Ali Amhaouch: Difference between revisions
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Amhaouch was a member of a dynasty of [[marabout]]s that dominated Morocco from around 1700 to the present-day. The Amhaouchs were renowned for their "Koranic-inspired teaching, magic rites and Doomsday prophecies".<ref name=peyronwork>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Michael Peyron’s working papers : Part IV|url=http://www.aui.ma/old/VPAA/shss/mpeyron-workingpapers4.pdf|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> One of his ancestors was responsible for the capturing of [[Slimane of Morocco|Sultan Mulay Slimane]] in 1818.<ref name=bidwell>{{Cite book | last = Bidwell| first = Robin Leonard | title = Morocco Under Colonial Rule: French Administration Of Tribal Areas 1912–1956| publisher = Frank Cass and Company |place= Abingdon, UK| year = 1973| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ewC49kmDIBgC | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-7146-2877-8}}</ref> |
Amhaouch was a member of a dynasty of [[marabout]]s that dominated Morocco from around 1700 to the present-day. The Amhaouchs were renowned for their "Koranic-inspired teaching, magic rites and Doomsday prophecies".<ref name=peyronwork>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Michael Peyron’s working papers : Part IV|url=http://www.aui.ma/old/VPAA/shss/mpeyron-workingpapers4.pdf|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> One of his ancestors was responsible for the capturing of [[Slimane of Morocco|Sultan Mulay Slimane]] in 1818.<ref name=bidwell>{{Cite book | last = Bidwell| first = Robin Leonard | title = Morocco Under Colonial Rule: French Administration Of Tribal Areas 1912–1956| publisher = Frank Cass and Company |place= Abingdon, UK| year = 1973| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ewC49kmDIBgC | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-7146-2877-8}}</ref> |
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Ali Amhaouch was born in 1844 and became widely known as a religious figure who commanded respect across Morocco and was one of the few people capable of bring peace to warring tribes.<ref name=touderti>{{cite journal|last=Touderti|first=Ahmed|title=Une Prophétie Berbère en Tamazight|journal=Études et Documents Berbères,|year=1998|volume=15|issue=16|page=101|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Comité d'Études Berbères de Rabat|title=Notes Sur Le Pays Zaian|journal=Les Archives Berbères|year=1917|volume=2|issue=3|page=403|language=French|url=http://bnm.bnrm.ma:86/ClientBin/images/book872975/Doc.pdf}}</ref> He made his own [[prophecies]] and considered the [[Jbel Toujjit]] mountain, the source of the [[Moulouya River]], to be a sacred site.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Le rôle politico-social des imdyazn du Haut Atlas oriental|url=http://michaelpeyron.unblog.fr/page/4/|language=French|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Amhaouch supported [[Si Mhand Laârbi]], a member of the [[Alaouite]] dynasty, against Moroccan government forces in the 1880s.<ref name=berbere>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Derkaoua, Derqaoua, Darqawa|url=http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/2244|language=French|work=Encyclopédie Berbère|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Laârbi's men were able to defeat a force commanded by [[Moulay Srou]], the uncle of [[Hassan I of Morocco|Sultan Hassan I]], in battle in 1888.<ref name=bidwell/> |
Ali Amhaouch was born in 1844 and became widely known as a religious figure who commanded respect across Morocco and was one of the few people capable of bring peace to warring tribes.<ref name=touderti>{{cite journal|last=Touderti|first=Ahmed|title=Une Prophétie Berbère en Tamazight|journal=Études et Documents Berbères,|year=1998|volume=15|issue=16|page=101|language=French}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Comité d'Études Berbères de Rabat|title=Notes Sur Le Pays Zaian|journal=Les Archives Berbères|year=1917|volume=2|issue=3|page=403|language=French|url=http://bnm.bnrm.ma:86/ClientBin/images/book872975/Doc.pdf}}</ref> He made his own [[prophecies]] and considered the [[Jbel Toujjit]] mountain, the source of the [[Moulouya River]], to be a sacred site.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Le rôle politico-social des imdyazn du Haut Atlas oriental|url=http://michaelpeyron.unblog.fr/page/4/|language=French|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Amhaouch supported the [[Ait Sokhman]] tribe against the rival [[Zaian Confederation]] in intermittent warfare lasting from 1877 to 1909.<ref name=peyronlecture>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=S. Pouessel, Les identités amazighes au Maroc|url=http://michaelpeyron.unblog.fr/|work=Lecture|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Amhaouch was also a key backer of [[Si Mhand Laârbi]], a member of the [[Alaouite]] dynasty, against Moroccan government forces in the 1880s.<ref name=berbere>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Derkaoua, Derqaoua, Darqawa|url=http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/2244|language=French|work=Encyclopédie Berbère|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Laârbi's men were able to defeat a force commanded by [[Moulay Srou]], the uncle of [[Hassan I of Morocco|Sultan Hassan I]], in battle in 1888.<ref name=bidwell/> |
