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File:OSU BSA protest.JPG|thumb|Solidarity Protest by BSA, Oregon State University, US
File:OSU BSA protest.JPG|thumb|Solidarity Protest by BSA, Oregon State University, US
File:Seattle in Solidarity with the Shahbag Mass Movement.jpg|Seattle and students at the University of Washington join hands with the mass at the Projonmo Chottor
File:Seattle in Solidarity with the Shahbag Mass Movement.jpg|Seattle and students at the University of Washington join hands with the mass at the Projonmo Chottor
File:Netherlands for Shahbag Movement.jpg|Bangladeshis in front of the International Court of Justice expressing solidarity for Shahbag Movement
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Revision as of 21:47, 11 February 2013

Bangladesh Mass Movement of 2013
Demonstrators in Shahbag on February 2013
Date5 February 2013 (2013-02-05) to Present
Location
Projonmo Chottor, Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Protests in 64 districts of Bangladesh

23°44′18″N 90°23′45″E / 23.73833°N 90.39583°E / 23.73833; 90.39583
Caused by
Methods

The Shahbag Mass Movement of 2013 in Bangladesh began on February 5, 2013 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with the demand of capital punishment for Abdul Quader Mollah and all other accused war criminals of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.[5][6] On February 5, 2013, the Bangladesh International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Mollah to life in prison because he was proved guilty of committing genocide, murder and rape (including rape of underage girls) during the liberation war.[7] International human rights groups have, however, raised questions about the conduct of the tribunals.[8] Human Rights Watch has said, "The trials against (...) the alleged war criminals are deeply problematic, riddled with questions about the independence and impartiality of the judges and fairness of the process; and that they had found that "glaring violations of fair trial standards" became apparent in the course of 2012.[9]

Mollah was found guilty by this tribunal of being behind a series of killings including large-scale massacres in the Mirpur area of Dhaka, which earned him the nickname of "Mirpurer Koshai (মিরপুরের কসাই)" — Butcher of Mirpur.[1] The movement began at the Shahbag intersection in central Dhaka. The intersection started being referred to as Projonmo Chottor (প্রজন্ম চত্ত্বর) - Generation Circle in English - which hints at the spontaneous protests and mass movement of this generation of youth who were thought to be apathetic and uninvolved. It has also been referred to as Shahbag Square in a nod to the historic and revolutionary events which unfolded in Tahrir Square in Egypt. Thousands have been holding vigil at Shahbag demanding that they will not leave the streets until Mollah receives capital punishment.[10]

Historical Context

See also: 1971 Bangladesh atrocities and Razakars (Bangladesh)

The background of this protest goes back to the Bangladesh Liberation War. Atrocious and dreadful crimes were committed during the nine-month-long war of liberation which gave birth to Bangladesh as an independent and sovereign state in 1971.[11] Time reported a high ranking U.S. official as saying "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."[12] More than three million people were killed, nearly a quarter of a million women were raped, and over 10 million people were forced to take refuge in India to escape brutal persecution at home.[13][14] During the struggle, a paramilitary force called Razakars was created under the Razakar Ordinance promulgated in May 1971 by the Governor of East Pakistan, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan. The Ordinance stipulates the creation of a voluntary force to be trained and equipped by the Provincial Government.[15]

The term Razakar (رضا کار) is Urdu but it became a disgraceful term in Bangla due to the shameful acts of betrayal to homeland and the atrocities the Razakars committed or facilitated during the war.[citation needed] The perpetrators of the crimes were never brought to book, and this left an unfathomable abrasion on the country's political awareness and the whole nation.[16]

In the War of Liberation that ensued, most people of the then East Pakistan wholeheartedly supported and participated in the call to free Bangladesh[citation needed] but a very small number of Bangalees, Biharis, other pro-Pakistanis, Muslim League, Pakistan Democratic Party(PDP) Council Muslim League, Nijam-E-Islami joined and/or collaborated with the Pakistan occupation army to aggressively resist the conception of independent Bangladesh and most of them committed and facilitated the commission of atrocities in violation of customary international law in the territory of Bangladesh.[citation needed]

