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{{POV|date=December 2012}}
{{About|the historical geographic region|the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|Palestinian territories|the Palestinian state|State of Palestine}}
{{Infobox artist
{{other uses}}
| image =
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
| caption =Carlos Latuff
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
| image_size = 200px
{{pp-move-indef}}
| bgcolour = Red
{{Location map+ | Israel
| name = Carlos Latuff
| AlternativeMap = Historical boundaries of Palestine (plain).svg
| birth_name = Carlos Latuff
| caption = {{legend|border=darkgreen solid|white|Boundaries of Roman [[Syria Palaestina]], where dashed green line shows the boundary between Byzantine [[Palaestina Prima]] (later [[Jund Filastin]]) and [[Palaestina Secunda]] (later [[Jund al-Urdunn]]), as well as [[Palaestina Salutaris]] (later Jebel et-Tih and the Jifar)}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|11|30}}
{{legend|border=darkred solid|white|Borders of [[Mandatory Palestine]]}}
| birth_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
{{legend|border=blue dotted|white|Borders of the [[Palestinian territories]] ([[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]])}}
| nationality = [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]]
| alt= Palestine is located in Asia
| field = [[Political cartoons]], [[Social commentary]]
| training =
| movement = [[Anti-globalization]], [[anti-capitalism]], [[anti-imperialism]], [[anti-Americanism]], [[anti-Zionism]], [[Marxism]], [[socialism]], [[indigenous rights]]
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
}}
}}
'''Palestine''' ({{lang-ar| فلسطين}} {{transl|ar|''Filasṭīn''}}, {{transl|ar|''Falasṭīn''}}, {{transl|ar|''Filisṭīn''}}; {{lang-el|Παλαιστίνη}}, ''Palaistinē''; {{lang-la|Palaestina}}; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: פלשתינה ''Palestina'') is a conventional name, among others, for the geographic region in Western Asia between the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Jordan River]], and various adjoining lands.<ref name=ehrlich>Carl S. Ehrlich "Philistines" ''The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible''. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan. Oxford University Press, 2001.</ref><ref name=PEF>{{cite web|title=The Palestine Exploration Fund|publisher=The [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]|url=http://www.pef.org.uk/oldsite/Paldef.htm|accessdate=4 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=P |title=Palestine: |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples|last= Pappe|first= Ilan|authorlink= Ilan Pappe|coauthors= |year= 2006|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-68315-7|url= http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521683157|accessdate=6 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel|last= Kramer|first= Gudrun|authorlink= Gudrun Kramer|year= 2008|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn= 0-691-11897-3|url= http://www.amazon.com/dp/0691118973|accessdate=6 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The History of Ancient Palestine|last= Ahlstrom|first= Gosta|authorlink= Gosta Ahlstrom|year= 1993|publisher= Augsburg Fortress Publishers|isbn= 0-8006-2770-9|url= http://www.amazon.com/dp/0800627709|accessdate=6 February 2011}}</ref> The region is also known as the [[Land of Israel]] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: ארץ־ישראל ''Eretz-Yisra'el''),<ref>{{cite book | author = Gideon Biger | title = The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947 | at = passim | year = 2004 | publisher = RoutledgeCurzon}}</ref> the [[Holy Land]], the [[Southern Levant]],<ref>de Geus, 2003, p. 7.</ref> [[Cisjordan]], and historically has been known by other names including [[Canaan]], [[Southern Syria]] and [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]].


'''Carlos Latuff''' (born November 30, 1968) is a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] [[freelancer|freelance]] [[political cartoonist]].<ref name="gulfnews">[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/brazilian-artist-lives-up-to-his-promise-1.45749 UAE General, Brazilian artist lives up to his promise]</ref> His works deal with an array of themes, including [[anti-globalization]], [[anti-capitalism]], and anti-[[U.S. military intervention]]. He is best known for his images depicting the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] and, more recently, the [[Arab Spring]] events. Latuff himself has described his work as controversial.<ref>[http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/news-articles/5505-carlos-latuff-cartoonist-opinion-maker Interview with Latuff "Carlos Latuff: Cartoonist and opinion-maker"], Menassat, 2008</ref>
The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history, and were last defined in modern times by the [[Franco-British boundary agreement (1920)]] and the [[Transjordan memorandum]] of 16 September 1922, during the [[Mandatory Palestine|mandate period]].<ref name="Books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA453 |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date= |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Today, the region comprises the State of [[Israel]] and the [[Palestinian territories]].<ref name="Books.google.co.uk"/>


==Early life==
== Etymology ==<!--linked-->
Latuff was born in [[São Cristóvão]] ([[Rio de Janeiro]]), Brazil, and is of [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] ancestry; in his own words he said he has "[[Arab]] roots".<ref name="gulfnews"/>
{{Further|Definitions of Palestine|History of the name Palestine}}


==Published works==
The term ''Peleset'' ([[Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian|transliterated]] from [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphs]] as ''P-r-s-t'') is found in numerous Egyptian documents referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the [[Twentieth dynasty of Egypt]]. The first mention is thought to be in texts of the temple at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] which record a people called the Peleset among the [[Sea Peoples]] who invaded [[Egypt]] in [[Ramesses III]]'s reign.<ref name=Fahlbuschp185>Fahlbusch et al., 2005, p. 185.</ref> The [[Assyria]]ns called the same region ''Palashtu'' or ''Pilistu'', beginning with [[Adad-nirari III]] in the Nimrud Slab in c.800 BCE through to emperor [[Sargon II]] in his Annals approximately a century later.<ref name="ehrlich" /><ref name=Sharonp4>Sharon, 1988, p. 4.</ref><ref name=Roomp285/> Neither the Egyptian or Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.
Latuff's works have been posted mostly by himself on [[Indymedia]] websites and private blogs. However, some of them have been picked up and featured in magazines such as the Brazilian edition of ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]<ref>[http://latuff2.deviantart.com/art/Bush-s-Last-Days-109635078 Mad magazine, January 2009, Brazilian edition] </ref>
''[[Le Monde Diplomatique]]''<ref>[http://twitpic.com/3hbxub]</ref> and the ''[[The Toronto Star]]''.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/living/article/433754 The Toronto Star: More than just a chic checkered scarf]</ref> In addition, a few of his works were published on Arab websites and publications such as the ''[[Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance]]'' (JAMI) magazine, the Saudi magazine ''Character'', the Lebanese newspaper ''[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]]'', among others.<ref>[http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2008/06/interview-for-jami-magazine.html Interview for JAMI magazine]<br>[http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2008/05/my-cartoons-in-saudi-arabia-magazine.html My cartoons in Saudi Arabia magazine]<br>[http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2008/04/article-about-my-art-in-lebanese.html Article about my art in the Lebanese newspaper "Al Akhbar"]<br>[http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2008/04/cartoon-reproduced-in-iraqi-magazine.html Cartoon reproduced in Iraqi magazine]</ref>


