Batis maritima: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Batis maritima''' (Saltwort /Beachwort) is a [[halophyte]]. Is is also known as turtleweed, pickleweed, barilla, planta de sal, camphire, herbe-à-crâbes, and akulikuli-kai <ref name="overview">
John K. Francis, ???. "Batis maritima L.'' </ref>. It is a C3-Plant, long-lived perennial, dioecious, succulent shrub. The seeds are of high nutritional value<ref name="content">
Massimo F. Marcone, 2003. "Batis maritima (Saltwort/Beachwort): a nutritious, halophytic, seed bearings, perennial shrub for cultivation and recovery of otherwise unproductive agricultural land affected by salinity |
'''''Batis maritima''''' (Saltwort /Beachwort) is a [[halophyte]]. Is is also known as turtleweed, pickleweed, barilla, planta de sal, camphire, herbe-à-crâbes, and akulikuli-kai <ref name="overview">
John K. Francis, ???. "Batis maritima L.'' </ref>. It is a C3-Plant, long-lived perennial, dioecious, [[succulent]] shrub. The seeds are of high nutritional value<ref name="content">
Massimo F. Marcone, 2003. "Batis maritima (Saltwort/Beachwort): a nutritious, halophytic, seed bearings, perennial shrub for cultivation and recovery of otherwise unproductive agricultural land affected by salinity'' Food Research International 36:123-130</ref>. The plant forms dense colonies in salt marshes, brackish marshes, and mangrove swamps and frequently is found on the margins of salt pans and wind-tidal flats. <ref name="biology">
Robert I. Lonard, Frank W. Judd, and Richard Stalter, 2011. "The Biological Flora of Coastal Dunes and Wetlands: Batis maritima C. Linnaeus '' Journal of Coastal Research 27(3):441-449, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00142.1</ref>. |
||
== Morphology == |
== Morphology == |
||
| ⚫ | Plants are [[dioecious]], perennial subshrubs 0.1–1.5 m tall which form dense colonies. The succulent leaves are opposite and sessile. The small, white flowers of ''Batis maritima'' are self-incompatible and the morphology of the pollen indicate that the plant is wind pollinated <ref name="biology" />. |
||
| ⚫ | Seeds are 1.1 mm long and 0.8 mm wide and have an extreme low weight (0.5 mg/seed) <ref name="content" />. They have a smooth, very dark and hard walled coating<ref name="content" /> and an elongated lenticular shape. It has been reported that they have germinated after several months of floating in seawater <ref name="content" />. |
||
===Seed=== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
===Seedling=== |
|||
Each of the pair of cotyledons is fleshy, whereas young leaves are thick, glaucous, and succulent and are similar to mature leaves <ref name="biology" />. The primary root branches early in development and is unbranched until the shoot is 10 cm or more in height <ref name="development"> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
===Adult Plant and flowers=== |
|||
Plants are dioecious, perennial subshrubs 0.1–1.5 m tall which form dense colonies. Branching is alternate, and adventitious roots form at |
|||
the nodes. Leaves are opposite and sessile, and the stipules are vestigial; blades are succulent, linear, linear-clavate, or linear-oblanceolate, glabrous, 3–4 angled, and 1–2 cm long. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
== Geographical Distribution and Environmental Requirements== |
== Geographical Distribution and Environmental Requirements== |
||
B. maritima occurs on both Atlantic and Pacific tropical coasts of the three Americas and the Caribbean Islands <ref name="development" />. The northern distribution (up to 33uN latitude) appears to be influenced by frost events <ref name="biology" />. Many sites where maritime saltwort occurs are subject to severe tropical storms <ref name="biology" />. Maritime saltwort has been reported as an invasive species in Hawaii, where it displaces native species. |
''B. maritima'' occurs on both Atlantic and Pacific tropical coasts of the three Americas and the Caribbean Islands <ref name="development" />. The northern distribution (up to 33uN latitude) appears to be influenced by frost events <ref name="biology" />. Many sites where maritime saltwort occurs are subject to severe tropical storms <ref name="biology" />. It typically occurs at elevations less than 1.0 m above mean sea level and at sites where salinity ranges from 18 to 50 ppt (muddy tidalbanks, mangrove swamps, salt-marshes, mud and saltflats) <ref name="biology" /> It also grows in soils without salt but is vulnerable to competition from nonhalophytes <ref name="overview" />. ''Batis maritima'' occurs in sites normally subject to minimal sand coverage <ref name="biology" />. Wrack deposits seem to stimulate growth <ref name="biology" />. Maritime saltwort has been reported as an invasive species in Hawaii, where it displaces native species. |