Trial attempts

See also: 1971 Bangladesh atrocities § War crimes trial attempts

The Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order 1972 was promulgated to bring to trial those Bangladeshis who collaborated with and aided the Pakistan Armed forces during the Liberation War of 1971.[17] There are conflicting accounts of the number of persons brought to trial under the 1972 Collaborators Order, ranging between 10,000 and 40,000.[18] At the time, the trials were considered precarious by local and external observers, as they appear to have been used for carrying out political vendettas. R. MacLennan, a British MP who was an observer at the trials stated that 'In the dock, the defendants are scarcely more pitiable than the succession of confused prosecution witnesses driven (by the 88-year old defence counsel) to admit that they, too, served the Pakistan government but are now ready to swear blind that their real loyalty was to the government of Bangladesh in exile.'[19]

The Government of Bangladesh issued a general amnesty on November 30, 1973, applying to all persons except those who were punished or accused of rape, murder, attempt of murder or arson.[18] The Collaborators Order 1972 was revoked in 1975.

The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act 1973 was promulgated to prosecute any persons, irrespective of nationality, accused of committing crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, ‘‘violations of any humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts laid out in the Geneva Conventions of 1949’’ and ‘‘any other crimes under international law’’.[20] Detainees held under the 1972 Collaborators order who were not released by the general amnesty of 1973 were going to be tried under this Act. However, no trials were actually held, and all activities related to the Act ceased after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1975.

There are no known instances of criminal investigations or trials outside of Bangladesh of alleged perpetrators of war crimes during the 1971 war. Initial steps were taken by the Metropolitan Police to investigate individuals resident in the United Kingdom who were alleged to have committed war crimes in a Channel 4 documentary film aired in 1995. To date, no charges have been brought against these individuals.[21]

International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) of 2010

Old High Court Building (Dhaka) where the tribunal is taking place.
See also: International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) and International Crimes Tribunal Timeline

In 2008, just before the general election, majority of the people in Bangladesh, especially the youth, became very concerned of justice to the victims of the crimes committed during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971 and felt the necessity of trying those criminals even 38 years after independence of the country.[22][23] As it became a national demand Awami League-led 14-party alliance included this in their election manifesto.[24] On the other hand the other large alliance, namely 4-party alliance including BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami, had several alleged war criminals as their top ranking politicians.[25] The freedom fighters and sector commanders of the liberation war pleaded no to cast vote for the alleged war criminals.[26] The 14-part alliance won the election, held on December 29, 2008, with an overwhelming majority mainly because of their vows to prosecute war criminals.[27][28][29] On 29 January 2009 Mahmud-us-Samad Chowdhury, a member of the parliament (MP) from Awami League (AL), put forward the proposal to take action regarding the trial of war criminals during a session of the Jatiyo Sangshad. Other members of the party seconded the proposal and finally a resolution was passed unanimously calling on the government to ensure immediate trial of the war criminals.[30] In 1973 the newly independent government of Bangladesh passed a law called the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act (ICT Act 1973) to investigate and prosecute the persons responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and other crimes under international law committed in 1971. The Act was a complete law in itself, "providing the substantive law, definition of crimes, procedures to follow, provisions of evidence, constitution of the Tribunal, obligation of the Judges to be independent and to ensure fair trial standards, including the rights of the accused, rules to monitor investigations and interrogations, supervising arrest and viability of continued detention, rules to protect the witnesses and victims, rules regarding appeal after conviction, and the rule making authority of the judges etc."[31] On March 25, 2009 the government decided to try the war criminals according to the ICT Act 1973[32] [33] but with some amendments to make it more up to date. As a part of the amendment procedure govt. sent the Act to the Law Commission where it was scrutinised by specialist lawyers, judges and professors of the universities.[33][34] According to the recommendations made by the Law Commission some aspects of the ICT Act 1973 were amended by the legislation on 9 July 2009.[35] With inclusion of the new provisions, trial of a political party that worked against the liberation of Bangladesh could also be held on the same charge and the government was also empowered to file appeals with the Appellate Division against acquittal order of a tribunal.[35]