==Themes==
The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BC [[Ancient Greece]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Palestine and Israel |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |first=David M. |last=Jacobson |editor-first=James M. |editor-last=Weinstein |number=313 |year=1999 |month=February |publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research |issn=0003097X |pages=65–74 |jstor=1357617 |accessdate=28 February 2012|quote="The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century b.c., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt."..."The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the "whole land by the name of the coastal strip."..."It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense."}} and {{cite web |url= http://cojs.org/cojswiki/When_Palestine_Meant_Israel,_David_Jacobson,_BAR_27:03,_May/Jun_2001.|title= When Palestine Meant Israel|author= David Jacobson|date= May/Jun 2001|publisher= BAR 27:03|accessdate=2 March 2012|quote= As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century B.C.E., the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] wrote of a 'district of Syria, called ''Palaistinê''" in ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|The Histories]]'', the first historical work clearly defining the region, which included the [[Judean mountains]] and the [[Jordan Rift Valley]].<ref>Jacobson, David M., ''Palestine and Israel'', Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (Feb. 1999), pp. 65–74</ref><ref>The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara Steven S. Tuell Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (Nov. 1991), pp. 51–57</ref><ref>Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast Anson F. Rainey Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb. 2001), pp. 57–63</ref><ref>In his work, Herodotus referred to the practice of [[History of male circumcision|male circumcision]] associated with the Hebrew people: "the [[Colchis|Colchians]], the [[Egyptians]], and the [[Ethiopians]], are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The [[Phoenicians]] and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians.... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt The History of Herodotus]</ref><ref>Beloe, W., Rev., ''Herodotus'', (tr. from Greek), with notes, Vol.II, London, 1821, p.269 "It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with [[Assyria]]. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture."</ref><ref>[http://www.losttrails.com/herald/messages/33.shtml Elyahu Green, Geographic names of places in Israel in Herodotos] This is confirmed by [[George Rawlinson]] in the third book (Thalia) of ''The Histories'' where ''Palaestinian Syrians'' are part of the fifth tax district spanning the territory from [[Phoenicia]] to the borders of Egypt, but excludes the ''kingdom of Arabs'' who were exempt from tax for providing the Assyrian army with water on its march to Egypt. These people had a large city called Cadytis, identified as Jerusalem.</ref> Approximately a century later, [[Aristotle]] used a similar definition in ''[[Meteorology (Aristotle)|Meteorology]]'', writing "Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink, this would bear out what we have said. They say that this lake is so bitter and salt that no fish live in it and that if you soak clothes in it and shake them it cleans them," understood by scholars to be a reference to the [[Dead Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.2.ii.html |title=Meteorology By Aristotle |publisher=Classics.mit.edu |date= |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> Later writers such as [[Polemon of Athens|Polemon]] and [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] also used the term to refer to the same region. This usage was followed by Roman writers such as [[Ovid]], [[Tibullus]], [[Pomponius Mela]], [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Dio Chrysostom]], [[Statius]], [[Plutarch]] as well as Roman Judean writers [[Philo of Alexandria]] and [[Josephus]].<ref name=Robinson/> Other writers, such as [[Strabo]], a prominent Roman-era geographer (although he wrote in Greek), referred to the region as ''Coele-Syria'' around 10–20 CE.<ref>Studies in Hellenistic Judaism ：Louis H. Feldman</ref><ref>The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa ：Getzel M. Cohen</ref> The term was first used to denote an official province in c.135 CE, when the [[Roman Empire|Roman authorities]], following the suppression of the [[Bar Kokhba Revolt]], combined [[Iudaea Province]] with [[Galilee]] and other surrounding cities such as [[Ashkelon]] to form "[[Syria Palaestina]]" ({{lang|la|Syria Palaestina}}), which some scholars state was in order to complete the dissociation with Judaea.<ref name = "Lehmann">{{cite web
[[File:Ship to Gaza by Latuff.gif|thumbnail|275px|Caricature by Latuff]]
| url = http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm#135-337
A vast number of Latuff's cartoons are related to the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], which according to his claims : "became important to Latuff after he visited the area in the late 1990s."<ref name="review">[http://www.forward.com/articles/14746/ The Jewish Daily Forward: Simple, Offensive and Out There]</ref> These cartoons are heavily critical of [[Israel]]<ref name="review" /> and have drawn criticism and allegations of uninhibited utilization of "[[judeophobic]] [[stereotype]]s in the service of the [[anti-globalisation]] movement."<ref name="Guardian1">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/18/israelandthepalestinians-pressandpublishing|title=Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict|last=Black|first=Ian|date=19 December 2008|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>
| title = Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy
| accessdate = 6 July 2008
| last = Lehmann
| first = Clayton Miles
| year = 1998
| month = Summer
| work = The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
| publisher = University of South Dakota
}}
</ref><ref name=Sharonp4n>Sharon, 1998, p. 4. According to Moshe Sharon: "Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious [[Iudaea Province|Judaea]]", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it ''Palaestina'' or ''Syria Palaestina''.</ref>


In his ''We are all Palestinians'' ({{lang-ar|كلنا فلسطينيون}}) cartoon series, various famous oppressed groups, including [[Jew]]s in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]], Black [[South Africa]]ns during [[Apartheid]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], and [[Tibet]]ans in [[China]], are all shown stating "I am Palestinian".<ref>[http://www.sinkers.org/latuff Carlos Latuff: "We Are All Palestinian"]</ref>
The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] name ''Peleshet'' ({{lang|he|פלשת}} ''Pəlésheth'') – usually translated as ''Philistia'' in English, is used in the [[Bible]] more than 250 times. The Greek word ''Palaistinē'' (Παλαιστίνη, "''Palaistine''") is generally accepted to be a translation of the Semitic name for Philistia; however another term – ''land of the Philistieim'' (''γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιεἰμ '', transliteration from Hebrew) – was used in the [[Septuagint]], the second century BCE Greek translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]], to refer to Philistia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Palestine and Israel |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |first=David M. |last=Jacobson |editor-first=James M. |editor-last=Weinstein |number=313 |year=1999 |month=February |publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research |issn=0003097X |pages=65–74, p.70 n.2 |jstor=1357617 |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> In the [[Torah]] / [[Pentateuch]], the term Philistia is used 10 times and its boundaries are undefined. The later [[Books of the Bible|Historical books]] (see [[Deuteronomistic history]]) include most of the biblical references, almost 200 of which are in the [[Book of Judges]] and the [[Books of Samuel]], where the term is used to denote the southern coastal region to the west of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref name=Sharonp4/><ref name=Roomp285>Room, 1997, p. 285.</ref><ref name=Robinson>Robinson, Edward, ''Physical geography of the Holy Land'', Crocker & Brewster, Boston, 1865, p.15. Robinson, writing in 1865 when travel by Europeans to the Ottoman Empire became common asserts that, "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the [[Hebrew]] name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the [[Philistines]], in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη), it is used by [[Josephus]]. But both Josephus and [[Philo]] apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews ; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."</ref><ref>Lewis, 1993, p. 153.</ref>


Latuff has also made a series of cartoons that portray Israeli [[Prime Minister]] [[Ariel Sharon]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.deviantart.com/deviation/2110463/ | title = Ariel Sharon portrait by ~latuff | publisher = [[DeviantArt]] | date = 2003-06-08 | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.deviantart.com/deviation/2103617/ | title = Ariel Sharon by ~latuff | publisher = [[DeviantArt]] | date = 2003-06-07 | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://latuff.deviantart.com/art/The-Godfather-1809410 | title = The Godfather by ~latuff | publisher = [[DeviantArt]] | date = 2003-05-02 | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}</ref> [[United States]] President [[George W. Bush]], Brazilian president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] PM [[Tony Blair]] among other politicians as monsters and as [[Nazi]]s.<ref>[http://www.infoshop.org/graphics/latuff/main.php?g2_itemId=1051][http://www.deviantart.com/deviation/2110858/]
During the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]], the entire region (Syria Palestine, [[Samaria]], and the [[Galilee]]) was named ''Palaestina'', subdivided into provinces Palaestina I and II.<ref name=Kaegip41/> The Byzantines also renamed an area of land including the [[Negev]], [[Sinai]], and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as ''Palaestina Salutaris'', sometimes called ''Palaestina III''.<ref name=Kaegip41>Kaegi, 1995, p. 41.</ref> The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for Palestine is فلسطين (commonly transcribed in English as ''Filistin'', ''Filastin'', or ''Falastin'').<ref name=Marshallp559>Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.</ref> Moshe Sharon writes that when the [[Arab]]s took over [[Greater Syria]] in the 7th century, [[Place names of Palestine|place names]] that were in use by the Byzantine administration before them, generally continued to be used. Hence, he traces the emergence of the Arabic form ''Filastin'' to this adoption, with Arabic inflection, of Roman and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ([[Semitic]]) names.<ref name=Sharonp4/> Jacob Lassner and Selwyn Ilan Troen offer a different view, writing that ''Jund Filastin'', the full name for the administrative province under the rule of the Arab [[caliphates]], was traced by Muslim geographers back to the Philistines of the Bible.<ref name=Lassnerp54>Lassner and Troen, 2007, pp. 54–55.</ref> The use of the name "Palestine" in English became more common after the European renaissance.<ref>Gudrun Krämer (2008) ''A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel'' Translated by Gudrun Krämer and Graham Harman Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11897-3 p 16</ref> It was officially revived by the British after the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and applied to the territory that was placed under [[British Mandate for Palestine|The Palestine Mandate]].
[http://www.fractaldesignz.orcon.net.nz/images/latuff/Bush_is_celebrating_911_by_Latuff2.jpg]
[http://pal.or.kr/bbs/data/al_free/The_George_Bush_Barbershop_by_Latuff2.jpg]
[http://brasil.indymedia.org/images/2004/05/279977.gif]
[http://brasil.indymedia.org/images/2003/08/260245.gif]
[http://brasil.indymedia.org/images/2004/09/289838.gif]
</ref>


Latuff is also critical of US military action in Iraq and Afghanistan. He has made promotional cartoons for anti-US militancy<ref>[[:File:Victory.gif]], [[:File:Iraq war, year FOUR!.jpg]]</ref> as well as cartoons alleging US actions have been motivated by the chance of making profit from oil.<ref>[[:File:KillinintheRain.png]], [[:File:Warforoil.gif]]</ref> Among the cartoons, there are also some that portray US soldiers as severely wounded, dead, or paraplegic or as harming Iraqi civilians.
Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include [[Canaan]], [[Greater Israel]], [[Greater Syria]], the [[Holy Land]], [[Iudaea Province]], [[Judea]],<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761579829 Judea]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> [[Israel]], "Israel HaShlema", [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]], [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], [[Land of Israel]] (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz), [[Zion]], ''Retenu'' (Ancient Egyptian), [[Southern Syria]], and [[Syria Palestina]].