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== Interaction with the French == |
== Interaction with the French == |
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Amhaouch met with the French explorer [[René de Segonzac]] in 1904-5 and gave him documents detailing the mountains and tribes of [[Aghbala]] and also a [[Tamazight]] prophecy. The prophecy was written in the [[Islamic calendar|12th century of Islam]] (approx 1700s) by Amhaouch's great uncle, Bou Beker, and was said to fortell the 1818 victory over Sultan Hassan.<ref name=touderti/> Segonzac later described Amhaouch as a strong and influential man, one of the "great spiritual leaders of Morocco" and the "most powerful religious personality of the south east".<ref name=hois63>{{Cite book| last = Hoisington| first = William A| title = Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco| place = New York| publisher = Macmillan (St Martin's Press)| year = 1995| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iBn1PHEGGokC| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-312-12529-1|page=63}}</ref> Amhaouch supported another revolt against the Moroccan sultan in 1908, leading troops of the Melwiya to join the uprising led by [[Moulay Lahssen el Sabaâ]] in the east of the country until forced to return home due to Sabaâ's defeat at the hands of the French troops in [[Menhaba]] and [[Boudenib]].<ref name=berbere>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Derkaoua, Derqaoua, Darqawa|url=http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/2244|language=French|work=Encyclopédie Berbère|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> |
Amhaouch met with the French explorer [[René de Segonzac]] in 1904-5 and gave him documents detailing the mountains and tribes of [[Aghbala]] and also a [[Tamazight]] prophecy. The prophecy was written in the [[Islamic calendar|12th century of Islam]] (approx 1700s) by Amhaouch's great uncle, Bou Beker, and was said to fortell the 1818 victory over Sultan Hassan.<ref name=touderti/> Segonzac later described Amhaouch as a strong and influential man, one of the "great spiritual leaders of Morocco" and the "most powerful religious personality of the south east".<ref name=hois63>{{Cite book| last = Hoisington| first = William A| title = Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco| place = New York| publisher = Macmillan (St Martin's Press)| year = 1995| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iBn1PHEGGokC| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-312-12529-1|page=63}}</ref> Amhaouch supported another revolt against the Moroccan sultan in 1908, leading troops of the Melwiya to join the uprising led by [[Moulay Lahssen el Sabaâ]] in the east of the country until forced to return home due to Sabaâ's defeat at the hands of the French troops in [[Menhaba]] and [[Boudenib]].<ref name=berbere>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Derkaoua, Derqaoua, Darqawa|url=http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/2244|language=French|work=Encyclopédie Berbère|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> |
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Following the declaration of the [[French protectorate of Morocco]] after the signing of the [[Treaty of Fez]] in 1912 French troops began occupying the inland portion of Morocco. Following the 1914 fall of [[Khénifra]] he joined forces with his former enemy, [[Mouha ou Hammou Zayani]] (leader of the |
Following the declaration of the [[French protectorate of Morocco]] after the signing of the [[Treaty of Fez]] in 1912 French troops began occupying the inland portion of Morocco. Following the 1914 fall of [[Khénifra]] he joined forces with his former enemy, [[Mouha ou Hammou Zayani]] (leader of the Zaian Confederation), and tribal leader [[Moha ou Said]] to form a "powerful Berber trinity" that contested the [[Zaian War]] against the French.<ref name=hois63/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Comité d'Études Berbères de Rabat|title=Notes Sur Le Pays Zaian|journal=Les Archives Berbères|year=1917|volume=2|issue=3|page=284|language=French|url=http://bnm.bnrm.ma:86/ClientBin/images/book872975/Doc.pdf}}</ref> Amhaouch declared a [[Jihad]] against the French upon the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. This extended from the [[Dades Gorges]] to the desert beyond the [[Anti-Atlas]] mountains and was part of a plan to exploit the withdrawal of French troops from Morocco for the defence of France.