Finally on the eve of the 39th anniversary of the genocide committed by the Pakistani army the government announced the formation of a 3-member tribunal, 7-member investigation agency and 12-member prosecution team to hold the trial under the ICT Act 1973 on March 25, 2010. This landmark announcement for Bangladesh actually came just seven hours before the moment the massacre was committed on the night of March 25, 1971.[24][36]

The three man judge's panel appointed were Mohammed Nizamul Huq as chairman with A.T.M. Fazle Kabir and A.K.M. Zahir Ahmed being appointed the other seats.[37]

The members appointed to the investigative agency who were tasked with assisting the state prosecutors are. Abdul Matin, Abdur Rahim, Kutubur Rahman, ASM Shamsul Arefin, Mir Shahidul Islam, Nurul Islam and M Abdur Razzak Khan.[38]

Golam Arif Tipu was named as Chief Prosecutor. The others are, Syed Rezaur Rahman, Golam Hasnayen, Rana Das Gupta, Zahirul Huq, Nurul Islam Sujan, Syed Haider Ali, Khandaker Abdul Mannan, Mosharraf Hossain Kajal, Ziad Al-Malum, Sanjida Khanom and Sultan Mahmud Semon.[38]

Verdicts

Abdul Quader Mollah, the most recent of the war criminals to be found guilty, had a 'formal charge' filed by the Prosecution on 18 December 2011 in the form of petition as required under Section 9(1) of the Act of 1073 against accused Abdul Quader Mollah.[16] On February 5, 2013, International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh) found Mollah guilty of crimes against humanity during the war for independence from Pakistan in 1971.[7][8]

Mollah was charged with the following -

  • 1. Pallab Murder
  • 2. Killing pro-liberation poet Meherunnesa and her mother and two brothers
  • 3. Khandoker Abu Taleb Killing
  • 4. Ghatar Char and Bhawal Khan Bari killing
  • 5. Alubdi Mass Killing (344 people)
  • 6. Hazrat Ali and his family members killing and rape.

Mollah was found guilty in all of the aforementioned charges expect for Charge no. 4. His verdict declared life imprisonment in two cases (5 and 6) and 15-year-jail in 3 cases (1, 2 and 3).[16]

Within hours of the verdict, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, the fundamentalist political party of which Mollah is a leader, announced a countrywide dawn-to-dusk shutdown for the day, to protest against their leader's punishment.[39] During this very time, Bangladeshi social media users and general people, dissatisfied with the International Crimes Tribunal verdict, marked it as a ‘lenient’ sentence. Following the verdict, there have been numerous postings on Facebook and Twitter and in blogs denouncing the judgment and demanding death penalty for him. One Facebook user wrote on his status: “Come to Shahbagh, even if you are scared of the troubles on the street. You’ll find so many people by you to demand trial of the anti-liberation hyenas and vultures. Just forget what will happen. Just say that you demand death penalty (for the war criminals). You have the courage to raise your voice with others in this demand.”[40]

Start of Protests

Some protesters at Shahbag Square

The protests started just a few hours after the verdict was announced when an online activists’ group, Blogger and Online Activists Network (BOAN), gave a call through social networks to start protesting the verdict. The activists, along with people from blogs and social networking sites, rejected the verdict and started protesting on Tuesday afternoon at Shahbag Chottor or 'Projonmo Chottor' [প্রজন্ম চত্তর]. The demonstrators painted murals on the road, drew cartoons and hanged effigies of war crime suspects, including Mollah, with a vow to continue the protest until their demands were met.

Protest Ramp up

The third day of the sit-in protest started with the demonstrators singing national anthem from 8am. More and more people gathered in Shahbag Chottor with the same demand as the news of the protest spread through social media.

A public WiFi was set up at Shahbag Chottor with SSID giving people access to high speed internet for providing live online coverage.