In his comic series ''Tales of Iraq War'' ({{lang-ar|حكايات من حرب العراق}}) he portrays "[[Juba (sniper)|Juba, the Baghdad sniper]]",<ref>[http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2007/02/juba-baghdad-sniper-4.html An example episode of Juba the Baghdad sniper at Latuff's blog]<br>[http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2007/02/juba-baghdad-sniper-2.html A second example episode of Juba the Baghdad sniper at Latuff's blog], [http://tales-of-iraq-war.blogspot.com/2007/02/juba-baghdad-sniper-arabic_07.html (Arabic)]</ref> an [[Iraqi insurgency]] character claimed to have shot down several-dozen US soldiers, as a "superhero".<ref>[http://latuff2.deviantart.com/art/Latuff-in-NOX-Magazine-125566238 Interview with Carlos Latuff]</ref> He has also made a caricature of US President George W. Bush laughing over US casualties.<ref>[http://www.infoshop.org/graphics/Latuff3/Anti-America/Laughs.gif.html 'Laughs' by Carlos Latuff (infoshop.org)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Laughs.gif Commons Link]</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Palestine}} {{Further|Time periods in the region of Palestine}}


Since the end of 2010, he's been consistently engaged in producing cartoons about the [[Arab Spring]] in which he openly sided with the revolutionaries. After the victory of revolutions in [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]] and [[Libya]] his cartoons about these countries have focused on the menace of [[counter-revolution]] or [[imperialism|Western interference]]. Some of his cartoons have been displayed in mass demonstrations in Arab countries.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/29/us-brazil-cartoonist-mideast-idUSTRE77S3IW20110829 Rio cartoonist inspires Arab rebellions from afar]</ref><ref>[http://twicsy.com/i/QsLSL Latuff's cartoon displayed in Tahrir Square]</ref><ref>[http://www.arabawy.org/2011/07/16/no-military-tribunals-2/ Stop military tribunals]</ref>
=== Overview ===
Situated at a strategic location between [[Egypt]], [[Greater Syria|Syria]] and [[Arabia]], and the birthplace of [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]], the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous different peoples, including [[Ancient Egyptians]], [[Canaan]]ites, [[Israelites]], [[Assyrians]], [[Babylonians]], [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]], [[Ancient Greeks]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], the [[Sunni]] [[Arab Caliphate]]s, the [[Shia]] [[Fatimid Caliphate]], [[Crusaders]], [[Ayyubids]], [[Mameluks]], [[Ottomans]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] and modern [[Israelis]] and [[Palestinians]]. Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as [[Syro-Palestinian archaeology]].


==Criticism==
{{Timeline of Palestine Sovereign Powers}}
His works were criticized by a writer for the Institute for Global Jewish Affairs, part of the [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] (an Israeli [[NGO]]), for allegedly containing antisemitism and antisemitic motifs.<ref name="Anti-Israelism, Jewish Studies">[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=4636&TTL=Antisemitic_Cartoons_on_Progressive_Blogs Anti-Semitic Cartoons on Progressive Blogs Adam Levick]</ref>


In 2002 the [[Switzerland|Swiss]]-based [[Holocaust survivors]] organization [[Aktion Kinder des Holocaust]] sued the [[Independent Media Center|Indymedia]] of Switzerland on the charge of [[anti-Semitism]] for publishing Latuff's cartoon titled ''We are all Palestinians'' series in their website, which depicted a Jewish boy in [[Warsaw Ghetto]] saying: "I am Palestinian."<ref>Alex Schärer: [http://www.akdh.ch/ps/woz040402.htm Linke und Antisemitismus: Der Indymedia-Streit - Aufpassen, was im Kübel landet], ''Die Wochenzeitung'', April 4, 2002</ref><ref>[[Junge Welt]]: [http://www.akdh.ch/indymedia4.htm Ärger im Internet: Wegen antisemitischer Beiträge hat Indymedia Schweiz den Betrieb gestoppt], February 25, 2002</ref><ref>Aktion Kinder des Holocaust: [http://www.akdh.ch/latuff2.htm Is this cartoon by Latuff, published at indymedia-switzerland, anti-Semitic? An analysis]</ref> The criminal proceedings were suspended by Swiss court.<ref name = Redress>{{cite web | url = http://www.redress.btinternet.co.uk/ahamadeh2.htm | title = Jewish peace activists and Israeli violence | month = August | year = 2002 | first = Anis | last = Hamadeh | accessdate = 2007-09-21 }}{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>
=== Ancient period ===
[[File:Palestine 1020BC Smith 1915.jpg|thumb|200px|Depiction of Biblical Palestine in c.1020 BCE according to [[George Adam Smith]]'s 1915 ''Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land''. Smith's book was used as a reference by [[Lloyd George]] during the negotiations for the [[British Mandate for Palestine]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yqk3XE196GsC&pg=PA33 |title=The Legal Foundation and Borders Of Israel Under International Law, Howard Grief |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date= |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref>]]
The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and [[civilization]]. During the [[Bronze Age]], independent [[Canaan]]ite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, [[Mesopotamia]], [[Phoenicia]], [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] Crete, and Syria. Between 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian [[New Kingdom]] who held power until the 1178 BCE [[Battle of Djahy|Battle of Djahy (Canaan)]] during the wider [[Bronze Age collapse]]. The [[Philistines]] arrived and mingled with the local population, and according to Biblical tradition, the [[United Monarchy|United Kingdom of Israel]] was established in 1020 BCE and split within a century to form the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]], and the southern [[Kingdom of Judah]]. The region became part of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] from c.740 BCE, which was itself replaced by the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] in c.627 BCE. According to the Bible, a war with Egypt culminated in 586 BCE when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonian king [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] and the local leaders of the region of Judea were [[Babylonian captivity|deported to Babylonia]]. In 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was replaced by the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. According to the [[bible]] and implications from the [[Cyrus Cylinder]], the exiled population of Judea was allowed to [[The Return to Zion|return to Jerusalem]].


In 2006, Latuff placed second and won $4,000, for his cartoon comparing the [[Israel]]i [[West Bank barrier]] with the [[Nazi concentration camp]]s, in the [[Iran]]ian '[[International Holocaust Cartoon Competition]]'.<ref>[http://www.irancartoon.com/120/holocaust/ Winners of the Iranian Holocaust Cartoon Competition], IRANCARTOON International</ref>
=== Classical antiquity ===
The contest was created in response to [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Muhammad cartoons published by a Danish newspaper]], under the notion that those who supported the right to free speech in matters concerning Islam would be placed in a precarious position were they to condemn the [[antisemitic]] cartoons aimed to mock and ridicule the Jewish [[Holocaust]].
[[File:Palestine, Ptolemy, Claude R Conder, 1889.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Palestine in c.100CE according to [[Ptolemy]] (map by [[Claude Reignier Conder]] of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]])]]
Latuff's entry was described as "Holocaust inversion," a "motif" of antisemitism, by [[Manfred Gerstenfeld]].<ref>[[Manfred Gerstenfeld]]: [http://www.spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=1792 "Ahmadinejad, Iran, and Holocaust manipulation: methods, aims, and reactions"], ''[[Scholars for Peace in the Middle East|Scholars For Peace in the Middle East]]'', February 1, 2007</ref>
In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the region, and the region changed hands numerous times during the [[wars of the Diadochi]]. ultimately joining the [[Seleucid Empire]] between 219–200 BCE. In 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the minor [[Hasmonean]] principality in the [[Judean Mountains]]. From 110 BCE, the [[Hasmoneans]] extended their authority over much of Palestine, creating a [[Judean]]-[[Samaritan]]-[[Idumaean]]-[[Ituraean]]-[[Galilean]] alliance. The Judean (Jewish, see [[Ioudaioi]]) control over the wider region resulted in its also becoming known as [[Judaea]], a term which had previously only referred to the smaller region of the [[Judean Mountains]]. Between 73-63 BCE, the [[Roman Republic]] extended its influence in to the region in the [[Third Mithridatic War]], conquering of Judea in 63 BCE, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. The three year [[Ministry of Jesus]], culminating in his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], is estimated to have occurred from 28–30 CE, although the [[historicity of Jesus]] is disputed by scholars. In 70 CE, [[Titus]] [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|sacked Jerusalem]], resulting in the dispersal of the city's Jews and Christians to [[Yavne]] and [[Pella]]. In 132 CE, [[Hadrian]] joined the province of Iudaea with [[Galilee]] to form new province of [[Syria Palaestina]], and Jerusalem was renamed "[[Aelia Capitolina]]". Between 259–272, the region fell under the rule of [[Odaenathus]] as King of the [[Palmyrene Empire]]. Following the victory of Christian emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]] in the [[Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324)]], the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, [[Constantine I|Constantine]]'s mother [[Saint Helena]] visited [[Jerusalem]] and began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of [[Christianity]], attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. The [[Samaritan Revolts]] during this period caused their near extinction. In 614 CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; the [[Sassanids]], until returning to Byzantine control in 628 CE.<ref>Greatrex-Lieu(2002), II, 196</ref>


