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The '''Marvel Cinematic Universe''' ('''MCU''') is a [[media franchise|film franchise]] and [[shared universe|shared]] [[fictional universe]] that is the setting of [[superhero film]]s independently produced by [[Marvel Studios]], based on characters that appear in publications by [[Marvel Comics]]. The shared universe of the films, much like the [[Marvel Universe]] in comic books, was established by [[fictional crossover|crossing over]] common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.
The '''Marvel Cinematic Universe''' ('''MCU''') is a [[media franchise|film franchise]] and [[shared universe|shared]] [[fictional universe]] that is the setting of [[superhero film]]s independently produced by [[Marvel Studios]], based on characters that appear in publications by [[Marvel Comics]]. The shared universe of the films, much like the [[Marvel Universe]] in comic books, was established by [[fictional crossover|crossing over]] common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.


The first film to be released in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was ''[[Iron Man (film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008), followed by ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (2008), ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' (2010), ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' (2011), ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011), and ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|Marvel's The Avengers]]'' (2012)<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD ''THE AMAZING SPIDER-MAN'' TO THIS LIST. IT IS NOT PART OF THE MCU-->. Six additional films are in various stages of development {{as of|2012|November|lc=y}}: ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' and ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' are [[principal photography|filming]], ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' and ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' have entered [[pre-production]], and ''[[The Avengers 2]]'' and ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' are in the early stages of development.
The first film to be released in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was ''[[Iron Man (film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008), followed by ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (2008), ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' (2010), ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' (2011), ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011), and ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|Marvel's The Avengers]]'' (2012)<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD ''THE AMAZING SPIDER-MAN'' TO THIS LIST. IT IS NOT PART OF THE MCU-->. Six additional films are in various stages of development {{as of|2013|January|lc=y}}: ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' and ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' are in post-production, ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' and ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' have entered [[pre-production]], and ''[[The Avengers 2]]'' and ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' are in the early stages of development.


As a franchise, the films within the Marvel Cinematic Universe have received both critical and commercial success, and the franchise as a whole ranks as the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|fourth highest-grossing film franchise]] of all time.
As a franchise, the films within the Marvel Cinematic Universe have received both critical and commercial success, and the franchise as a whole ranks as the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|fourth highest-grossing film franchise]] of all time.

Revision as of 06:57, 4 January 2013

Marvel Cinematic Universe
File:Marvel Cinematic Universe - Phase One.jpg
Promotional art for the Marvel Cinematic Universe – Phase One: Avengers Assembled Blu-ray box set
Directed bySee below
Screenplay bySee below
Produced bySee below
StarringSee below
Production
company
Distributed byParamount Pictures (2008–2011)
Universal Studios (2008)
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (2012–present)
Release date
2008–present
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1,000,000,000
Box office$3,802,149,632

The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is a film franchise and shared fictional universe that is the setting of superhero films independently produced by Marvel Studios, based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics. The shared universe of the films, much like the Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.

The first film to be released in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was Iron Man (2008), followed by The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), and Marvel's The Avengers (2012). Six additional films are in various stages of development as of January 2013: Iron Man 3 and Thor: The Dark World are in post-production, Captain America: The Winter Soldier and Guardians of the Galaxy have entered pre-production, and The Avengers 2 and Ant-Man are in the early stages of development.

As a franchise, the films within the Marvel Cinematic Universe have received both critical and commercial success, and the franchise as a whole ranks as the fourth highest-grossing film franchise of all time.

Development

In 2005, Variety reported that Marvel Studios would start producing its own films and distribute them through Paramount Pictures. The funding came from a seven-year, $525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch.[1] Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige in 2009 initially referred to the shared narrative continuity of these films as the "Marvel Cinema Universe",[2] but later used the term "Marvel Cinematic Universe".[3] Most of the upcoming films will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, a division of Marvel Entertainment's parent corporation, The Walt Disney Company.[4]

Iron Man, Marvel Studios' first self-produced film, was released in May 2008. The film ended with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury. Director Jon Favreau said that he included the scene because they "wanted something for the fans" and detailed how the scene was made: "I turned to [Marvel Studios President] Kevin Feige and said, 'You know what would blow their minds? Should we do this?' Kevin was like, 'Let's try.' And then we actually pulled it together. It was just a little scene, just a little tip of the hat for the fans that we were paying attention to what had been established, and a way to sort of tee up The Avengers. We brought [Jackson] in on a secret day of shooting, we had a skeleton crew so that the secret wouldn't get out."[5] Captain America's shield was also visible in the film.[6] Favreau explained the shield's origin, stating, "An ILM artist put it in there as a joke to us for our cineSync sessions, when we're approving visual effects. They got a laugh out of it, and I said, 'Leave it in, that's pretty cool—let's see if anybody sees it.'"[7]