||
| ⚫ | The ability to produce adequate levels of biomass over a wide environmental range have been well documented <ref name="yield">
Haddad, and Maher M. Noaman, 2001. "Leaching requirement and salinity threshold for the yield and agronomic characteristics of halophytes under salt stress'' El-Journal of Arid Environments 49:865–874 </ref>. The plant ist not seriously affected by insects, disease, or grazing, but the shoots cannot bear sand coverage. |
||
It typically occurs at elevations less than 1.0 m above mean sea level and at sites where salinity ranges from 18 to 50 ppt (muddy tidalbanks, mangrove swamps, salt-marshes, mud and saltflats) <ref name="biology" /> It also grows in soils without salt but is vulnerable to competition from nonhalophytes <ref name="overview" />. Batis maritima occurs in sites normally subject to minimal sand coverage <ref name="biology" />. Wrack deposits seem to stimulate growth <ref name="biology" />. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The ability to produce adequate levels of biomass over a wide environmental range |
||
Leaves occasionally are added to salads in Puerto Rico, it has also been used as a pot herb, puree and pickle [http://www.eattheweeds.com/batis-maritima-salt-of-the-earth-2/] . The seeds are added to salads, they can be toasted or “popped” like corn. The [[Comcáac]] used the roots to sweeten coffee before they had access to sugar <ref>B. T. Wilder, R. S. Felger, and H. Romero-Morales, 2008, "Succulent plant diversity of the Sonoran Island, Gulf of California", Mexico.Haseltonia, 14:127–160</ref>. The yellow to golden hued meal is used for food <ref name="content" />. Due to its high oil content it has the potential to be an oil crop. ''Batis maritima'' has been used in folk herbal medicine in Puerto Rico to treat gout, eczema, psoriasis, rheumatism, blood disorders, and thyroid disorders <ref> H. A. Liogier, (1990),"Plantas medicinales de Puerto Rico y del Caribe" Iberoamericana de Ediciones, 566 pp.</ref>. |
|||
The plant ist not seriously affected by insects, disease, or grazing, but the shoots cannot bear sand coverage. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
===Seeds=== |
===Seeds=== |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
| Line 88: | Line 79: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
| ⚫ | Main component of seeds are carbohydrates <ref name="content" />. The extremely small starch granule size <ref name="content" />, could be useful for other food and non food applications, which require small starch granules. Overall low values of soluble sugars, especially sucrose, are found <ref name="content" />. |
||
The yellow to golden hued meal is used for food <ref name="content" />. Due to its high oil content it has the potential to be an oil crop. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The level of sucrose found in these seeds is in comparison to other creals low. Overall low values of soluble sugars are found <ref name="content" />. |
|||
The seed contains high levels of crude protein <ref name="content" />. The vast majority of its storage proteins are of the aqueous soluble form <ref name="content" />. It is also a good source of the essential amino acids [[lysine]] and [[methionine]] which are usually the limiting amino acids found in most studied cereal grains <ref name="content" />. |
The seed contains high levels of crude protein <ref name="content" />. The vast majority of its storage proteins are of the aqueous soluble form <ref name="content" />. It is also a good source of the essential amino acids [[lysine]] and [[methionine]] which are usually the limiting amino acids found in most studied cereal grains <ref name="content" />. |
||
| ⚫ | Seeds contain substantial amounts of oil (25.0%) similar to those found in [[safflower]], [[cotton]]seed and [[sunflower]] <ref name="content" />. With a [[linoleic acid]] C 18:2 content of 73% it has one of the highest C18:2 contents of any oil known <ref name="content" />. It also rich in tocopherols, particularly a-tocopherol 0.07% (700 mg/kg) and shows high levels of phytosterol 2427.4 mg/kg <ref name="content" />. Those compounds are considered to be very healthy. |
||
| ⚫ | Seeds contain substantial amounts of oil (25.0%) similar to those found in safflower, |
||
The seeds are rich in elements like phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) <ref name="content" />. Examination of the seed for sodium (Na) did not reveal any elevated accumulation of this element (i.e., 500 ppm) which would be of nutritional concern <ref name="content" />. |