In their 2003 Annual Report, the [[Stephen Roth Institute]] compared Latuff's cartoons of [[Ariel Sharon|Sharon]] to "the [[antisemitic]] caricatures of [[Philipp Rupprecht]] in ''[[Julius Streicher]]'''s [[Der Stürmer]]."<ref name = "SRI">{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/general-analysis.htm|title=General Analysis: Overview|year=2003|work=Annual Report|publisher=[[Stephen Roth Institute]]|accessdate=January 10, 2010}}</ref>
=== Middle Ages ===
The SRI also complained over a cartoon showing [[Che Guevara]] in a Palestinian [[keffiyeh]].<ref name = "SRI2">{{cite web
[[File:White to.jpg|thumb|upright|Tower of Ramla, constructed in 1318]]
| url = http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/brazil.htm
Palestine was conquered by the Islamic Empire, beginning in 634 CE. In 636 CE, the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] during the [[Muslim conquest of Syria]] symbolized the complete Muslim takeover of the region, which was regarded as Bilad a-Sham (Greater Syria). The word 'Arab' at the time referred to Bedouin, nomads with an Arabian ancestry. The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, were called ''Nabaț,'' referring to [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] speaking villagers. A [[hadith|ḥadīth]], brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine ordered them not to settle in the villages, for he who abides in villages it is as if he abides in graves.'<ref>[[Moshe Gil]], ''A History of Palestine, 634-1099,'' Cambridge University Press, 1997 pp. 134–136.</ref> In 661 CE, with the assassination of [[Ali]], [[Muawiyah I]] became the uncontested Caliph of the Islamic World after being crowned in [[Jerusalem]]. The [[Dome of the Rock]], completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.<ref>Daniel W. Brown,''A New Introduction to Islam,'' Wiley-Blackwell, 2nd.ed. 2011 p.122:'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'</ref> The [[Umayyad]] were replaced by the [[Abbasids]] in 750. [[Ramla]], the major city, became the administrative centre for the following centuries. Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship.<ref>[[Moshe Gil]], ''A History of Palestine, 634–1099,'' Cambridge University Press, 1997 p.329.</ref> From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freeman [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]], for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying <ref>Gil, ''A History of Palestine,'' pp.306ff. and p.307 n.71; p.308 n.73</ref> and ending with the [[Ikhshidid]] rulers, characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew.<ref>Gil, ''A History of Palestine,'' p.324.</ref> The [[Fatimid]]s, with a predominantly [[Berber people|Berber]] army, invaded the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular devastating its Jewish population.<ref>Gil, ''A History of Palestine,'' p.336.</ref> In 1073 Palestine was captured by the [[Great Seljuq Empire]], only to be recaptured by the [[Fatimid]]s in 1098, who then lost the region to the [[Crusaders]] in 1099. Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until defeat by [[Saladin]]'s forces in 1187, after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids. A rump crusader state in the northern coastal cities survived for another century, but, despite seven further crusades, the crusaders were no longer a significant power in the region. The [[Fourth Crusade]] led directly to the decline of the [[Byzantine Empire]], dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.
| title = Brazil 2003-2004
| year = 2003
| work = Country Reports
| publisher = [[Stephen Roth Institute]]
| accessdate = June 7, 2010
}}</ref>


[[Joel Kotek]] a professor at Belgium’s [[Free University of Brussels]], in his book ''Cartoons and Extremism''<ref>Cartoons and Extremism: Israel and the Jews in Arab and Western Media By Joel Kotek Vallentine Mitchell, 201 pages</ref> calls Latuff “the contemporary [[Drumont]] of the internet.” (Edouard Drumont was the founder of the French [[Antisemitic League of France]] and the publisher of ''La Libre Parole'',<ref>[[:fr:La Libre Parole]]</ref> a magazine that printed numerous classically antisemitic cartoons during the years of the [[Dreyfus Affair]]).<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/14746/ Simple, Offensive and Out There Extreme Cartoons Distort Israel and the Jews By Eddy Portnoy]</ref>
The [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] was indirectly created in [[Egypt]] as a result of the [[Seventh Crusade]]. The [[Mongol Empire]] reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the [[Mongol raids into Palestine]] under [[Nestorian Christian]] general [[Kitbuqa]] and reaching an apex at the pivotal [[Battle of Ain Jalut]]. In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the [[Ottoman Turks]] in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans captured Palestine in 1516.


=== Modern period ===
===Response===
In an interview with the Jewish-American weekly newspaper ''[[The Forward]]'' in December 2008, Latuff responded to charges of antisemitism and the comparison to Streicher:<blockquote>
{{Further|History of Zionism|British Mandate for Palestine|History of Israel|Sinai and Palestine Campaign}}
My cartoons have no focus on the Jews or on Judaism. My focus is Israel as a political entity, as a government, their armed forces being a satellite of U.S. interests in the Middle East, and especially Israeli policies toward the Palestinians. It happens to be Israeli Jews that are the oppressors of Palestinians.…My detractors say that the use of the [[Magen David]] in my Israel-related cartoons is irrefutable proof of antisemitism; however, it’s not my fault if Israel chose sacred [[religious symbol|religious motif]]s as [[national symbols]], such as the [[Knesset Menorah]] or the [[Star of David]] in killing-machines like [[F-16]] jets.<ref>
[[File:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.svg|thumb|150px|1947 UN Partition Plan for ''State of Palestine'', founded within the greater Palestine region]]
{{cite web
[[File:Samuelarrival.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The new era in Palestine. The arrival of Sir Herbert Samuel, H.B.M. High Commissioner with Col. Lawrence, Emir Abdullah, Air Marshal [[Geoffrey Salmond|Salmond]] and Sir Wyndham Deedes, 1920.]]
|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/14745/
In 1830, on the eve of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s invasion, the [[Ottoman Porte]] transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus to Abdullah Pasha, the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from Syria (''bilad al-Shams''). According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali's invasion.<ref>Sanford R. Silverburg, 'Diplomatic Recognition of States ''in statu nascendi'':THe Case of Palestine,' in Sanford R. Silverburg (ed.),''Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics,'' McFarland, 2009 pp.9-36, p.29 n.32.</ref><ref name="Pappe1999">{{cite book|author=Ilan Pappe|title=The Israel/Palestine Question|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&pg=PA38|accessdate=23 August 2012|date=31 March 1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-16948-6|pages=38–}}</ref> Two years later, in 1832, Palestine was conquered by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s Egypt, but in 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|capitulations]]. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of [[Zionist]] immigration and the [[Revival of the Hebrew language]]. The movement was publicly supported by [[Great Britain]] during [[World War I]] with the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]].
|title=Latuff: Cartoonist in Conversation - Forward.com

|publisher=www.forward.com
The British began their [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] in 1915. The war reached [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Southern_Palestine_Campaign_begins|southern Palestine in 1917]] progressing to Gaza and around [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Jerusalem_Campaign_November.E2.80.93December_1917|Jerusalem by the end of the year]].
|accessdate=2008-12-21

|last=
The British [[Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|secured Jerusalem in December 1917]]. The British moved into the Jordan valley [[Occupation of the Jordan Valley (1918)|in 1918]] and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory at [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo in September]].
|first=

}}
The British were formally awarded [[British Mandate for Palestine|the mandate to govern the region]] in 1922. The non-Jewish Palestinians revolted in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]], [[1929 Palestine riots|1929]] and [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936]]. In 1947, following [[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]], the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and the [[United Nations]] [[UN General Assembly|General Assembly]] adopted a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|resolution]] recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem. The Jewish leadership accepted the proposal, but the Arab Higher Committee rejected it; a [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] began immediately, and the establishment of the [[State of Israel]] was [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared]] in 1948. Following what is known as the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes were unable to return following the [[Lausanne Conference, 1949]]. In the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory, Jordan [[Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan|captured the region today known as the West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]] was [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|captured by Egypt]]. In the course of the [[Six Day War]] in June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of [[Israeli settlement]]s. From 1987 to 1993, the [[First Intifada|First Palestinian Intifada]] against Israel took place, which included the [[Declaration of the State of Palestine]] in 1988 and ended with the [[1993 Oslo Peace Accords]]. In 2000, the Second or [[Al-Aqsa Intifada]] began, and Israel built a [[Israeli West Bank barrier|security barrier]]. Following [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004]], it withdrew all settlers and most of the military presence from the Gaza strip, but maintained control of the air space and coast. In 2012 the [[State of Palestine]] replaced the PLO as UN observer following [[United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13701636 Q&A: Palestinians' upgraded UN status]</ref>
</ref>

{{Palestinian territory development}}

== Boundaries ==
The boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history.<ref name=Note1>According to the Jewish Encyclopedia published between 1901 and 1906: "Palestine extends, from 31° to 33° 20′ N. latitude. Its southwest point (at Raphia = Tell Rifaḥ, southwest of Gaza) is about 34° 15′ E. longitude, and its northwest point (mouth of the Liṭani) is at 35° 15′ E. longitude, while the course of the Jordan reaches 35° 35′ to the east. The west-Jordan country has, consequently, a length of about 150 English miles from north to south, and a breadth of about 23 miles at the north and 80 miles at the south. The area of this region, as measured by the surveyors of the English Palestine Exploration Fund, is about 6,040 square miles. The east-Jordan district is now being surveyed by the German Palästina-Verein, and although the work is not yet completed, its area may be estimated at 4,000 square miles. This entire region, as stated above, was not occupied exclusively by the Israelites, for the plain along the coast in the south belonged to the Philistines, and that in the north to the Phoenicians, while in the east-Jordan country, the Israelitic possessions never extended farther than the Arnon (Wadi al-Mujib) in the south, nor did the Israelites ever settle in the most northerly and easterly portions of the plain of Bashan. To-day the number of inhabitants does not exceed 650,000. Palestine, and especially the Israelitic state, covered, therefore, a very small area, approximating that of the state of Vermont." From the Jewish Encyclopedia [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=P&search=palestine#133 Boundaries and Extent]</ref><ref name=Note2>According to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] (1911), [http://en.wikisource.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo&vol=20&page=ED0A639] Palestine is:

