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Though the company primarily operated as an English school in the 1980s and '90s, according to its business registration it is also involved in numerous other business activities such as restaurants and bars, athletic clubs, hotels, printing/publishing, video and software rental and employment services.<ref name="Feb. 10, 2011 Business Registration" />
Though the company primarily operated as an English school in the 1980s and '90s, according to its business registration it is also involved in numerous other business activities such as restaurants and bars, athletic clubs, hotels, printing/publishing, video and software rental and employment services.<ref name="Feb. 10, 2011 Business Registration" />

Some English teachers employed at the school in the 1990s claimed that management requested they import illegal pornographic videos from overseas that the company could then sell in Japan.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://mb520110508115544-7815802.webstarts.com/index.html?r=20110515124220 "The fall of American Club"] ''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan, Feb. 1996</ref>


== Early history ==
== Early history ==
Line 18: Line 20:


== Financial problems and first lawsuit over unpaid wages ==
== Financial problems and first lawsuit over unpaid wages ==
After the burst of Japan's [[bubble economy]] in the early 1990s, the American Club began to suffer.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement), Dec. 1994</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="isaokonno.webstarts" /> In summer 1994, employees' wages were late.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement)</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" /> By October of that year, the school had stopped paying wages at all.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /> A group of employees, led by Don MacLaren, subsequently organized, formed a branch union through Japan's [[National Union of General Workers]] and took the company's president, Hiroaki (aka "Morio") Sugimoto, and director, Isao (aka “Yasuaki”) Konno, to court.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">Court agreement</ref><ref name="isaokonno.webstarts" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>National Union of General Workers Japan, Utsunomiya branch records, 1994-96</ref> These employees received three months in back wages on December 26, 1994, with a stipulation insisted on by Sugimoto that "teachers will refrain from damaging the company's reputation".<ref name="和解書　Court agreement" /><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Jan. 1996</ref>
After the burst of Japan's [[bubble economy]] in the early 1990s, the American Club began to suffer.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement), Dec. 1994</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="isaokonno.webstarts" /> In summer 1994, employees' wages were late.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement)</ref><ref name="ReferenceB" /> By October of that year, the school had stopped paying wages at all.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /> A group of employees, led by Don MacLaren, subsequently organized, formed a branch union through Japan's [[National Union of General Workers]] and took the company's president, Hiroaki (aka "Morio") Sugimoto, and director, Isao (aka “Yasuaki”) Konno, to court.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">Court agreement</ref><ref name="isaokonno.webstarts" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>National Union of General Workers Japan, Utsunomiya branch records, 1994-96</ref> These employees received three months in back wages on December 26, 1994, with a stipulation insisted on by Sugimoto that "teachers will refrain from damaging the company's reputation".<ref name="和解書　Court agreement" /><ref name="ReferenceB">[http://mb520110508115544-7815802.webstarts.com/index.html?r=20110515124220 "The fall of American Club"] ''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan, Feb. 1996</ref>


Though the school had serious problems making its payroll between 1994 and 1996,<ref name="和解書　Court agreement" /><ref name="isaokonno.webstarts" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /> it continued to recruit and hire new employees (both before the December 1994 lawsuit and after it) from overseas through a broker in Vancouver, Canada, as well as from within Japan, through ''[[The Japan Times]]'' "help wanted" ads.<ref>American Club teachers' contracts, 1994-1995</ref><ref name="TheJapan">''The Japan Times'' help wanted ads, 1994-1995</ref> Many of ''The Japan Times''' ads were for positions at an affiliated school Sugimoto ran - International Business and Language [[Vocational School#Japan|Senmon Gakkou]] (aka IBL, which according to its business registration is, like American Club, still a legally functioning entity).<ref name="Feb. 10, 2011 IBL Registration">IBL Business Registration, Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 10, 2011</ref><ref name="TheJapan" />
Though the school had serious problems making its payroll between 1994 and 1996,<ref name="和解書　Court agreement" /><ref name="isaokonno.webstarts" /><ref name="ReferenceB" /> it continued to recruit and hire new employees (both before the December 1994 lawsuit and after it) from overseas through a broker in Vancouver, Canada, as well as from within Japan, through ''[[The Japan Times]]'' "help wanted" ads.<ref>American Club teachers' contracts, 1994-1995</ref><ref name="TheJapan">''The Japan Times'' help wanted ads, 1994-1995</ref> Many of ''The Japan Times''' ads were for positions at an affiliated school Sugimoto ran - International Business and Language [[Vocational School#Japan|Senmon Gakkou]] (aka IBL, which according to its business registration is, like American Club, still a legally functioning entity).<ref name="Feb. 10, 2011 IBL Registration">IBL Business Registration, Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 10, 2011</ref><ref name="TheJapan" />