The seeds are rich in elements like phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) <ref name="content" />. Examination of the seed for sodium (Na) did not reveal any elevated accumulation of this element (i.e., 500 ppm) which would be of nutritional concern <ref name="content" />. |
||
===Leaves=== |
|||
Leaves occasionally are added to salads in Puerto Rico, it has been used as a pot herb, puree and pickle [http://www.eattheweeds.com/batis-maritima-salt-of-the-earth-2/] . |
|||
===Roots=== |
|||
The Comcáac used the roots to sweeten coffee before they had access to sugar <ref>B. T. Wilder, R. S. Felger, and H. Romero-Morales, 2008, "Succulent plant diversity of the Sonoran Island, Gulf of California", Mexico.Haseltonia, 14:127–160</ref>. |
|||
===Medicinal Use=== |
|||
Batis maritima has been used in folk herbal medicine in Puerto Rico to treat gout, eczema, psoriasis, rheumatism, blood disorders, and thyroid disorders <ref> H. A. Liogier, (1990),"Plantas medicinales de Puerto Rico y del Caribe" Iberoamericana de Ediciones, 566 pp.</ref>. |
|||
===Additional value=== |
===Additional value=== |
||
Batis maritima is proposed to have a major role in reducing ozone levels in the stratosphere ({{Citation needed}}. Maritime saltwort produces methyl halides, which are the chief carriers of bromide and chloride ions from the marine and terrestrial environments to the stratosphere {{Citation needed}}. Halide emission by B. maritima is temperature influenced, and a small area of salt marsh dominated by maritime saltwort can make an appreciable contribution to total methyl halides emitted from a salt marsh {{Citation needed}}. |
''Batis maritima'' is proposed to have a major role in reducing [[ozone]] levels in the stratosphere ({{Citation needed}}. Maritime saltwort produces methyl halides, which are the chief carriers of bromide and chloride ions from the marine and terrestrial environments to the stratosphere {{Citation needed}}. Halide emission by B. maritima is temperature influenced, and a small area of salt marsh dominated by maritime saltwort can make an appreciable contribution to total methyl halides emitted from a salt marsh {{Citation needed}}. |
||
== Physiology == |
== Physiology == |
||
| ⚫ | It is recognized as a major colonizer after [[mangroves]] are destroyed by hurricanes <ref name="overview" />. Although it is not a water plant, it can endure brief flooding and long periods of waterlogged soils <ref name="nelson"> G. Neson, 1965. ''The shrubs and woody vines of Florida'' Pineapple Press 391, pp.</ref>. Saltwort grows slowly in soils with high saltconcentrations but it suffers little competition from other plants <ref name="overview" />. The species manages salts by sequestering them in cell [[vacuoles]] and eventually shedding the leaves <ref name="biology" />. Obligate-symbiotic vesicular-arbus cular mycorrhizae (VAM) that colonize the roots indirectly reduce water stress and improve phosphate nutrition <ref name="VAM">
R. E. Koske, 1988. "Vesicular-Arbuscular Myccorrhizae of some Hawaiian USA Dune Plants '' Pacific Science 42:217-229</ref>. |
||
Leaf succulence increases significantly in the dry season and leaves are shed, thereby reducing salt-induced stress <ref name="biology" />. Water balance is influenced further by nighttime transpiration rates that significantly reduce predawn xylem pressure potential. Saltwort has year-round photosynthetic activity, but the winter rate of carbon dioxide fixation is reduced. |
|||
It is recognized as a major colonizer after mangroves are destroyed by hurricanes <ref name="overview" />. Although it is not a water plant, it can endure brief flooding and long periods of waterlogged soils <ref name="nelson"> |
|||
| ⚫ | G. Neson, 1965. ''The shrubs and woody vines of Florida'' Pineapple Press 391, pp.</ref>. Saltwort grows slowly in soils with high saltconcentrations but it suffers little competition from other plants <ref name="overview" />. The species manages salts by sequestering them in cell vacuoles and eventually shedding the leaves <ref name="biology" />. |
||
===Symbionts=== |
|||
Obligate-symbiotic vesicular-arbus cular mycorrhizae (VAM) colonize B. maritima roots. VAM improve phosphate nutrition and indirectly reduces water stress in host plants <ref name="VAM">
R. E. Koske, 1988. "Vesicular-Arbuscular Myccorrhizae of some Hawaiian USA Dune Plants '' Pacific Science 42:217-229</ref>. |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 20:42, 11 December 2012
This sandbox is in the article namespace. Either move this page into your userspace, or remove the {{User sandbox}} template.