:"[A] geographical name of rather loose application. Etymological strictness would require it to denote exclusively the narrow strip of coast-land once occupied by the Philistines, from whose name it is derived. It is, however, conventionally used as a name for the territory which, in the Old Testament, is claimed as the inheritance of the pre-exilic Hebrews; thus it may be said generally to denote the southern third of the province of Syria.
:Except in the west, where the country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the limit of this territory cannot be laid down on the map as a definite line. The modern subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire are in no sense conterminous with those of antiquity, and hence do not afford a boundary by which Palestine can be separated exactly from the rest of Syria in the north, or from the Sinaitic and Arabian deserts in the south and east; nor are the records of ancient boundaries sufficiently full and definite to make possible the complete demarcation of the country. Even the convention above referred to is inexact: it includes the Philistine territory, claimed but never settled by the Hebrews, and excludes the outlying parts of the large area claimed in Num. xxxiv. as the Hebrew possession (from the " River of Egypt " to Hamath). However, the Hebrews themselves have preserved, in the proverbial expression " from Dan to Beersheba " (Judg. xx.i, &c.), an indication of the normal north-and-south limits of their land; and in defining the area of the country under discussion it is this indication which is generally followed.
:Taking as a guide the natural features most nearly corresponding to these outlying points, we may describe Palestine as the strip of land extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea from the mouth of the Litany or Kasimiya River (33° 20' N.) southward to the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzza; the latter joins the sea in 31° 28' N., a short distance south of Gaza, and runs thence in a south-easterly direction so as to include on its northern side the site of Beersheba. Eastward there is no such definite border. The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of [[delimitation]] between Western and Eastern Palestine; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins. Perhaps the line of the pilgrim road from Damascus to Mecca is the most convenient possible boundary. The total length of the region is about {{convert|140|m|2|abbr=on}}; its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about {{convert|23|m|2|abbr=on}} in the north to about {{convert|80|m|2|abbr=on}} in the south."</ref> The [[Jordan Rift Valley]] (comprising Wadi Arabah, the [[Dead Sea]] and [[River Jordan]]) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within [[empire]]s that have controlled both territories. At other times, such as during certain periods during the [[Hasmonean]] and [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] states for example, as well as during the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|biblical period]], territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During the [[Arab]] [[Caliphate]] period, parts of southern [[Lebanon]] and the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered as ''[[Jund al-Urdunn|Jund al-Urdun]]'', while the southern parts of the latter two formed part of ''[[Jund Dimashq]]'', which during the ninth century was attached to the administrative unit of ''[[Jund Filasteen]]'' ({{lang-ar|جند فلسطين}}).<ref name=Salibi>{{cite book|title=''The Modern History of Jordan''|author=Kamal Suleiman Salibi|publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=1993|pages=17–18|isbn=1-86064-331-0}}</ref>

The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of [[Mount Carmel]]. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt.<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'' Bk.7.89</ref> [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], writing in [[Latin language|Latin]] in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was "formerly called ''Palaestina''" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>cf. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' V.66 and 68.</ref>

Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of ''Palaestina'' (''I'' and ''II'', also known as ''Palaestina Prima'', "First Palestine", and ''Palaestina Secunda'', "Second Palestine"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, ''Filastin'' (or ''Jund Filastin'') was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines ''Palaestina Secunda'' (comprising [[Judaea and Samaria]]), while ''Palaestina Prima'' (comprising the [[Galilee]] region) was renamed ''Urdunn'' ("Jordan" or ''Jund al-Urdunn'').<ref name=Sharonp4/>

Nineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably the Hejaz-Damascus route east of the Jordan River valley. Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert. Prior to the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] victory in World War I and the [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]], which created the British mandate in the [[Levant]], most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Vilayet of Damascus]] ([[Syria]]), while the southern part of Jordan was part of the [[Vilayet of Hejaz]]. What later became part of British Mandate Palestine was in Ottoman times divided between the [[Vilayet of Beirut]] ([[Lebanon]]) and the [[Sanjak of Jerusalem]].<ref>"Palestinim, Am Behivatsrut," by Kimmerling, Baruch, and Joel S. Migdal - Keter Publishing, ISBN 965-07-0797-2</ref>

The [[World Zionist Organization|Zionist Organization]] provided its definition concerning the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference in 1919]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/zoparis.html |title=Zionist Organization Statement on Palestine, Paris Peace Conference, (February 3, 1919) The Boundaries of Palestine |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/zionistborders.htm |title=Statement of the Zionist Organization Regarding Palestine Presented to the Paris Peace Conference (with proposed map of Zionist borders) February 3, 1919 |publisher=Mideastweb.org |date= |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> On the basis of a League of Nations mandate, the British administered Palestine after World War I, promising to establish a Jewish homeland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/mebalfour.htm |title=Middle East Documents Balfour Declaration |publisher=Mideastweb.org |date= |accessdate=16 June 2009}}</ref> The original Mandate Palestine included what is now Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan), and Transjordan (the present kingdom of Jordan), although the latter was disattached by an administrative decision of the British in 1922.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/mandate.htm |title=The British Mandate for Palestine |publisher=Mideastweb.org |date= |accessdate=16 June 2009}}</ref> To the [[Palestinian people]] who view [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] as their [[homeland]], its boundaries are those of [[Mandate Palestine]] excluding the Transjordan, as described in the [[Palestinian National Charter]].<ref name=Said>Said and Hitchens, 2001, p. 199.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Palestine}}

=== Early demographics ===
Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement.

According to Magen Broshi, an [[Israeli archaeology|Israeli archaeologist]] "...&nbsp;the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late [[Byzantine]] period, around AD 600"<ref>Magen Broshi, The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 236, p.7, 1979.</ref> Similarly, a study by Yigal Shiloh of [[The Hebrew University]] suggests that the population of Palestine in the Iron Age could have never exceeded a million. He writes: "...&nbsp;the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age...If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure."<ref>Yigal Shiloh, The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 239, p.33, 1980.</ref>

=== Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods ===
[[File:Palestine, by S Munk, Vilna 1913.jpg|thumb|250px|''Palestine'', by S. Munk, Vilna 1913.]]
In the middle of the 1st century of the Ottoman rule, i.e. 1550 AD, [[Bernard Lewis]] in a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman Rule of Palestine reports:<ref>Bernard Lewis, Studies in the Ottoman Archives—I, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 469–501, 1954</ref>
<blockquote>From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of [[Jerusalem]], [[Gaza]], [[Safed]], [[Nablus]], [[Ramla|Ramle]], and [[Hebron]]. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


Latuff was included in [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]'s 2012 Top Ten Anti-Israel/Anti-Semitic Slurs list,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/atf/cf/%7B54d385e6-f1b9-4e9f-8e94-890c3e6dd277%7D/TT_2012_2.PDF|title=2012 Top Ten Anti-Israel/Anti-Semitic Slurs|publisher=Simon Wiesenthal Center|accessdate=2012-12-28}}</ref> which he considered "a joke worthy of a [[Woody Allen]] movie". He also claimed that Zionist lobbying groups try to associate him with well-known extremists and racists in order to disqualify his criticism of the Israeli government. According to him, "criticism or even attacks to the polity known as Israel do not mean hatred towards Jews because the Israeli government does not represent the Jewish people just as no government represents the totality of its people". He also pointed out that figures such as [[José Saramago]], [[Desmond Tutu]] and [[Jimmy Carter]] were too accused of being antisemite, saying that he was "in good company".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://operamundi.uol.com.br/conteudo/noticias/26286/cartunista+brasileiro+esta+no+ranking+dos+dez+mais+antissemitas+do+mundo.shtml|title=Cartunista brasileiro está no ranking dos “dez mais antissemitas” do mundo|publisher=Opera Mundi|accessdate=2012-12-28|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00207438/ap010071/01a00050/0 Scholch], 1985, p. 503.</ref>


==Gallery==
According to [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statistics studied by [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]],<ref>McCarthy, 1990, p.26.</ref> the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% were [[Arabs]]. In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.<ref>McCarthy, 1990.</ref> McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.<ref>McCarthy, 1990, pp. 37–38.</ref>
<center><gallery>
File:Vlado Herzog protest.jpg|Latuff's cartoons are often used in protests. This demonstration was against ''[[Folha de S. Paulo]]'''s usage of the term "[[dictablanda|ditabranda]]" to describe the [[Brazilian military government|Brazilian military dictatorship]] (1964&ndash;1985)