Symbols

File:Shahbagprotest.jpg
Fisheye view of Shahbag Protest

The Shahbag Mass Movement sets a unique example in terms of the means of protests. Thousands of talented youths sang patriotic songs, recited poems; some arranged for screening of films on the history of the Liberation War. Many activists shared their experiences and updated the events online; a few got together and filmed a three-minute documentary on the premises over the last four days. "Join the Fight" is the title of the documentary, where a brief history of The Liberation War was also narrated. Colorful street arts, face paintings and bandanas, candles and flower petals representing the map of Bangladesh, etc. added to the slogans and the banners.[41]

Demands

  • Demand capital punishment for all war criminals.[44][45][46]
  • Ban Jamaat from politics.[2][3]
  • Boycott all Jamaat institutions[47]

Imran H Sarker, convener of the Bloggers and Online Activists Network, in his speech on 8th February, 2013 conducted the following oath at Shahbagh detailing all the demands:

"We swear an oath that the leadership of mass people from the Gonojagaran Mancha will continue the movement from Teknaf to Tetulia until capital punishment is handed down on those Razakar and Al-Badr members who committed crimes against humanity like mass killing and rape in 1971. We take the oath that we will remain vocal both on the streets and online until politics of war criminal Jamaat-Shibir is not banned and nationality of their members not cancelled. We further take the oath that we will continue demonstration demanding trial under a special tribunal of those Razakars and Al-Badr activists who were convicted and under trial but freed after 1975. We swear that we will boycott the war criminals' business entities -- Islami Bank, Ibn Sina, Focus, Retina and different other coaching centres. We know through these they collect money to continue with anti-liberation activities. We will also boycott the academic and cultural organisations through which they are spreading anti-liberation sentiments among the children. In brief, we will work for banning all the business, social and cultural organisations belonging to Razakars and Al-Badr activists. We swear that we will continue with our demand of stringent punishment to Jamaat and Shibir, who have committed crimes of sedition by threatening a civil war, after making their immediate arrest by recognising them through video footages and newspaper pictures. We swear that we will boycott war criminals' mass media like Diganta Television, Daily Naya Diganta, Amar Desh, The Daily Sangram, Sonar Bangla Blog. We will not subscribe to newspapers of war criminals at any office or house. At the same time, we will request the pro-liberation mass media to boycott war criminals and their accomplices."[48]

Media Coverage

Domestic media

Domestic media covered this event pretty widely. While most media outlets have been following the development of the situation since the earliest moments, some news outlets reported the movement as being some kind of "well-orchestrated play made by the government."

In Sreemangal, Moulvibazar cable operators have stopped broadcasting pro-Jamaat-e-Islam television channel Diganta Television, to show solidarity to the protests.[49]

Coverage by international media

BBC[50], CNN[51], Yahoo! News[52], Reuters[53], Al Jazeera[54], and others have published news about this movement in their respective sites. BBC eventually changed their main title after Bangladeshi citizens took to Twitter, Tumblr and Facebook to point out several inaccuracies. The Bangla version of BBC has been closely following the events. They have several articles as well as audio interview of protesters in Shahbag posted in their page.[55][56] Reuters photographer Andrew Biraj has published some live photo also.

Online petition

A petition named Kader Molla Should Be Sentenced to Death has started on Causes.com, an online petition site, where thousands of people are signing the petition.[57]

Contributions of Facebook

Being the most popular social networking site among Bangladeshis home and abroad, Facebook played the most important role to spread the news worldwide about the progress of events happening at Shahbag. In fact, it was due to the recurrent sharing of posts from bloggers and different Facebook Pages that people started to attend events at Shahbag, and also inspired people everywhere else to show solidarity with equal motivation. Some factions, however, have been using the same tool to provoke controversy and false threads against this movement to mark it as staged, obscene and political. Rather such diversions were mostly dealt with similar fury only comparable to that at the Shahbag Square.