| Batis maritima | |
|---|---|
| |
| Batis maritima | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | [[[Batis]]
|
| Species: | maritima
|
| Binomial name | |
| Batis maritima | |
Batis maritima (Saltwort /Beachwort) is a halophyte. Is is also known as turtleweed, pickleweed, barilla, planta de sal, camphire, herbe-à-crâbes, and akulikuli-kai [1]. It is a C3-Plant, long-lived perennial, dioecious, succulent shrub. The seeds are of high nutritional value[2]. The plant forms dense colonies in salt marshes, brackish marshes, and mangrove swamps and frequently is found on the margins of salt pans and wind-tidal flats. [3].
Morphology
Plants are dioecious, perennial subshrubs 0.1–1.5 m tall which form dense colonies. The succulent leaves are opposite and sessile. The small, white flowers of Batis maritima are self-incompatible and the morphology of the pollen indicate that the plant is wind pollinated [3].
Seeds are 1.1 mm long and 0.8 mm wide and have an extreme low weight (0.5 mg/seed) [2]. They have a smooth, very dark and hard walled coating[2] and an elongated lenticular shape. It has been reported that they have germinated after several months of floating in seawater [2].
The primary root branches early in development and is unbranched until the shoot is 10 cm or more in height [4].
Geographical Distribution and Environmental Requirements
B. maritima occurs on both Atlantic and Pacific tropical coasts of the three Americas and the Caribbean Islands [4]. The northern distribution (up to 33uN latitude) appears to be influenced by frost events [3]. Many sites where maritime saltwort occurs are subject to severe tropical storms [3]. It typically occurs at elevations less than 1.0 m above mean sea level and at sites where salinity ranges from 18 to 50 ppt (muddy tidalbanks, mangrove swamps, salt-marshes, mud and saltflats) [3] It also grows in soils without salt but is vulnerable to competition from nonhalophytes [1]. Batis maritima occurs in sites normally subject to minimal sand coverage [3]. Wrack deposits seem to stimulate growth [3]. Maritime saltwort has been reported as an invasive species in Hawaii, where it displaces native species.
The ability to produce adequate levels of biomass over a wide environmental range have been well documented [5]. The plant ist not seriously affected by insects, disease, or grazing, but the shoots cannot bear sand coverage.
Product use
Leaves occasionally are added to salads in Puerto Rico, it has also been used as a pot herb, puree and pickle [1] . The seeds are added to salads, they can be toasted or “popped” like corn. The Comcáac used the roots to sweeten coffee before they had access to sugar [6]. The yellow to golden hued meal is used for food [2]. Due to its high oil content it has the potential to be an oil crop. Batis maritima has been used in folk herbal medicine in Puerto Rico to treat gout, eczema, psoriasis, rheumatism, blood disorders, and thyroid disorders [7].