Image:GlobalIntifada.gif|'' 'Global Intifada' '' by Latuff shows a 'global persona' wearing a [[Keffiyeh]], making the [[V sign|V (victory) sign]] with the left hand and holding a slingshot in the right hand, in front the [[Palestinian flag]]
In 1920, the League of Nations' ''Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine'' stated that there were 700,000 people living in Palestine:
Image:Uncle Sam wants you DEAD.png|'' 'Uncle Sam wants you DEAD!' '' by Latuff shows [[Adolf Hitler]] with [[Uncle Sam]]'s top-hat (representing [[U.S.A.]]) and a [[Swastika#Symbol of Nazism|Nazi swastika]] atop it
Image:Nazis.gif|'' 'Just following orders' '' by Carlos Latuff shows Nazi [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] members compared to Israeli soldiers described as "born to kill". Text in the shape of a [[Swastika#Symbol of Nazism|Nazi swastika]] says: "Israeli soldiers are just following orders"
File:Latuff che.gif|A 2002 cartoon by Latuff depicting [[Marxist]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara]] wearing a [[Palestinian costumes|Palestinian]] [[keffiyeh]]
File:New Saudi Arabia's traffic sign (women2drive).gif| A poster for [[Saudi Arabia]]'s #women2drive Movement.
File:No 2 Military Trials in Egypt 8.svg|[[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] being the Judge, jury and executioner.
File:Bombman.gif|Creation of a suicide bomber
File:Israeli Palestinian sides.jpg|Israeli Palestinian sides
<!-- Deleted image removed: File:Latuff WarCrimes.jpg|War Crimes and Antisemitism -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: File:Latuff KarlMarx.jpg|Marx is remembered on the occasion of the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]] -->
</gallery>
</center>


==References==
{{quote|Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants.
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.|<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/349b02280a930813052565e90048ed1c!OpenDocument Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Portal|Brazil|Biography|Comics}}
{{commons|Carlos Latuff}}
* [http://twitpic.com/photos/CarlosLatuff Latuff's official page] on [[Twitpic]]
* [http://latuff2.deviantart.com/ Latuff's official page] on [[DeviantArt]]


{{Persondata
By 1948, the population had risen to 1,900,000, of whom 68% were Arabs, and 32% were Jews ([[UNSCOP]] report, including [[bedouin]]).
|NAME= Latuff, Carlos

|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
=== Current demographics ===
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Political cartoonist
{{See also|Demographics of Israel|Demographics of the Palestinian territories|Demographics of Jordan}}
|DATE OF BIRTH=November 30, 1968

|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, as of May 2006, of Israel's 7 million people, 77% were [[Jew]]s, 18.5% [[Arab]]s, and 4.3% "others".<ref name="pdf2">{{cite web| url= http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf| title=Population, by religion and population group| accessdate=8 April 2006| first =Government of Israel| last =Central Bureau of Statistics |format=PDF}}</ref> Among Jews, 68% were [[Sabra (person)|Sabras]] (Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are [[Aliyah|olim]]&nbsp;— 22% from Europe,the former Soviet republics, Russia, and the [[Americas]], and 10% from Asia and Africa, including the [[Arab world|Arab countries]].<ref name="pdf3">{{cite web| url= http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_24.pdf| title=Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration| accessdate=8 April 2006| first =Government of Israel| last =Central Bureau of Statistics |format=PDF}}</ref>
|DATE OF DEATH=

|PLACE OF DEATH=
Of Israel's 7 million citizens, 516,569 Jewish ones live in enclaves referred to as [[Israeli settlements]] and [[Israeli outpost|outposts]] in various lands adjacent to the state of Israel occupied by Israel during the [[Six Day War]].<ref>[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]: [http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf] [http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_07x.pdf] [http://www.cbs.gov.il/archive/shnaton47/st02-07.gif]</ref><ref>[http://www.jiis.org.il/ Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies]: [http://www.jiis.org.il/imageBank/File/shnaton_2004/shnaton_c1404.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2011}} [http://www.jiis.org.il/imageBank/File/shnaton_2006/shnaton_C1005_2005.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2011}} [http://www.jiis.org.il/imageBank/File/shnaton_2004/shnaton_c1404.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2011}} [http://www.jiis.org.il/imageBank/File/shnaton_2006/shnaton_C1005_2005.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fmep.org/about/overview.html Foundation for Middle East Peace]: [http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/settler_populations/settler_population_1972_2005.html]{{dead link|date=September 2011}} [http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/settler_populations/Israeli_settler_population_in_occupied_territories.html]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>
}}

According to Palestinian evaluations, The [[West Bank]] is inhabited by approximately 2.4 million [[Palestinians]] and the [[Gaza Strip]] by another 1.4 million. According to a study presented at The Sixth Herzliya Conference on The Balance of Israel's National Security,<ref name=Herzliya>{{cite web
|title = Arab Population in the West Bank & Gaza: The Million Person Gap
|author = Bennett Zimmerman & Roberta Seid
|publisher = American-Israel Demographic Research Group
|date = 23 January 2006
|url = http://web.archive.org/web/20080416015924/www.thefourthwayisrael.com/demographicadvantage.html
|accessdate = 27 September 2006
}}</ref> there are 1.4 million Palestinians in the West Bank. This study was criticised by demographer [[Sergio DellaPergola]], who estimated 3.33 million Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip combined at the end of 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Letter to the Editor|publisher = Azure|date = Winter 2007, No. 27 |author = Sergio DellaPergola|url = http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=356|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927012451/http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=356|archivedate = 27 September 2007|accessdate=11 January 2007}}</ref>

According to these Israeli and Palestinian estimates, the total population in Israel and the Palestinian Territories stands between 9.8 and 10.8 million.