Revision as of 18:03, 15 January 2013

For other uses, see American Club (disambiguation)

American Club
Company typeKabushiki kaisha
IndustryLanguage instruction, other
FoundedUtsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan (July 15, 1986)
HeadquartersUtsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
Key people
Yasuki Yamauchi (山内泰樹Yamauchi Yasuki) current President

American Club (アメリカンクラブ株式会社) is a company based in the Motoimaizumi district of Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan which has been involved in the "eikaiwa" (English conversation) business.

Though the company primarily operated as an English school in the 1980s and '90s, according to its business registration it is also involved in numerous other business activities such as restaurants and bars, athletic clubs, hotels, printing/publishing, video and software rental and employment services.[1]

Some English teachers employed at the school in the 1990s claimed that management requested they import illegal pornographic videos from overseas that the company could then sell in Japan.[2]

Early history

The American Club began operating on July 15, 1986,[1][3] and recruited students for English classes during the Japanese asset price bubble economy of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The classes were mainly taught by native English-speaking teachers from the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. At its peak, it had a main school in Utsunomiya, and six branch schools in Mibu, Mooka, Oyama, Tochigi City (all in Tochigi Prefecture), Koga (in Ibaraki Prefecture) and Sendai (in Miyagi Prefecture).

Financial problems and first lawsuit over unpaid wages

After the burst of Japan's bubble economy in the early 1990s, the American Club began to suffer.[4][2][3] In summer 1994, employees' wages were late.[4][2] By October of that year, the school had stopped paying wages at all.[4][2] A group of employees, led by Don MacLaren, subsequently organized, formed a branch union through Japan's National Union of General Workers and took the company's president, Hiroaki (aka "Morio") Sugimoto, and director, Isao (aka “Yasuaki”) Konno, to court.[4][3][2][5] These employees received three months in back wages on December 26, 1994, with a stipulation insisted on by Sugimoto that "teachers will refrain from damaging the company's reputation".[4][2]

Though the school had serious problems making its payroll between 1994 and 1996,[4][3][2] it continued to recruit and hire new employees (both before the December 1994 lawsuit and after it) from overseas through a broker in Vancouver, Canada, as well as from within Japan, through The Japan Times "help wanted" ads.[6][7] Many of The Japan Times' ads were for positions at an affiliated school Sugimoto ran - International Business and Language Senmon Gakkou (aka IBL, which according to its business registration is, like American Club, still a legally functioning entity).[8][7]

Sugimoto was the landlord of the American Club spaces in Utsunomiya, and collected rent from the American Club through another company he owns, Mimasu Shoji, when the schools' teachers and secretaries were not being paid.[2][9]

By December 1995 the school was again three months late paying employees' wages.[3] By this time Sugimoto had legally resigned his position as president of the company, and Konno became its president.[10] However, on the business registrations for the Oyama and Mooka schools, Sugimoto's name was the only one listed as being responsible for the school.[11][12]

After the 1996 New Year's holidays, Konno fled.[2][3][2] In a letter to an American Club employee he claimed Sugimoto had threatened him and his (Konno's) wife with harassment from sound trucks operated by right wing organizations if Konno tried to declare bankruptcy for the American Club. In the letter Konno explained that because Sugimoto relied on the financial solvency of the American Club in order to obtain business loans, he (Sugimoto) could not afford to have the American Club be declared bankrupt by its own president.[2][13][14]

After this, Yasuki Yamauchi of Fukuoka City, more than 1,000 kilometers from Utsunomiya, assumed legal responsibility for the school.[10] According to a January 25, 1996 article on the American Club in the Asahi Shinbun, a reporter from the newspaper made a call to the company's phone number in Fukuoka, but the person who answered the phone hung up on the reporter.[3] None of the teachers met Yamauchi, and with no one coming forward to take charge of the company, the teachers eventually stopped working for it. However, after the American Club stopped holding English classes in 1996, Sugimoto continued to run IBL (which was government-supported).[15]

Second lawsuit over unpaid wages

A second lawsuit was filed by employees for three months in unpaid wages in January 1996,[16] but none of the company's directors showed up in court and they ignored the subsequent court order to pay. Eventually the employees received 80% of their back wages through the Labor Standards Office of the Japanese government.[17]