Robert Downey, Jr. briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of Louis Leterrier's 2008 film The Incredible Hulk. Downey described it by stating, "We were just cross-pollinating our superheroes. It happens to be a scene where I basically approach [actor William Hurt's character General Ross], and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together. The great thing is he—and I don't want to give too much away—but he's in disrepair at the time I find him. It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who's half in the bag."[8] In addition, Captain America is very briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film included in the DVD release. Leterrier confirmed it, stating, "You will see a man! You'll see it. You'll like it."[9]

Fiege said in April 2010 that constructing a shared film universe

...is daunting but it's fun. It's never been done before and that's kind of the spirit everybody's taking it in. The other filmmakers aren't used to getting actors from other movies that other filmmakers have cast, certain plot lines that are connected or certain locations that are connected, but I think ... everyone was on board for it and thinks that it's fun. Primarily because we've always remained consistent saying that the movie that we are making comes first. All of the connective tissue, all of that stuff is fun and is going to be very important if you want it to be. If the fans want to look further and find connections, then they're there. There are a few big ones obviously, that hopefully the mainstream audience will able to follow as well. But ... the reason that all the filmmakers are on board is that their movies need to stand on their own. They need to have a fresh vision, a unique tone, and the fact that they can interconnect if you want to follow those breadcrumbs is a bonus.[10]

Iron Man 2 continued to reference other Marvel films by again including Captain America's shield. Favreau explained, "We introduced Captain America's shield briefly in one shot in the last film. So now it really was in his room, so we had figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop."[7] The end of Iron Man 2 also contains several Easter eggs, particularly in a scene in the S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house. In a conversation between Nick Fury and Tony Stark, one of several large television screens in the background shows destruction on a college campus, another displays a crater in a desert, while another shows a world map pinpointing seven ambiguous locations. Favreau revealed, "[The first is] from The Incredible Hulk, which means Iron Man 2 took place before The Incredible Hulk. If you look you see the the [sic] crater on the other monitor, that's the Thor thing. That's where the hammer was recovered. ... [I]f you look at those maps, each one of those locations corresponds to something in the Marvel Universe. And if you look on each one ... [t]wo of them relate to Captain America: The First Avenger, one of them relates to Thor. The one in Africa relates to [the] Black Panther."[11]

Clark Gregg appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson, and reprised the role in Thor (2011). About his role in Thor he stated, "Agent Coulson was one of the guys who wasn't really in the comic books, and he [had] a very kind of small role in Iron Man. And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and [chose] to put him more into the universe of it."[12]

A few characters who first appeared in Thor appear again in Joss Whedon's The Avengers, including Thor, Loki, Erik Selvig, and Hawkeye. Thor director Kenneth Branagh explained, "We had Joss see it pretty early on in post-production. I think that affected both the way he presented Thor in [The] Avengers and also Loki's involvement in that story as well."[13] Loki was also included in a post-credits scene with Erik Selvig in Thor after his supposed demise. Branagh expounded, "When [Loki] falls into that wormhole, a rip in the fabric of space at the end of our picture, and then shows up in an unknown location, possibly with the idea of a new and cunning plan, I think it's a interesting way to indicate how he might be involved in another story from another part of the Marvel Universe."[14] Stellan Skarsgård, who played Erik Selvig, stated the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor, revealing, "No, it was not because I don't think they had the final story for The Avengers ready at that time. So that developed last fall when they contacted me and asked me if I wanted to be in The Avengers. Then they started sending me pages and stuff."[15] Regarding Hawkeye's cameo appearance in Thor, Branagh stated, "Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner, 'Are you kidding!', I said. I was jumping up and down. I was thrilled. I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that!"[16]

Sony Pictures and Disney reached an agreement to incorporate OsCorp Tower from the The Amazing Spider-Man into the climax of The Avengers, but the idea was eventually dropped because The Avengers's Manhattan skyline had already been rendered before the OsCorp building design had been completed.[17]

Films

Film Release date Director(s) Screenwriter(s) Producer(s)