Jordan has a population of around 6,000,000 (2007 estimate).<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070411092217/http://encarta.msn.com/fact_631504791/Jordan_Facts_and_Figures.html Jordan: Facts & Figures]. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html CIA World Factbook]. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref> Long term Palestinian war refugees constitute approximately half of this number.<ref>[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=66302 Assessment for Palestinians in Jordan], Minorities at Risk. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
* [[Names of the Levant]]
* [[Outline of Palestine]]
* [[Outline of the Palestinian territories]]
* [[Place names of Palestine]]
{{portal bar|Geography|Asia|Middle East|Palestine|Israel}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Works written or compiled since 1945===
* Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1971) (ed.) ''The Transformation of Palestine''. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern Press
* Avneri, Arieh (1984) ''The Claim of Dispossession''. Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press
* Bachi, Roberto (1974) ''The Population of Israel''. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University
* Belfer-Cohen, Anna & Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000) "Early Sedentism in the Near East: a bumpy ride to village life". In: Ian Kuijt (Ed.) ''Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation''. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers ISBN 0-306-46122-6
* Biger, Gideon (1981) "Where was Palestine? pre-World War I perception", in: ''AREA (journal of the Institute of British Geographers)''; Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;153–160
* Broshi, Magen (1979) "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period", in: ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 236, p.&nbsp;7, 1979
* Byatt, Anthony (1973) "Josephus and Population Numbers in First-century Palestine", in: ''Palestine Exploration Quarterly'', 105, pp.&nbsp;51–60.
* Chancey, Mark A. (2005) ''Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus''. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-84647-1
* Chase, Kenneth (2003) ''Firearms: a Global History to 1700''. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-82274-2
* Doumani, Beshara (1995) ''Rediscovering Palestine: merchants and peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700–1900''. Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-20370-4
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume=8 : South and Southwest Asia|edition=1|editor2-first=Peter Neal|editor2-last=Peregrine|editor2-link=Peter N. Peregrine|editor1-first=Melvin|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-link=Melvin Ember|publisher=New York, N.Y.; London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum|isbn=0-306-46262-1|page=185|publisher=Springer|year=2001}}
* {{Cite book|title=The encyclopedia of Christianity|first1=Erwin|last1=Fahlbusch|first2=Jan Milic|last2=Lochman|first3=Geoffrey William|last3=Bromiley|first4=David B.|last4=Barrett|first5= John|last5=Mbiti|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids|year=2005|isbn=0-8028-2416-1, 9780802824165|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA185&dq=prst+medinat+habu+philistine&q=|postscript=}}
* Farsoun, Samih K. & Naseer Aruri (2006) ''Palestine and the Palestinians''; 2nd ed. Boulder CO: Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-4336-4
* Finkelstein, I., Mazar, A. & Schmidt, B. (2007) ''The Quest for the Historical Israel''. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0
* Gelber, Yoav (1997) ''Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: alliance of bars sinister''. London: Routledge ISBN 0-7146-4675-X
* Gerber, Haim (1998) "''Palestine''" and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century", in: ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 30, pp.&nbsp;563–572.
* Gilbar, Gar G. (1986) "The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West, 1865–1914", in: David Kushner (ed.). ''Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: political, social and economic transformation''. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers ISBN 90-04-07792-8
* Gilbar, Gar G. (ed.) (1990) ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history''. Leiden: Brill ISBN 90-04-07785-5
* [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] (2005) ''The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict''. London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-35900-7
* Gottheil, Fred M. (2003) [http://www.meforum.org/article/522/ "The Smoking Gun: Arab immigration into Palestine, 1922–1931], ''[[Middle East Quarterly]]'', X (1)
* {{Cite book|title=Giving the Sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts|first1=Michael A.|last1=Grisanti|first2=David M.|last2=Howard|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Kregel Publications|year=2003|isbn=0-8254-2892-0, 9780825428920|url=http://books.google.com/?id=stMd0QV97IYC&pg=PA160&dq=%22united+monarchy%22+evidence+archaeology&q=%22united%20monarchy%22%20evidence%20archaeology|postscript=}}
* Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) (2000) ''A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: an investigation''. Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab ISBN 87-7876-177-8
* Harris, David Russell (1996) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia''. London: Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-537-9
* Hayes, John H. & Mandell, Sara R. (1998) ''The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: from Alexander to Bar Kochba''. Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 0-664-25727-5
* Hughes, Mark (1999) ''Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919''. London: Routledge ISBN 0-7146-4920-1
* Ingrams, Doreen (1972) ''Palestine Papers 1917–1922''. London: John Murray ISBN 0-8076-0648-0
* {{Cite book|title=Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests|first1=Walter Emil|last1=Kaegi|edition=Reprint, illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-521-48455-3, 9780521484558|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YSULouFrzx4C&pg=PA41&dq=byzantine+palestine+I+and+II&q=|author2=Kaegi, Walter Emil|postscript=}}
* [[Rashid Khalidi|Khalidi, Rashid]] (1997) ''Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. New York: [[Columbia University Press]] ISBN 0-231-10515-0
* Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004) ''Religions of the Ancient World: a guide''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-01517-7
* Karpat, Kemal H. (2002) ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History''. Leiden: Brill ISBN 90-04-12101-3
* Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). ''Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300–1100 BC''. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1-58983-097-0
* Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S. (1994) ''Palestinians: The Making of a People''. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-65223-1
{{col-2}}
* [[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (1981) ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem''. Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9
* Kurz, Anat N. (2005) ''Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle''. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press ISBN 1-84519-032-7, ISBN 978-1-84519-032-3
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NYNCUXGoFWMC&pg=PA55&dq=arabic+palestine+philistine+filastin&q=|title=Jews and Muslims in the Arab world: haunted by pasts real and imagined|first1=Jacob|last1=Lassner|first2=Selwyn Ilan|last2=Troen|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2007|isbn=0-7425-5842-8, 9780742558427|postscript=}}
* [[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]] (1993) ''Islam in History: ideas, people and events in the Middle East''. Chicago: Open Court Publishing ISBN 0-8126-9518-6
* Loftus, J. P. (1948), Features of the demography of Palestine, Population Studies, Vol 2
* Louis, Wm. Roger (1969) "The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922", in: ''International Organization'', 23 (1), pp.&nbsp;73–96.
* McCarthy, Justin (1990) ''The Population of Palestine''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07110-8.
* Mandel, Neville J. (1976) ''The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4
* [[Fabio Maniscalco|Maniscalco, Fabio]] (2005) ''Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony'' Massa Publisher. ISBN 88-87835-62-4.
* {{Cite book|title=Peoples of Western Asia|last1=Marshall Cavendish|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|edition=Illustrated|year=2007|isbn=0-7614-7677-6, 9780761476771|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qA5LnP1pZacC&pg=PA559&dq=arabic+philistines&q=arabic%20philistines|author1=Corporation, Marshall Cavendish|author2=Cavendish, Marshall|postscript=}}
* {{Cite book | last=Martindale | first=John R. | last2=Jones | first2=A.H.M. | last3=Morris | first3=John | title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641 | year=1992 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-20160-8 | url = http://books.google.gr/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
* Metzer, Jacob (1988) ''The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine''. Cambridge University Press.
* Mills, Watson E. (1990) ''Mercer Dictionary of the Bible''. Mercer University Press ISBN 0-86554-373-9
* Pastor, Jack (1997) ''Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine''. London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-15960-1
* Porath, Yehoshua (1974) ''The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929''. London: Frank Cass ISBN 0-7146-2939-1
* Redmount, Carol A. (1999) "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt" in: ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'', ed: Michael D. Coogan. Oxford: Oxford University Press
* Rogan, Eugene L. (2002) ''Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-89223-6.
* {{Cite book|title=Placenames of the World: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites|first1=Adrian|last=Room|edition=2nd, illustrated|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|isbn=0-7864-2248-3, 9780786422487|url=http://books.google.com/?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA285&dq=palastu+Palestine+etymology&q=|postscript=}}
* Rosen, Steven A. (1997) ''Lithics After the Stone Age: a handbook of stone tools from the Levant''. Rowman Altamira ISBN 0-7619-9124-7
* [[Howard Sachar|Sachar, Howard M.]] (2006) ''A History of Israel: from the rise of Zionism to our time'', 2nd ed., revised and updated. New York: Alfred A. Knopf ISBN 0-679-76563-8
* [[Edward Said|Said, Edward W.]] & Hitchens, Christopher (2001) ''Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian Question''. London: Verso ISBN 1-85984-340-9
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HQ-VAkIdiX0C&pg=PA98&dq=%22growing+number%22+%22king+arthur%22+israel&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22growing%20number%22%20%22king%20arthur%22%20israel|title=Internet View of the Arabic World|first1=Jon|last1=Schiller|publisher=PublishAmerica|year=2009|isbn=1-4392-6326-4, 9781439263266|postscript=}}
* Schlor, Joachim (1999) ''Tel Aviv: From Dream to City''. Reaktion Books ISBN 1-86189-033-8
* Scholch, Alexander (1985) "The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850–1882", in: ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', XII, 4, November 1985, pp.&nbsp;485–505
* Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990) "Population Characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron Regions According to Ottoman Census of 1905", in Gar G. Gilbar, ed., ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914''. Leiden: Brill.
* Shahin, Mariam (2005) ''Palestine: a Guide''. Interlink Books ISBN 1-56656-557-X
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ec4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP15&dq=arabic+filastin+philistines&q=arabic%20filastin%20philistines|title=The Holy Land in History and Thought: papers submitted to the International Conference on the Relations between the Holy Land and the World Outside It, Johannesburg, 1986|first1=Moshe|last1=Sharon|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1988|isbn=90-04-08855-5, 9789004088559|postscript=}}
* Shiloh, Yigal (1980) "The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density", in: ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 239, p.&nbsp;33, 1980
* Sicker, Martin (1999) ''Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922''. New York: Praeger/Greenwood ISBN 0-275-96639-9
* Stearns, Peter N. {{worldhistory}}
* [[UNSCOP]] [http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3!OpenDocument Report to the General Assembly]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}
* Westermann Verlag, Georg (2001) ''Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte''; 2e Aufl. Braunschweig: Westermann ISBN 3-07-509520-6
* Whitelam, Keith (1997) ''The Invention of Ancient Israel: the silencing of Palestinian history''. London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-10759-8, ISBN 978-0-415-10759-4

===Works written before 1918===
* Le Strange, Guy (1890) ''Palestine under the Moslems: a description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500''; translated from the works of the mediaeval Arab geographers. [London] : Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund; Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin (Reprinted by Khayats, Beirut, 1965, with a new introd. by Walid Khalidy.; AMS Press, New York, 1975) ISBN 0-404-56288-4
* [[Mark Twain|Twain, Mark]] (1867) ''Innocents Abroad''. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-243708-5
{{col-end}}

== External links ==
{{External links|date=November 2010}}
{{Commons category|Maps of the history of the Middle East}}
{{AmCyc Poster|Palestine}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.palestinecenter.org/ www.palestinecenter.org – A website with current and historical information about Palestine]
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel Report) (London, 1937)] Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
* [http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm www.mideastweb.org – A website with a wealth of statistics regarding population in Palestine]
* [http://www.drberlin.com/palestine/ Coins and Banknotes of Palestine under the British Mandate]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen – Maps, flags, chronology, see Israel and Palestinian National Authority]
* [http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/69/3/ hWeb – Israel-Palestine in Maps]
* [http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id=41#Palestine Palestine Fact Sheet] from the Common Language Project
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Palestine 1911 Encyclopedia description of Palestine]
* [http://www.ldfp.eu/ Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PS Key Development Forecasts for Palestine] from [[International Futures]]

===Maps===
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/sykes-picot-1916.gif Sykes–Picot Agreement, 1916]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel04.jpg 1947 UN Partition Plan]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/images/israel05.jpg 1949 Armisitice Lines]
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/israel-post-armstice-1949.gif Israel After 1949 Armistice Agreements]

{{Jewish nationalism and the region of Palestine}}
{{Palestinian nationalism}}
{{Historic region of Palestine topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Latuff, Carlos}}
[[Category:Palestine| ]]
[[Category:Divided regions]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Fertile Crescent]]
[[Category:Brazilian artists]]
[[Category:Levant]]
[[Category:Brazilian cartoonists]]
[[Category:Western Asia]]
[[Category:Brazilian socialists]]
[[Category:Arab nationalism]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Southern Levant]]
[[Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Lebanese descent]]


[[ar:كارلوس لطوف]]
{{Link FA|ar}}
[[az:Karlos Latuff]]
{{Link GA|is}}
[[ace:Palèstina]]
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Revision as of 21:03, 29 December 2012

Carlos Latuff
Born
Carlos Latuff

(1968-11-30) November 30, 1968 (age 56)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
NationalityBrazilian
Known forPolitical cartoons, Social commentary
MovementAnti-globalization, anti-capitalism, anti-imperialism, anti-Americanism, anti-Zionism, Marxism, socialism, indigenous rights