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Farda|first1=Hannah|last2=Peyron|first2=Michael|title=Hannah Farda – Rebels with a cause: Berber resistance to French colonization|url=http://michaelpeyron.unblog.fr/2010/06/25/rebels-with-a-cause-berber-resistance-to-french-colonization/|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Amhaouch's men were engaged and defeated by French columns commanded by Colonels [[Noël Garnier-Duplessis]] and [[Henri Claudel]] in late 1914.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Bimberg| first = Edward L. | title = The Moroccan Goums: Tribal Warriors in a Modern War| place = Westport, Connecticut| publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1999| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6t8C5hgJGbwC | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-313-30913-2|page=10}}</ref> Amhaouch himself died of natural causes in 1918.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Hoisington| first = William A| title = Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco| place = New York| publisher = Macmillan (St Martin's Press)| year = 1995| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iBn1PHEGGokC| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-312-12529-1|page=85}}</ref> Hammou and Said continued to fight the French and, though they lost the [[Zaian War]] in 1921, pacification of Morocco was not completed until 1934. |
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Amhaouch |
Amhaouch's son, Sidi Lmekki Amhaouch, who was said to have inherited a magical rifle cartridge from his father, also fought against the French.<ref name=peyron1/> In August/September 1932 he held out for more than a month with just 1,000 tribesmen against two French columns.<ref name=peyronlecture>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=S. Pouessel, Les identités amazighes au Maroc|url=http://michaelpeyron.unblog.fr/|work=Lecture|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> Amhaouch's descendant, Sidi [[Mohand Amhaouch]], is a religious leader in modern Morocco.<ref name=peyronwork/> |
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His forces were engaged and defeated by French columns commanded by Colonels [[Noël Garnier-Duplessis]] and [[Henri Claudel]] in late 1914.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Bimberg| first = Edward L. | title = The Moroccan Goums: Tribal Warriors in a Modern War| place = Westport, Connecticut| publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1999| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6t8C5hgJGbwC | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-313-30913-2|page=10}}</ref> |
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He died of natural causes in 1918.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Hoisington| first = William A| title = Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco| place = New York| publisher = Macmillan (St Martin's Press)| year = 1995| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iBn1PHEGGokC| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-312-12529-1|page=85}}</ref> |
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He had a son, Sidi Lmekki, who was said to have inherited a magical rifle cartridge from his father.<ref name=peyron1/> |
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His son, Sidi Lmekki, held out for more than a month in August/September 1932 with just 1,000 tribesmen against two French columns. Amhaouch supported the [[Ait Sokhman]] tribe against the [[Zaian Confederation]] in intermittent warfare lasting from 1877 to 1909.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=S. Pouessel, Les identités amazighes au Maroc|url=http://michaelpeyron.unblog.fr/|work=Lecture|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> |
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His descendant, Sidi Mohand Amhaouch, is a religious leader in modern Morocco.<ref name=peyronwork/> |
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{{Quotation|O jackal of [[Anergui]], and you, companion of Mourik, carry youselves to [[Tafza]]; contemplate the fire raging there!|A prophecy of apocalypse attributed to Amhaouch.<ref name=peyron1>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Tazizaout: une bataille oubliée|url=http://ocadd.org/wp-content/uploads/peyrron1.pdf|publisher=Université Al-Akhawayn|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> }} |
{{Quotation|O jackal of [[Anergui]], and you, companion of Mourik, carry youselves to [[Tafza]]; contemplate the fire raging there!|A prophecy of apocalypse attributed to Amhaouch.<ref name=peyron1>{{cite web|authorlink=Michael Peyron|last=Peyron|first=Michael|title=Tazizaout: une bataille oubliée|url=http://ocadd.org/wp-content/uploads/peyrron1.pdf|publisher=Université Al-Akhawayn|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref> }} |
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Revision as of 12:36, 19 January 2013
Sidi Ali Amhaouch | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1844 |
| Died | 1918 |
Sidi Ali Amhaouch was a Moroccan religious leader who opposed the French rule of Morocco.