Released films

Iron Man May 2, 2008 (2008-05-02) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad, Kevin Feige
The Incredible Hulk June 13, 2008 (2008-06-13) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn1 Avi Arad, Gale Anne Hurd, Kevin Feige
Iron Man 2 May 7, 2010 (2010-05-07) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige
Thor May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne
Captain America: The First Avenger July 22, 2011 (2011-07-22) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely
Marvel's The Avengers May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04) Joss Whedon

In production

Iron Man 3 May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03Tproposed)[18] Shane Black[19] Drew Pearce and Shane Black[20][21] Kevin Feige
Thor: The Dark World[22] November 8, 2013 (2013-11-08Tproposed)[23] Alan Taylor[24] Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[25]

Announced

Captain America: The Winter Soldier[22] April 4, 2014[26] Joe and Anthony Russo[27] Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[28] Kevin Feige
Guardians of the Galaxy[22] August 1, 2014[22] James Gunn[29] Nicole Perlman, Chris McCoy, and James Gunn[30][31][29]
The Avengers 2[32] May 1, 2015[33] Joss Whedon[34]
Ant-Man[35] November 6, 2015[36] Edgar Wright Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish

Recurring cast and characters

Further information: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe cast members
Character Released films Upcoming films
Iron Man The Incredible
Hulk 		Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America:
The First Avenger 		Marvel's
The Avengers 		Iron Man 3 Thor:
The Dark World 		Captain America:
The Winter Soldier
Bruce Banner
The Hulk 		  Edward Norton
Lou FerrignoV 		  Mark Ruffalo[37]
Lou FerrignoV 		 
Clint Barton
Hawkeye 		  Jeremy Renner[38]   Jeremy Renner[39]  
Phil Coulson Clark Gregg   Clark Gregg[40]   Clark Gregg[41]  
Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson   Samuel L. Jackson[42][43][44]   Samuel L. Jackson[27]
Maria Hill   Cobie Smulders[45]   Cobie Smulders[46]
JARVIS Paul BettanyV   Paul BettanyV   Paul BettanyV[47]  
Loki   Tom Hiddleston[48]   Tom Hiddleston[49]   Tom Hiddleston[50]  
Pepper Potts Gwyneth Paltrow   Gwyneth Paltrow   Gwyneth Paltrow[51][52]  
Steve Rogers
Captain America 		  Chris Evans[53]   Chris Evans[26]
Natasha Romanoff
Black Widow 		  Scarlett Johansson   Scarlett Johansson[54]   Scarlett Johansson[55]
Erik Selvig   Stellan Skarsgård[56]   Stellan Skarsgård[57]   Stellan Skarsgård[58]  
Jasper Sitwell   Maximiliano Hernández   Maximiliano Hernández  
Howard Stark Gerard Sanders   John Slattery   Dominic Cooper[59]  
Tony Stark
Iron Man 		Robert Downey, Jr.[60][61][62]   Robert Downey, Jr.[62][63]  
Thor   Chris Hemsworth[64]   Chris Hemsworth[49]   Chris Hemsworth[23]  
List indicator(s)
  • This list includes only characters which have appeared in multiple franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
  • A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence in the film has not yet been announced.
  • A V indicates a voice-only role

Other media

Comic books

In November 2010, Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada outlined his plan to expand the MCU into comic books. He explained, "[F]or the uninitiated, the MCU [comics] are going to be stories set within movie continuity. [They are] not necessarily direct adaptations of the movies, but maybe something that happened off screen and was mentioned in the movie, and we'll tell that story. ... [T]he folks that are involved in the movies on the West Coast will be involved in these stories. It won't be like one of our comic book writers saw the movie and has an idea for a story. No, these stories are originating at the very top. [Marvel Studios chief] Kevin Feige is involved with these and in some cases maybe the writers of the movies would be involved in ... generating these ideas and then either just giving them to some of our writers or maybe some of these guys writing them themselves."[65]

Short films

Main article: Marvel One-Shots

In August 2011, Marvel announced a series of direct-to-video short films called Marvel One-Shots. The first short film, The Consultant, is included with the Thor Blu-ray release, which was released on September 13, 2011. A second, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer, was released on the Captain America: The First Avenger Blu-ray on October 25, 2011. Both films star Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, offering up two self-contained stories about the day in the life of a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent.[66] A third film titled Item 47 was released with The Avengers Blu-ray on September 25, 2012.[67]