Carlos Latuff (born November 30, 1968) is a Brazilian freelance political cartoonist.[1] His works deal with an array of themes, including anti-globalization, anti-capitalism, and anti-U.S. military intervention. He is best known for his images depicting the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and, more recently, the Arab Spring events. Latuff himself has described his work as controversial.[2]

Early life

Latuff was born in São Cristóvão (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil, and is of Lebanese ancestry; in his own words he said he has "Arab roots".[1]

Published works

Latuff's works have been posted mostly by himself on Indymedia websites and private blogs. However, some of them have been picked up and featured in magazines such as the Brazilian edition of Mad[3] Le Monde Diplomatique[4] and the The Toronto Star.[5] In addition, a few of his works were published on Arab websites and publications such as the Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance (JAMI) magazine, the Saudi magazine Character, the Lebanese newspaper Al Akhbar, among others.[6]

Themes

Caricature by Latuff

A vast number of Latuff's cartoons are related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which according to his claims : "became important to Latuff after he visited the area in the late 1990s."[7] These cartoons are heavily critical of Israel[7] and have drawn criticism and allegations of uninhibited utilization of "judeophobic stereotypes in the service of the anti-globalisation movement."[8]

In his We are all Palestinians (Template:Lang-ar) cartoon series, various famous oppressed groups, including Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto, Black South Africans during Apartheid, Native Americans, and Tibetans in China, are all shown stating "I am Palestinian".[9]

Latuff has also made a series of cartoons that portray Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon,[10][11][12] United States President George W. Bush, Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and British PM Tony Blair among other politicians as monsters and as Nazis.[13]

Latuff is also critical of US military action in Iraq and Afghanistan. He has made promotional cartoons for anti-US militancy[14] as well as cartoons alleging US actions have been motivated by the chance of making profit from oil.[15] Among the cartoons, there are also some that portray US soldiers as severely wounded, dead, or paraplegic or as harming Iraqi civilians.

In his comic series Tales of Iraq War (Template:Lang-ar) he portrays "Juba, the Baghdad sniper",[16] an Iraqi insurgency character claimed to have shot down several-dozen US soldiers, as a "superhero".[17] He has also made a caricature of US President George W. Bush laughing over US casualties.[18]

Since the end of 2010, he's been consistently engaged in producing cartoons about the Arab Spring in which he openly sided with the revolutionaries. After the victory of revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya his cartoons about these countries have focused on the menace of counter-revolution or Western interference. Some of his cartoons have been displayed in mass demonstrations in Arab countries.[19][20][21]

Criticism

His works were criticized by a writer for the Institute for Global Jewish Affairs, part of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (an Israeli NGO), for allegedly containing antisemitism and antisemitic motifs.[22]

In 2002 the Swiss-based Holocaust survivors organization Aktion Kinder des Holocaust sued the Indymedia of Switzerland on the charge of anti-Semitism for publishing Latuff's cartoon titled We are all Palestinians series in their website, which depicted a Jewish boy in Warsaw Ghetto saying: "I am Palestinian."[23][24][25] The criminal proceedings were suspended by Swiss court.[26]

In 2006, Latuff placed second and won $4,000, for his cartoon comparing the Israeli West Bank barrier with the Nazi concentration camps, in the Iranian 'International Holocaust Cartoon Competition'.[27] The contest was created in response to Muhammad cartoons published by a Danish newspaper, under the notion that those who supported the right to free speech in matters concerning Islam would be placed in a precarious position were they to condemn the antisemitic cartoons aimed to mock and ridicule the Jewish Holocaust. Latuff's entry was described as "Holocaust inversion," a "motif" of antisemitism, by Manfred Gerstenfeld.[28]

In their 2003 Annual Report, the Stephen Roth Institute compared Latuff's cartoons of Sharon to "the antisemitic caricatures of Philipp Rupprecht in Julius Streicher's Der Stürmer."[29] The SRI also complained over a cartoon showing Che Guevara in a Palestinian keffiyeh.[30]

Joel Kotek a professor at Belgium’s Free University of Brussels, in his book Cartoons and Extremism[31] calls Latuff “the contemporary Drumont of the internet.” (Edouard Drumont was the founder of the French Antisemitic League of France and the publisher of La Libre Parole,[32] a magazine that printed numerous classically antisemitic cartoons during the years of the Dreyfus Affair).[33]

Response

In an interview with the Jewish-American weekly newspaper The Forward in December 2008, Latuff responded to charges of antisemitism and the comparison to Streicher:

My cartoons have no focus on the Jews or on Judaism. My focus is Israel as a political entity, as a government, their armed forces being a satellite of U.S. interests in the Middle East, and especially Israeli policies toward the Palestinians. It happens to be Israeli Jews that are the oppressors of Palestinians.…My detractors say that the use of the Magen David in my Israel-related cartoons is irrefutable proof of antisemitism; however, it’s not my fault if Israel chose sacred religious motifs as national symbols, such as the Knesset Menorah or the Star of David in killing-machines like F-16 jets.[34]

Latuff was included in Simon Wiesenthal Center's 2012 Top Ten Anti-Israel/Anti-Semitic Slurs list,[35] which he considered "a joke worthy of a Woody Allen movie". He also claimed that Zionist lobbying groups try to associate him with well-known extremists and racists in order to disqualify his criticism of the Israeli government. According to him, "criticism or even attacks to the polity known as Israel do not mean hatred towards Jews because the Israeli government does not represent the Jewish people just as no government represents the totality of its people". He also pointed out that figures such as José Saramago, Desmond Tutu and Jimmy Carter were too accused of being antisemite, saying that he was "in good company".[36]

References

  1. ^ a b UAE General, Brazilian artist lives up to his promise
  2. ^ Interview with Latuff "Carlos Latuff: Cartoonist and opinion-maker", Menassat, 2008
  3. ^ Mad magazine, January 2009, Brazilian edition
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ The Toronto Star: More than just a chic checkered scarf
  6. ^ Interview for JAMI magazine
    My cartoons in Saudi Arabia magazine
    Article about my art in the Lebanese newspaper "Al Akhbar"
    Cartoon reproduced in Iraqi magazine
  7. ^ a b The Jewish Daily Forward: Simple, Offensive and Out There
  8. ^ Black, Ian (19 December 2008). "Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  9. ^ Carlos Latuff: "We Are All Palestinian"
  10. ^ "Ariel Sharon portrait by ~latuff". DeviantArt. 2003-06-08. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  11. ^ "Ariel Sharon by ~latuff". DeviantArt. 2003-06-07. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  12. ^ "The Godfather by ~latuff". DeviantArt. 2003-05-02. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  13. ^ [2][3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
  14. ^ File:Victory.gif, File:Iraq war, year FOUR!.jpg
  15. ^ File:KillinintheRain.png, File:Warforoil.gif
  16. ^ An example episode of Juba the Baghdad sniper at Latuff's blog
    A second example episode of Juba the Baghdad sniper at Latuff's blog, (Arabic)
  17. ^ Interview with Carlos Latuff
  18. ^ 'Laughs' by Carlos Latuff (infoshop.org), Commons Link
  19. ^ Rio cartoonist inspires Arab rebellions from afar
  20. ^ Latuff's cartoon displayed in Tahrir Square
  21. ^ Stop military tribunals
  22. ^ Anti-Semitic Cartoons on Progressive Blogs Adam Levick
  23. ^ Alex Schärer: Linke und Antisemitismus: Der Indymedia-Streit - Aufpassen, was im Kübel landet, Die Wochenzeitung, April 4, 2002
  24. ^ Junge Welt: Ärger im Internet: Wegen antisemitischer Beiträge hat Indymedia Schweiz den Betrieb gestoppt, February 25, 2002
  25. ^ Aktion Kinder des Holocaust: Is this cartoon by Latuff, published at indymedia-switzerland, anti-Semitic? An analysis
  26. ^ Hamadeh, Anis (2002). "Jewish peace activists and Israeli violence". Retrieved 2007-09-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)[dead link‍]
  27. ^ Winners of the Iranian Holocaust Cartoon Competition, IRANCARTOON International
  28. ^ Manfred Gerstenfeld: "Ahmadinejad, Iran, and Holocaust manipulation: methods, aims, and reactions", Scholars For Peace in the Middle East, February 1, 2007
  29. ^ "General Analysis: Overview". Annual Report. Stephen Roth Institute. 2003. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  30. ^ "Brazil 2003-2004". Country Reports. Stephen Roth Institute. 2003. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  31. ^ Cartoons and Extremism: Israel and the Jews in Arab and Western Media By Joel Kotek Vallentine Mitchell, 201 pages
  32. ^ fr:La Libre Parole
  33. ^ Simple, Offensive and Out There Extreme Cartoons Distort Israel and the Jews By Eddy Portnoy
  34. ^ "Latuff: Cartoonist in Conversation - Forward.com". www.forward.com. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  35. ^ "2012 Top Ten Anti-Israel/Anti-Semitic Slurs" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  36. ^ "Cartunista brasileiro está no ranking dos "dez mais antissemitas" do mundo" (in Portuguese). Opera Mundi. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
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