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[[Pretoria]] in [[South Africa]] is popularly known as '''The Jacaranda City''' due to the enormous number of Jacaranda trees planted as street trees and in parks and gardens. In flowering time the city appears blue/purple in colour when seen from the nearby hills because of all the Jacaranda trees. The time of year the Jacarandas bloom in Pretoria coincides with the year-end exams at the [[University of Pretoria]] and legend has it that if a flower from the Jacaranda tree drops on your head, you will pass all your exams.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
[[Pretoria]] in [[South Africa]] is popularly known as '''The Jacaranda City''' due to the enormous number of Jacaranda trees planted as street trees and in parks and gardens. In flowering time the city appears blue/purple in colour when seen from the nearby hills because of all the Jacaranda trees. The time of year the Jacarandas bloom in Pretoria coincides with the year-end exams at the [[University of Pretoria]] and legend has it that if a flower from the Jacaranda tree drops on your head, you will pass all your exams.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}


Jacarandas in bloom have become closely associated with [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] and South East Queensland. The Ipswich City Council have used jacarandas to line avenues, and commercial developments in some areas, particularly along the [[Bremer River (Queensland)|Bremer River]] have incorporated jacarandas into their landscape design. The trees are common in parks throughout the city, most notably in a long curved avenue in [[New Farm Park, Brisbane|New Farm Park]], in [[Goodna, Queensland|Goodna]], and in private gardens. Dairy Farmers milk company, located on "Jacaranda St", East Ipswich, produces a brand of iced coffee justly named "Jacaranda" which is only available for sale in Ipswich.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.qt.com.au/story/2009/10/09/iced-coffee-still-on-the-menu-for-ippy-fans |title=Iced coffee still the same for Ippy fans |publisher= The Queensland Times }}</ref>
Jacarandas in bloom have become closely associated with [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]] and South East Queensland. The Ipswich City Council have used jacarandas to line avenues, and commercial developments in some areas, particularly along the [[Bremer River (Queensland)|Bremer River]] have incorporated jacarandas into their landscape design. The trees are common in parks throughout the city, most notably in a long curved avenue in [[New Farm Park, Brisbane|New Farm Park]], in [[Goodna, Queensland|Goodna]], and in private gardens.
[[Image:JacarandaWooroolinAustralia.JPG|left|thumb|Church surrounded by jacarandas in bloom, Wooroolin, Australia.]]
[[Image:JacarandaWooroolinAustralia.JPG|left|thumb|Church surrounded by jacarandas in bloom, Wooroolin, Australia.]]


Revision as of 10:07, 9 January 2013

Jacaranda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Bignoniaceae
Tribe:
Tecomeae
Genus:
Jacaranda

Species

See text.

Jacaranda (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˌdʒækəˈrændə/)[2] is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, South America (especially Brazil and Argentina), Cuba, Hispaniola and the Bahamas.[3] It has been planted widely in Asia, especially in Nepal. It is found throughout the Americas and Caribbean, and has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, India, Fiji, Portugal and parts of Africa. The genus name is also used as the common name.

Etymology

Jacaranda trees in full bloom in Islamabad.

The word jacaranda was described in A supplement to Mr. Chambers's Cyclopædia, 1st ed., (1753) as "a name given by some authors to the tree the wood of which is the log-wood, used in dying and in medicine" and as being of Tupi-Guarani origin,[4] [5] by way of Portuguese.[6]

Growth

The species are shrubs to large trees ranging in size from 2 to 30 m (6.6 to 98.4 ft) tall. The leaves are bipinnate in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The flowers are produced in conspicuous large panicles, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue corolla; a few species have white flowers. The fruit is an oblong to oval flattened capsule containing numerous slender seeds. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a staminode that is longer than the stamens, tricolpate pollen, and a chromosome number of 18.

Genus

Flower of Jacaranda cuspidifolia.

The genus is divided into two sections, sect. Jacaranda (syn. sect. Monolobos, an invalid name as it includes the type species of the genus, J. caerulea) and sect. Dilobos DC., based on the number of thecae on the anthers. Sect. Jacaranda (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species and is found primarily in western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Sect. Dilobos, which is believed to be the primitive form, has 31 species and is found primarily in southeastern Brazil including the Paraná River valley. The anatomy of the wood in the two sections also differs. Although usually treated in sect. Jacaranda, J. copaia differs somewhat from all other members of the genus, and may be intermediate between the two sections (Dos Santos & Miller 1997).