Television

Main article: S.H.I.E.L.D. (TV series)

In December 2010, it was reported that Twilight screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg is developing a series originally for ABC titled AKA Jessica Jones, based on the comic book series Alias created by Brian Michael Bendis.[68] In November 2011, Rosenberg stated that the TV show would center on Jessica Jones and would have principal parts for Luke Cage and Carol Danvers. She also confirmed that the TV series would absolutely take place in the larger "cinematic" Marvel Universe and Tony Stark and Stark Industries are in the current pilot script but admitted, "As we go along things will alter in terms of what is made available to us, but we're definitely in that universe. We are in no way denying that that universe exists. And as much as I can I'm going to pull everything in from there that I can use".[69] In May 2012, ABC president Paul Lee stated the network has passed on the series.[70] In July 2012 it was reported that Marvel's TV division had again entered into discussions with ABC to do a show set in the MCU,[71] and in August ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D., to be written by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, and directed by Joss Whedon.[72] Clark Gregg is cast to reprise his role from the films as Phil Coulson in the series.[73]

Home media

In June 2012, Marvel announced the release of a 10-disc Blu-ray box set titled Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled, which was set for release on September 25, 2012. The box set includes the first six films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe—Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and The Avengers—in a replica of Nick Fury's briefcase from The Avengers.[74] In August 2012, luggage company Rimowa GmbH, who developed the briefcase for The Avengers, filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court, complaining that "Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose".[75] The set has since been delayed and the packaging is to be redesigned for 2013.[76] It was announced that the box set, with redesigned case, will be available on April 2, 2013. In addition, the box set will include a featurette on the upcoming Phase Two movies, showing footage and concept art, as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films.[77]

Future

Iron Man 3, the sequel to 2010's Iron Man 2, entered production in late May 2012, with a budget of $200 million and a release scheduled for May 3, 2013.[78] Based on the "Extremis" story arc by Warren Ellis,[79] the film has Robert Downey, Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, and Don Cheadle reprising their roles as Tony Stark / Iron Man, Pepper Potts, and James Rhodes / War Machine, respectively, with Ben Kingsley having entered negotiations to play an unspecified villain in April 2012;[80] it was later confirmed that he is playing the Mandarin.[81] Guy Pearce also co-stars.[82] Also filming is Thor: The Dark World, the sequel to 2011's Thor, which began production in September 2012 in Bourne Wood, Surrey. Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston, Natalie Portman, and Idris Elba are reprising their roles as Thor, Loki, Jane Foster, and Heimdall, respectively. It is set for release on November 8, 2013.[83] A sequel to 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger is in pre-production and set for release on April 4, 2014.[84] It was confirmed in July 2012 that its title is Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[22] Chris Evans and Samuel L. Jackson are to reprise their respective roles as Steve Rogers / Captain America and Nick Fury in the film,[85] joined by Sebastian Stan, reprising his role from the first film as James "Bucky" Barnes, and Anthony Mackie as the Falcon.[86] Additionally, The Avengers 2 was announced by Walt Disney Pictures in May 2012.[87] It is set for release on May 1, 2015.[33]

Also announced in July 2012 were Guardians of the Galaxy and Ant-Man, with the latter to be directed by Edgar Wright.[22] The script for Ant-Man has been written by Wright and Joe Cornish, who plan to include Henry Pym and Scott Lang as major characters, with Pym as Ant-Man in the 1960s in a style similar to Tales to Astonish, and a flashforward to Lang as Pym's successor in contemporary times.[88] Test footage for the film was screened at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International during the Iron Man 3 panel.[89] It is set for release on November 6, 2015. Meanwhile, Guardians of the Galaxy is to be directed by James Gunn,[90] based on a screenplay written by Nicole Perlman,[30] Chris McCoy,[91] and Gunn. It is set for release on August 1, 2014.[22] Characters whom Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige has mentioned specifically to appear in the film include Star-Lord, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot.[92]

Marvel has also attempted to hire a team of writers to help come up with creative ways to produce film adaptations of some its lesser-known properties, including Black Panther, Cable, Iron Fist, Nighthawk, and Vision,[93] and in April 2010, Marvel began meeting with filmmakers to discuss small-scale, $20–40 million movies based on these lesser-known characters and others. Properties including Dr. Strange, Ka-Zar, Luke Cage, Dazzler, and Power Pack are among those being considered for development.[94] A sequel to 2008's The Incredible Hulk has also been discussed, with Marvel Studios having suggested a possible release after 2015's The Avengers 2 due to the positive audience reception towards Mark Ruffalo's portrayal of Bruce Banner in The Avengers.[95] Ruffalo is set to reprise his role in any future adaptation of the character,[96] and a sequel is still being considered.[97]