Early life
Amhaouch was a member of a dynasty of marabouts that dominated Morocco from around 1700 to the present-day. The Amhaouchs were renowned for their "Koranic-inspired teaching, magic rites and Doomsday prophecies".[1] One of his ancestors was responsible for the capturing of Sultan Mulay Slimane in 1818.[2]
Ali Amhaouch was born in 1844 and became widely known as a religious figure who commanded respect across Morocco and was one of the few people capable of bring peace to warring tribes.[3][4] He made his own prophecies and considered the Jbel Toujjit mountain, the source of the Moulouya River, to be a sacred site.[5] Amhaouch supported the Ait Sokhman tribe against the rival Zaian Confederation in intermittent warfare lasting from 1877 to 1909.[6] Amhaouch was also a key backer of Si Mhand Laârbi, a member of the Alaouite dynasty, against Moroccan government forces in the 1880s.[7] Laârbi's men were able to defeat a force commanded by Moulay Srou, the uncle of Sultan Hassan I, in battle in 1888.[2]
Interaction with the French
Amhaouch met with the French explorer René de Segonzac in 1904-5 and gave him documents detailing the mountains and tribes of Aghbala and also a Tamazight prophecy. The prophecy was written in the 12th century of Islam (approx 1700s) by Amhaouch's great uncle, Bou Beker, and was said to fortell the 1818 victory over Sultan Hassan.[3] Segonzac later described Amhaouch as a strong and influential man, one of the "great spiritual leaders of Morocco" and the "most powerful religious personality of the south east".[8] Amhaouch supported another revolt against the Moroccan sultan in 1908, leading troops of the Melwiya to join the uprising led by Moulay Lahssen el Sabaâ in the east of the country until forced to return home due to Sabaâ's defeat at the hands of the French troops in Menhaba and Boudenib.[7]
Following the declaration of the French protectorate of Morocco after the signing of the Treaty of Fez in 1912 French troops began occupying the inland portion of Morocco. Following the 1914 fall of Khénifra he joined forces with his former enemy, Mouha ou Hammou Zayani (leader of the Zaian Confederation), and tribal leader Moha ou Said to form a "powerful Berber trinity" that contested the Zaian War against the French.[8][9] Amhaouch declared a Jihad against the French upon the outbreak of the First World War. This extended from the Dades Gorges to the desert beyond the Anti-Atlas mountains and was part of a plan to exploit the withdrawal of French troops from Morocco for the defence of France.[10] Amhaouch's men were engaged and defeated by French columns commanded by Colonels Noël Garnier-Duplessis and Henri Claudel in late 1914.[11] Amhaouch himself died of natural causes in 1918.[12] Hammou and Said continued to fight the French and, though they lost the Zaian War in 1921, pacification of Morocco was not completed until 1934.
Amhaouch's son, Sidi Lmekki Amhaouch, who was said to have inherited a magical rifle cartridge from his father, also fought against the French.[13] In August/September 1932 he held out for more than a month with just 1,000 tribesmen against two French columns.[6] Amhaouch's descendant, Sidi Mohand Amhaouch, is a religious leader in modern Morocco.[1]
O jackal of Anergui, and you, companion of Mourik, carry youselves to Tafza; contemplate the fire raging there!
— A prophecy of apocalypse attributed to Amhaouch.[13]
References
- ^ a b Peyron, Michael. "Michael Peyron's working papers : Part IV" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ a b Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1973). Morocco Under Colonial Rule: French Administration Of Tribal Areas 1912–1956. Abingdon, UK: Frank Cass and Company. ISBN 0-7146-2877-8.
- ^ a b Touderti, Ahmed (1998). "Une Prophétie Berbère en Tamazight". Études et Documents Berbères, (in French). 15 (16): 101.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Comité d'Études Berbères de Rabat (1917). "Notes Sur Le Pays Zaian" (PDF). Les Archives Berbères (in French). 2 (3): 403.
- ^ Peyron, Michael. "Le rôle politico-social des imdyazn du Haut Atlas oriental" (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ a b Peyron, Michael. "S. Pouessel, Les identités amazighes au Maroc". Lecture (in French). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ a b Peyron, Michael. "Derkaoua, Derqaoua, Darqawa". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ^ a b Hoisington, William A (1995). Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco. New York: Macmillan (St Martin's Press). p. 63. ISBN 0-312-12529-1.
- ^ Comité d'Études Berbères de Rabat (1917). "Notes Sur Le Pays Zaian" (PDF). Les Archives Berbères (in French). 2 (3): 284.
- ^ Farda, Hannah; Peyron, Michael. "Hannah Farda – Rebels with a cause: Berber resistance to French colonization". Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ Bimberg, Edward L. (1999). The Moroccan Goums: Tribal Warriors in a Modern War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-313-30913-2.
- ^ Hoisington, William A (1995). Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco. New York: Macmillan (St Martin's Press). p. 85. ISBN 0-312-12529-1.
- ^ a b Peyron, Michael. "Tazizaout: une bataille oubliée" (PDF) (in French). Université Al-Akhawayn. Retrieved 14 January 2013.