Selected species

Flowers of Jacaranda ulei.
Flower of Jacaranda cuspidifolia.
Flowers of Jacaranda macrantha.
Sect. Jacaranda
Sect. Dilobos

Cultivation and uses

Jacaranda seedling

Jacaranda can be propagated from grafting, cuttings and seeds though plants grown from seeds take a long time to bloom. Jacaranda grows in well drained soil and tolerates drought and brief spells of frost and freeze.[7]

Several species are widely grown as ornamental plants throughout the subtropical regions of the world, valued for their intense flower displays. The most often seen is the Blue Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia (syn. J. acutifolia hort. non Bonpl.). Other members of the genus are also commercially important; for example the Copaia (Jacaranda copaia) is important for its timber because of its exceptionally long bole.

Pretoria in South Africa is popularly known as The Jacaranda City due to the enormous number of Jacaranda trees planted as street trees and in parks and gardens. In flowering time the city appears blue/purple in colour when seen from the nearby hills because of all the Jacaranda trees. The time of year the Jacarandas bloom in Pretoria coincides with the year-end exams at the University of Pretoria and legend has it that if a flower from the Jacaranda tree drops on your head, you will pass all your exams.[citation needed]

Jacarandas in bloom have become closely associated with Ipswich and South East Queensland. The Ipswich City Council have used jacarandas to line avenues, and commercial developments in some areas, particularly along the Bremer River have incorporated jacarandas into their landscape design. The trees are common in parks throughout the city, most notably in a long curved avenue in New Farm Park, in Goodna, and in private gardens.

Church surrounded by jacarandas in bloom, Wooroolin, Australia.

The city of Grafton on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia, is also famous for its Jacarandas. Each year in late October and early November the city has a Jacaranda festival[8] during the period of full bloom. A street parade, local public holiday and a series of events are held. A local public holiday sees the city's businesses perform street theatre for passers by and street stalls proliferate. A Jacaranda Queen and Jacaranda Princess are named at a formal ball.

The Perth suburb of Applecross, Western Australia has streets lined with Jacaranda trees, and hosts a "Jacaranda Festival" each year in November. The festival is held in the Applecross Village district, and surrounding local businesses sell products and foods in aid of the local Rotary Club chapter.

The tree canopies in some of Sydney's north shore and harbour suburbs in the east have a purple glow during late spring.

The main street of the town of Red Cliffs, Victoria, Australia (part of the Calder Highway) was named Jacaranda Street in the original town plans of the early 1920s and Jacaranda trees have since been planted to line this street.

Jacarandas are also popular in the southern and central parts of Florida and the southwestern United States, notably in Phoenix, Arizona and San Diego, California. Jacaranda can be found throughout most of Southern California, where they were imported by the horticulturalist Kate Sessions. In California, jacarandas are known as the trees that bloom twice a year, although the fall bloom is generally not as striking as the spring bloom. Tampa, St. Petersburg, and other southern Florida cities are ribboned by purple flowers during peak bloom of April. Jacaranda trees are principally found in parks and interspersed along the avenues and streets. Jacarandas were introduced to Israel over 50 years ago, where they are in full bloom during May. They are popular and can be found in cities all over Israel.

In many parts of the world, such as Mexico, Los Angeles, Lisbon, Seville and Zimbabwe the blooming of this tree is welcomed as a sign of spring.

Brazilian Jacaranda is also used as the wood for the body of acoustic guitars.

Jacaranda can also be found in the South China Karst (a World Heritage site). The Chinese use the leaves to make a distinctive purple dye.

Notes

  1. ^ "Jacaranda Juss". Germplasm Resource Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2005-02-09. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  2. ^ Wells, John C. (2009). "jacaranda". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ A.H. Gentry & W. Morawetz, Jacaranda, in Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (2): 1-130.
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Ed. (1989)
  5. ^ "Jacaranda". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  6. ^ "Jacaranda". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  7. ^ Jacaranda Tree, The Lovely Plants
  8. ^ "Jacaranda Festival Grafton".
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