In October 2012, Lauren Shuler Donner, the producer of 20th Century Fox's X-Men film series, expressed interest in having the X-Men characters appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Shuler Donner said, "I would love it. I personally have close ties to Marvel because of Kevin Feige, because Kevin worked for me. But to take our characters and mingle them in the way that they were written, yeah, absolutely."[98] Mark Millar, who was hired in September 2012 to consult on all of Fox's future Marvel films, expressed similar sentiments in an interview, saying "Fox have said that they want to build a cohesive universe and I’d personally like this to work in complement to the Marvel one. It would be cool if these universes didn’t contradict each other so if you went to see Spidey, The Avengers, the X-Men, etc, as a viewer you would have no idea that all three are coming from different studios. I’d love to make it look like they’re all just happening in one place."[99]

Reception

Box office performance

Film U.S. release date Revenue Rank Budget Reference
United States International Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide
Iron Man May 2, 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 #30 #80 $140,000,000 [100]
The Incredible Hulk June 13, 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 #296 #340 $150,000,000 [101]
Iron Man 2 May 7, 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 #34 #67 $200,000,000 [102]
Thor May 6, 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 #156 #132 $150,000,000 [103]
Captain America: The First Avenger July 22, 2011 $176,654,505 $191,953,858 $368,608,363 #169 #188 $140,000,000 [104]
Marvel's The Avengers May 4, 2012 $623,279,547 $888,400,000 $1,511,679,547 #3 #3 $220,000,000 [105]
Total $1,741,617,021 $2,060,532,611 $3,802,149,632 $1,000,000,000 [106] [107] [108] [109] [105]

Critical reaction

Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Yahoo! Movies
Overall Top Critics
Iron Man 94% (238 reviews)[110] 91% (44 reviews)[110] 79 (38 reviews)[111] B+ (15 reviews)[112]
The Incredible Hulk 67% (219 reviews)[113] 55% (40 reviews)[113] 61 (38 reviews)[114] B- (14 reviews)[115]
Iron Man 2 75% (268 reviews)[116] 65% (40 reviews)[116] 57 (40 reviews)[117] B- (12 reviews)[118]
Thor 77% (256 reviews)[119] 65% (40 reviews)[119] 58 (39 reviews)[120] B (10 reviews)[121]
Captain America: The First Avenger 79% (217 reviews)[122] 76% (41 reviews)[122] 66 (36 reviews)[123] C+ (9 reviews)[124]
Marvel's The Avengers 92% (290 reviews)[125] 84% (45 reviews)[125] 69 (43 reviews)[126] N/A
Average ratings 81% 73% 65 B

Notes

  1. ^ Zak Penn was the first screenwriter of The Incredible Hulk. Edward Norton re-wrote the screenplay under the pseudonym "Edward Harrison". Both drafts were sent to the Writers Guild of America, who ultimately gave sole credit to Penn based on the final cut of the movie.

References

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  9. ^ Worley, Rob M. (2008-10-13). "Captain America secret unthaws on Incredible Hulk DVD". Mania.com. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
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  13. ^ O'Leary, Devin (May 26 – June 1, 2011). "From Hamlet to Hammer Time". Alibi.com. Retrieved 2011-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  14. ^ O'Hara, Helen (2011-05-05). "Kenneth Branagh On Thor's Credit Sting". Empire. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
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  19. ^ "Shane Black to direct IRON MAN 3". Ain't It Cool News.
  20. ^ Fleming, Mike (2011-03-31). "Marvel Taps Its 'Runaways' Scribe Drew Pearce To Write 'Iron Man 3' Script". Deadline.com.
  21. ^ Tyler, Josh (2011-04-22). "Shane Black Is Writing Iron Man 3 After All". CinemaBlend.com.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Ching, Albert (2012-07-14). "GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY is Official, More Marvel Movie News". Newsarama. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
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  24. ^ Belloni, Matthew (2011-12-24). "'Game of Thrones' Director Alan Taylor Chosen for 'Thor 2'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
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