vain the concordat of Bologne, signed in 1516 by François I, who gave to royal power the possibility of controlling access to large dispensations. The foundation of the College of France in 1530 and the apparition (?) of the Compagnie de Jésus in the middle of the 16th century came complete with the university, before which the Wars of Religion did not ignite France. In 1600, Henri IV dismantled the priviledges of the Sorbonne.

The attitude of power changed with Cardinal Richelieu who had been a student of the Sorbone in 1606-1607 and who became the proviseur in 1622. He renovated the buildings, and endowed the university with a magnificent chapel which would contain his tomb. After the vague desires of independence under la Fronde, the Sorbonne submitted to Louis XIV. The school condemned the ideas of Descartes, then those of the philosophers of the Enlightenment. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1766, it annexed the Louis-le-Grand college and a new building was constructed inplace of the Pantheon for the faculty of the law school.

During the French Revolution, the buildings were closed to the students in 1791 and the Sorbonne society was dissolved with the universities of Paris and the rest of the country as a consequence of the law by Le Chapelier which suppressed corporations/institutes. In 1794, the chapel was transformed into a temple of the goddess of Reason. Napoleon Bonaparte transformed the site into altars of artists.

In 1896, the university was reestablished by the name of the Imperial University, as a public and lay institution. The duke of Richelieu, the prime minister of Louis XVIII, wanted to honor the meory of the cardinal and rendered all his lustre to the Sorbonne. He constructed an amphitheatre which could seat 1200 people. The courses were reorganised into faculties of Theology, Humanities, and the Sciences. The prestigious professors, such as François Guizot or Victor Cousin, taught there (inane?).

The reconstruction of the buildings of the 17th century, too expensive and incovenient, were evisioned several times in the course of the 19th century. It was finally realized by the Third Republic, under the impulse of Jules Ferry. The work-site was confined to the architect Henri Paul Nénot. The demolition of the buildings was realised between 1884 and 1894 while the first stone of the new edifice was placed in 1885. The first part of the building was raised/inaugurated in 1889, for the centennial of the French Revolution, by the president Marie François Sadi Carnot. The entire construction and renovation was completed in 1901. Simultaneously, the teaching of theology was suppressed by law in 1885. On 23 June 1894, the baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (CIO) in the Sorbonne, which gave rise to the modern Young Olympics.

The Busy/Occupied Sorbonne: a symbolic place

In May 1968, the Sorbonne made a point of departure from the manifestations of students which resulted in an ample revolutinary movement in all of France. The first riot of May 1968 ended with the intervention of police in the courtyard of the Sorbonne. On 3 May, hundreds of students were reassembled in the courtyard in case of an attack from the extreme right. There were many tendencies there of the extreme left: trotskyists, maoists, or anarchists. ****************************************Les services d'ordre gauchistes sont armés de manches de pioche et prêts à l'affrontement. En faisant appel à la police, le doyen de l'université va ainsi déclencher la première émeute du mois de mai. A partir du 13 mai, la grève générale commence et la Sorbonne est occupée.

L'Assemblée nationale élue en juin 1968 après la dissolution décidée par le général de Gaulle s'attaque aussitôt à la réforme universitaire. En 1971, l'université parisienne est scindée en treize universités nouvelles dont sept à Paris (La Sorbonne, Assas, Censier, Jussieu, Vincennes, Dauphine) et six en région parisienne. Cinq demeurent attachées au site de la Sorbonne et trois partagent le nom de Sorbonne : Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris IV Sorbonne et Paris III Sorbonne-Nouvelle.

Depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, la Sorbonne est fermée au public : seuls les étudiants et le personnel des établissements ayant des locaux dans la Sorbonne, ainsi que les lecteurs de la bibliothèque interuniversitaire de la Sorbonne, peuvent y entrer.

En 2006, plusieurs centaines de manifestants, luttant contre la loi sur l'égalité de chances (LEC), ont occupé la Sorbonne pendant trois nuits (du 8 mars au 11 mars au matin) avant d'être évacués par les forces de l'ordre en quelques minutes. Le quartier a été bouclé pendant plusieurs semaines, la rue Saint-Jacques fermée, la place de la Sorbonne complètement bouclée. Les étudiants appeleront cela la prise de la SorbonneLe bâtiment a été fermé aux étudiants pendant plusieurs semaines par le rectorat pour éviter tout nouveau risque d'occupation. Elle a rouvert le 24 avril 2006. rues adjacentes à La Sorbonne de nuit en mars 2006.