Seeds
| content | amount |
|---|---|
| carbs | 46,5 % |
| fructose | 0.1 % |
| glucose | 0.03 % |
| sucrose | 1.20 % |
| fat | 25 % |
| protein | 17.3 % |
| water | 7.3 % |
| calcium | 1600 ppm |
| iron | 259 ppm |
| magnesium | 4200 ppm |
| phosphorus | 8400 ppm |
| potassium | 8500 ppm |
| sodium | 500 ppm |
Main component of seeds are carbohydrates [2]. The extremely small starch granule size [2], could be useful for other food and non food applications, which require small starch granules. Overall low values of soluble sugars, especially sucrose, are found [2]. The seed contains high levels of crude protein [2]. The vast majority of its storage proteins are of the aqueous soluble form [2]. It is also a good source of the essential amino acids lysine and methionine which are usually the limiting amino acids found in most studied cereal grains [2]. Seeds contain substantial amounts of oil (25.0%) similar to those found in safflower, cottonseed and sunflower [2]. With a linoleic acid C 18:2 content of 73% it has one of the highest C18:2 contents of any oil known [2]. It also rich in tocopherols, particularly a-tocopherol 0.07% (700 mg/kg) and shows high levels of phytosterol 2427.4 mg/kg [2]. Those compounds are considered to be very healthy. The seeds are rich in elements like phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) [2]. Examination of the seed for sodium (Na) did not reveal any elevated accumulation of this element (i.e., 500 ppm) which would be of nutritional concern [2].
Additional value
Batis maritima is proposed to have a major role in reducing ozone levels in the stratosphere ([citation needed]. Maritime saltwort produces methyl halides, which are the chief carriers of bromide and chloride ions from the marine and terrestrial environments to the stratosphere [citation needed]. Halide emission by B. maritima is temperature influenced, and a small area of salt marsh dominated by maritime saltwort can make an appreciable contribution to total methyl halides emitted from a salt marsh [citation needed].
Physiology
It is recognized as a major colonizer after mangroves are destroyed by hurricanes [1]. Although it is not a water plant, it can endure brief flooding and long periods of waterlogged soils [8]. Saltwort grows slowly in soils with high saltconcentrations but it suffers little competition from other plants [1]. The species manages salts by sequestering them in cell vacuoles and eventually shedding the leaves [3]. Obligate-symbiotic vesicular-arbus cular mycorrhizae (VAM) that colonize the roots indirectly reduce water stress and improve phosphate nutrition [9].
References
- ^ a b c d John K. Francis, ???. "Batis maritima L.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Massimo F. Marcone, 2003. "Batis maritima (Saltwort/Beachwort): a nutritious, halophytic, seed bearings, perennial shrub for cultivation and recovery of otherwise unproductive agricultural land affected by salinity Food Research International 36:123-130
- ^ a b c d e f g h Robert I. Lonard, Frank W. Judd, and Richard Stalter, 2011. "The Biological Flora of Coastal Dunes and Wetlands: Batis maritima C. Linnaeus Journal of Coastal Research 27(3):441-449, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00142.1
- ^ a b Duncan S. Johnson, 1935. The Development of the Shoot, Male Flower and Seedling of Batis maritima L. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 62:19-32
- ^ Haddad, and Maher M. Noaman, 2001. "Leaching requirement and salinity threshold for the yield and agronomic characteristics of halophytes under salt stress El-Journal of Arid Environments 49:865–874
- ^ B. T. Wilder, R. S. Felger, and H. Romero-Morales, 2008, "Succulent plant diversity of the Sonoran Island, Gulf of California", Mexico.Haseltonia, 14:127–160
- ^ H. A. Liogier, (1990),"Plantas medicinales de Puerto Rico y del Caribe" Iberoamericana de Ediciones, 566 pp.
- ^ G. Neson, 1965. The shrubs and woody vines of Florida Pineapple Press 391, pp.
- ^ R. E. Koske, 1988. "Vesicular-Arbuscular Myccorrhizae of some Hawaiian USA Dune Plants Pacific Science 42:217-229