With no income received after three months, many teachers returned to their home countries. The total amount of delinquent wages owed all employees during the lawsuits totaled the equivalent of more than US$100,000. Also, students, who had paid in advance for as much as a year's worth of classes, lost an undetermined amount of money.[18][2] In addition, rent on the company’s spaces in branch schools, as well as rent on the teachers’ apartments (which had been deducted by the company from teachers’ pay) was as much as a year in arrears by the time of the second lawsuit.[3]

News reports

During the course of the second lawsuit, in January 1996, articles were run in the local edition of Japanese language newspapers: The Asahi Shinbun[3] and the Shimotsuke Shinbun.[19][20] Articles were also run by a local English language newspaper: Networking[2][14] (now defunct). The Networking articles outlined the root causes of the lawsuits (specifically the events leading up to the first lawsuit) and focused on the immigrant employees involved. Later, several letters and essays MacLaren wrote were published in journals such as BusinessWeek and The Japan Times.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] MacLaren also provided The Japan Times with a list of organizations he had contacted in order to help resolve the pay problems, which the newspaper subsequently published on numerous occasions.[28]

Current status

Though published news reports indicated the American Club was closed,[3][2] and its directors ignored a court summons and subsequent court order to pay wages in the second lawsuit, its business registration indicates the company is still a legally operating entity, with 30 million yen in equity.[1]

The business registration indicates that the Shimotsuke Shinbun, a newspaper that ran stories on the lawsuits,[19][20] advertises American Club's services in its pages.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 10, 2011 Cite error: The named reference "Feb. 10, 2011 Business Registration" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The fall of American Club" Networking, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan, Feb. 1996 Cite error: The named reference "ReferenceB" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 「英会話教室の外国人講師ら」賃金支払い求め訴訟経営者不在のまま閉鎖」朝日新聞　(Asahi Shimbun), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996
  4. ^ a b c d e f 和解書　(Court agreement), Dec. 1994 Cite error: The named reference "和解書　Court agreement" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ National Union of General Workers Japan, Utsunomiya branch records, 1994-96
  6. ^ American Club teachers' contracts, 1994-1995
  7. ^ a b The Japan Times help wanted ads, 1994-1995
  8. ^ IBL Business Registration, Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 10, 2011
  9. ^ 登記　(Business Registrations for real estate in Motoimaizumi, Utsunomiya), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Mar. 1998
  10. ^ a b アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Jan. 1996
  11. ^ アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Oyama Legal Records Office, November. 1995
  12. ^ アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Mooka Legal Records Office, Nov. 1995
  13. ^ Konno, Isao, Letter to American Club, Feb. 1996
  14. ^ a b "AC Update: Threat" Networking, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan, Mar. 1996
  15. ^ インタナショナルビジネスランゲージ専門学校登記 (International Business and Language Senmon Gakkou Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Dec. 1996
  16. ^ Court ruling, 宇都宮裁判所 (Utsunomiya Courthouse), Jan. 22, 1996
  17. ^ Payments through Labor Standards Office, Utsunomiya, Feb. 1996-Sep. 1996
  18. ^ Court ruling, 宇都宮裁判所 (Utsunomiya courthouse), Jan. 22, 1996
  19. ^ a b 「賃金支払い求め英会話学校訴え宇都宮地裁に講師ら」下野新聞 (Shimotsuke Shinbun), Utsunomiya, Jan. 26, 1996
  20. ^ a b 「講師の賃金支払い命令英会話学校へ宇地裁」下野新聞 (Shimotsuke Shinbun), Utsunomiya, Feb. 23, 1996
  21. ^ "Corruption is de rigueur in corporate Japan". BusinessWeek. 1998-12-07. Retrieved 2011-05-09. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ "Labor scofflaws often go unpunished" The Japan Times, Tokyo, December 14, 1997
  23. ^ "Labor scofflaws still running amok," The Japan Times, Tokyo, April 4, 1999
  24. ^ "Don't count on a reformation". The Japan Times. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-03-24. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ "The American Club and the Vermin of the Wilderness" Wilderness House Literary Review, summer, 2010
  26. ^ "Pros and cons of Japan bashing," Mainichi Daily News, Tokyo, October 31, 1998
  27. ^ "The back-wages of sin" Mainichi Daily News, Tokyo, April 19, 1999
  28. ^ "Useful telephone numbers," The Japan Times, Tokyo, 1997-2001

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