#Shahbag on Twitter

Elsewhere, people from Bangladesh and all over the world are tweeting with #shahbag[58] hashtag with live update of this movement, on social network Twitter. The movement can be viewed in a visual way by visiting http://shahbag.org/ (a website dedicated to this movement) . In addition, the events at Shahbag have seen the growing popularity of local social networking websites, such as Beshto.com and Somewhere In...Blog. For people who couldn't be at Shahbag for various reasons, especially for people living abroad, a live coverage was broadcast online by means of free broadcasting websites like Ustream and JagoBD.

Reactions

Domestic responses

File:Protest timeline Shahbag Square.jpg
The first image shows the night when Shahbag Protest was started on 5th February (by online activists to ensure the capital punishment for Abdul Quader Molla, and other war criminals of 1971). And the second image is of 8th February when thousands joined the demonstration, regardless of their political or religious beliefs.

The protest started by the activists have resonated with the mass and people of all strata have come out in great numbers to support this cause. People all over Bangladesh demanding capital punishment of convicted war criminal Abdul Quader Mollah.[5] The major demonstration led by online bloggers, activists and general students are being widely accepted and joined in by people from all professions.[59] Political figures including ministers and MPs (member of Parliament) and celebrities are showing solidarity to this demonstration in Shahbag Avenue that is newly named by the protester as Projonmo Chottor. The protest has spread to other parts of the country, with sit-ins and demonstrations taking place in Chittagong, Sylhet, Barisal, Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sunamganj, Noakhali and Narsingdi.[60][61][62][53]

This movement have inspired the youth of the nation and has reinvigorated the belief and confidence of the elders and freedom fighters on the youth of the country. Amiruddin Ahmed, a freedom fighter, was among the thousands of people who have joined the protest at Shahbagh.“After coming here I have realised that the national flag is secure at the hands of our children,” he said. The sexagenarian freedom fighter, who came there with his wife Rijia Amir, became quite emotional:” I pray from my heart that they grow big in life.” Many of the 1971 ‘Golden Generation’ like Ahmed have found their hangout at ‘Prajonma Chatar’ to fresh draw inspiration.[63] Writer, Prof. Muhammed Zafar Iqbal was also one who regained his faith on the youth and now sees new hopes. He said, "I am here to offer my apology to you. I wrote in newspapers that the new generation only hits like on Facebook and writes on blogs, but does not take to the streets. You have proved me wrong, and I thank you all for this". Dhaka University Vice Chancellor Prof. AAMS Arefin Siddique: “Today is a movement to make the country free from razakars. The country needs to be freed from razakars’ hands. Capital punishment of the razakars is a demand of the country’s 16 crore people.”[64] Jahangirnagar University Vice Chancellor M. Anwar Hossain said, “The people of Bangladesh have rejected the verdict. At Prajanma Chattar, we join our hands to make a clear statement, to give a call to all countrymen to unite and oust the anti-liberation force from the soil.”[64] Sector Commanders’ Forum vice chairman K M Shafiullah (Bir Uttam) said, “I haven’t come here to deliver a speech. I’m here to express my frustration. “We want to know how many killing was needed to deliver the death sentence to him.”[64] State Minister for Law, Quamrul Islam said that the verdict against Abdul Quader Mollah for war crimes could have been different if people took to the streets ahead of the verdict.[65]

Political party response to protests

The Bangladesh Awami League has been disappointed with the verdict. However, Finance Minister AMA Muhith on Friday said the government would fulfill its election pledges by trying all the war criminals.[66] The government is also working to file appeals with the Supreme Court contesting the recent verdict.[67]

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, who were already staging violent protests against the impending trial of their leaders, has called for Hartal.[68] Jamaat supporters and their student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir, carried out violent demonstration and acts of terror nationwide demanding release of their leaders. Such acts included arson, attacking the police, setting vehicles on fire, and exploding bombs.[69][70][71]

Reactions of Bangladeshis living abroad

Supporting Shahbag Protest at Stuatgatt

Solidarity protests are taking place and being planned and organized in Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Malaysia[72], South Korea, Sweden, Thailand, United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland; and at Alabama, Arkansas, California, Denver, Florida, Hawaii[73], Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas[74][75], Virginia, Washington and Washington, D.C. of the United States. Though mostly organized by student organizations at different universities, the protests are gaining momentum at city-wide demonstrations in places like London (UK), Uppsala (Sweden), Trento (Italy), Toronto, Newfoundland & Labrador (Canada), New York City, Washington, D.C. and Dallas-Fort Worth (US).