Architecture

At the start of the 17th century, the college of the Sorbonne looked like many disparate buildings edified (?) along the rue de la Sorbonne, between the Saint-Benoît cloister to the north and the college of Calvi in the south. It also had a chapel constructed in the 14th century which faced the street.

In 1626, Cardinal Richelieu undertook the reconstruction of the collection of buildings. After 1630, the initial project was reviewed again more ambitiously. The original chapel, qui devait au départ être simply modernised, was destroyed and replaced by an edifice of vast proportions, conceived by the architect Jacques Lemercier, and was called/became the mausoleum of the cardinal. Work began in May 1635 and the huge work was nearly finished by the death of the cardinal in 1642. The work was completed by the duchess of Aiguillon, the heiress of Richelieu.

The chapel of the Sorbonne was one of the masterpieces of classic parisian architecture. Elle renferme un orgue de Dallery, non entretenu depuis plus de 150 ans, et actuellement injouable, bien que conservé en grande part.

Personnes célèbres ayant fréquenté ou fréquentant la Sorbonne

• Michel Aflaq, politician
• Alexandre Alekhine, champion du monde d'échecs de 1927 à 1935
• Jean-Jacques Ampère, physician
• Theo Angelopoulos, cinéaste
• Antoine Arnauld, writer
• François Victor Alphonse Aulard
• Joaquin Balaguer
• Georges Bataille, writer
• Henri Bergson, philosopher
• Claude Bernard, biologist
• Salah al-Din al-Bitar, politician
• Boileau, poet
• Ferdinand Buisson, Nobel Peace Prize, founder of L.D.H.
• Jean Calvin, theologian
• Roch Carrier, novelist and playwright
• André Chamson, writer and essayist
• André Chastel, historian
• Adrienne Clarkson, Canadian politician
• Pierre de Coubertin, renovator of the modern Young Olympics
• Victor Cousin, philosopher
• Marie Curie, physician/scientist
• Pierre Curie, physician/scientist
• Simone de Beauvoir, writer
• Jean Philibert Damiron
• Raymond Duchamp-Villon
• Erasme, theologian
• Claude Charles Fauriel
• Jacques Derrida, philosopher
• Jean Favier, historian
• Moshe Feldenkrais
• Lawrence Ferlinghetti
• Gautier de Châtillon
• Nicolas Eugène Géruzez
• Jean-Luc Godard, film director
• Petar Guberina
• François Guizot
• René Gutman Grand-Rabbin
• Abimael Guzmán
• Francis Seymour Haden
• Gabriel Hanotaux
• Mahmoud Hessaby
• Vilayat Inayat Khan
• Paul Janet
• Frédéric Joliot, scientist
• Irène Joliot-Curie, scientist
• Michel Journiac, artist
• Venceslas Kruta
• Benny Lévy, philosopher and French writer
• Camille le Tellier de Louvois
• Norman Mailer,
• Roger Martin du Gard,
• François Mauriac, writer
• Marsile de Padoue, theologian
• Gaston Paris
• Henri Poincaré, mathematician and scientist
• Pol Pot, dictator
• André Morellet
• Peter Martin Ngo-Dinh-Thuc
• Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky
• Pierre de Blois
• Alexandre V antipape
• Pauline Réage
• Vera Maria Rosenberg (Vera Atkins of SOE)
• Gustave Roussy, neurologist, oncologist, Rector of l'Académie de Paris, founder of the first oncology center in France.
• Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
• Maximilien Rubel
• Ibrahim Rugova
• Émile Saisset
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Jean-Pierre Serre
• Ali Shariati
• Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, geologist, scientist, theologian
• Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Canadian politicain
• Marina Tsvetaeva
• Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
• John Napier Turner
• Étienne Vacherot
• Jacques Vergès, lawyer
• Sergio Vieira de Mello
• Saint Vincent de Paul ministre des cultes, apotre de la charité
• Abel-François Villemain
• Sam Waterston
• Benoît XVI, pope
• Michel Moine
• Ibrahim Sued
• Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, politician and President of Brazil