Following a mass uprising in Shahbagh, Dhaka claiming death penalty for all convicted ones, immigrant Bangladeshi people living in New York came out with a symbolic protest on February 9 at Diverisity Plaza, Jackson Heights. The 2 hour long program included slogans claiming death penalty, candle lighting, placards, posters and a crowd of about 300 people. Patriotic songs and poems were performed to motivate people. At the very beginning, national anthem of Bangladesh was sung by everyone gathered there in Jackson Heights with a standing ovation. People also took an oath that they will boycott the organizations of War Criminals even in New York, and they will spread the news all over the world. The crowd out there represented no party, no groups, no religious or other community; they labeled themselves as general people of Bangladesh seeking for justice.

Bangladeshis throughout the world are gathering into spontaneous protests against the verdict of the war criminals of 1971

A mass sit-in demonstration has been arranged by the Bangladeshi Community of Sydney, Australia in front of International Mother Language Monument in Sydney Ashfield Park on February 10, 2013. Bangladeshi citizens residing in Sydney joined in good spirit and expressed solidarity with the Shahbag movement which they mentioned as 2nd Freedom Fight.[citation needed]Another mass gathering has been arranged at Kings Park, Perth the same day. They have declared soidarity with the movement in Projonmo Chottor.[citation needed]

A mass demonstration has been arranged by the Bangladesh Student Association at University of Calgary in front of City Hall, Calgary, Alberta, Canada on February 7, 2013. Bangladeshi citizens residing in Calgary joined in the event and expressed solidarity with the Shahbag movement.[citation needed]

A gathering has been arranged at Lafayette, Louisiana, USA during the parade of Mardi Gras on February 9, 2013 by the Bangladeshi Students of University of Louisiana at Lafayette. The students expressed their solidarity with the Shahbag Movement and interacted with the crowd during the parade to spread the view.[citation needed]

A gathering has been arranged at university of Duisburg-Essen, Essen campus in Germany by the young Bangladeshis living North Rhine-Westphalia(NRW) on Sunday, 10 February 2013.They declared their alignment with the movement in Projonmo Chottor and demand death penalty of 71's war criminals. Point to be mentioned that it was the biggest gathering in Germany on this issue.[citation needed]

Bangladeshi living in Melbourne demanded maximum penalty for 1971 war criminals at the Angel Statue in Melbourne on Sunday, 10 February 2013 expressing solidarity with the Shahbagh protests. Around 300 expatriate Bangladeshi gathered in the place and read out the demands, held posters, formed a human chain and sang patriotic songs.They also signed a petition to be sent to the prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, through Bangladesh’s high commissioner.

Bangladeshi living in Taiwan (Republic of China) expressed their solidarity with the Shahbag protest on 10 February 2013 in Taoyuan County. Bangladeshi students from National Taipei University, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, YuanZe University, Chinese Culture University, Bangladeshi migrants and their families were present in that gathering holding placards in their hand .

Bangladeshi-American and Huffington Post blogger Atif Choudhury wrote about the importance of the war crime trials on the 41st anniversary of the Night of the Martyred Intellectuals.[76]

Cultural activities

Bangladesh national cricket team visited the Shahbag premises on 10 February 2013 to express their solidarity with the movement. The team was accompanied by senior officials of the Bangladesh Cricket Board and former players.[77]

Kabir Suman composed two songs titled Gonodabi and Shahbage Raatbhor to support the movement.[78][79]

[[]]


Reference

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  48. ^ The oath
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  66. ^ Govt to fulfil polls pledge by trying war criminals: Muhith
  67. ^ Govt, defence ready to file appeals
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