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The green area is the Przeworsk culture identified with the Lugians. The dark blue area is the Roman Empire

The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi were an ancient Celtic tribe (see Lugus and Lugidunum) attested in the book Germania by the Roman historian Tacitus. They lived in ca. 400 BC–300 AD in Central Europe, north of the Sudetes mountains in the basin of upper Oder and Vistula rivers, covering most of modern south and middle Poland (regions of Silesia, Greater Poland, Mazovia and Little Poland). Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the Przeworsk culture. The source of their power was control of the most important middle part of the Amber Road from Sambia at the Baltic Sea to the provinces of Roman Empire: Pannonia, Noricum and Raetia. A tribe of the same name, usually spelled as Lugi, inhabited the southern part of Sutherland in Scotland. Roman records sometimes identify the Lugii with the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe.^[1]

Tribal division

According to Tacitus (Germania 43:3) the Lugii were divided into many tribes ('civitates'), of which he mentions the five most powerful: Harii, Helveconae, Manimi, Helisii and Naharvali. Claudius Ptolemeus mentions the Lugi Omani (Λοῦγοι οἱ Ὀμανοὶ), the Lugi Diduni (Λοῦγοι οἱ Διδοῦνοι) and the Lugi Buri (Λοῦγοι οἱ Βοῦροι)located on or near the upper Vistula in Germania Magna in what is now south Poland (Book 2, Chapter 10, 4th map of Europe). The forms of the names imply that the Lugii of that time were divided into the Omani, the Diduni and the Buri. In Tacitus the Buri are a separate tribe, so it's possible that they entered the Lugian federation a bit later.^{[citation needed]}

History

The Lugian federation was probably formed long before it was first recorded, in the works of Strabo (Geographica).

According to Strabo the Lugians were 'a great people' and—together with other peoples like Semnones and the otherwise unknown Zumi, Butones, Mugilones and Sibini—were part of a federation subjected to the rule of Marbod, ruler of the Marcomanni with their centre in modern Bohemia 9 BC–19 AD. The next mention of Lugii are the times of the Roman emperor Claudius (41–54). According to the Tacitus's Annales, in 50 'a great multitude' of Lugians allied with Romans took part in the fall of the Vannius' state of the Quadi, located in present Moravia–Slovakia.

The next information about the Lugians comes from Cassius Dio's work Roman History, in which he mentions events of 91–92 during the reign of emperor Domitian. The Lugii allied themselves with the Romans and asked them for help against their western neighbours, the Germanic Suebi tribe. Domitian sent 100 horsemen to support the Lugians. It is not known if these horsemen really arrived at their destination; if they did, it would be the first recorded presence of Roman soldiers on what is now Polish soil.

A Polish record of 1000 year later appears to confirm the alliance with Romans.^[2]

The Buri, who according to Ptolemy were part of the Lugians, took an important role during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180): the Romans were forced to organize a separate military campaign against them called 'Expeditio Burica' in 182-183 during the reign of emperor Commodus

The later history of the Lugians is uncertain, but some historians assume that the Lugians can be identified with the 'Longiones' tribe mentioned in Zosimus's New History (Historia Nova), as being defeated by the Emperor Probus in year 279 in the province of Raetia near the Lygis river (usually identified with Lech river in modern Austria and Bavaria). Another mention might be a great people of 'Lupiones-Sarmatae' shown on a Latin map Tabula Peutingeriana generally dated to 2nd-4th century AD.

Ethnic background

The ethnic affiliation was subject of intense auto/allochtonic debate between German and mostly Polish historians before the Second World War. The former used to claim that the tribe was exclusively Germanic as the latter presented the counterargument that either the tribe was proto-Slavic or at least included proto-Slavic groups.

According to the Slavonic hypotheses, the word Lugi may be a spelling for Slavonic лю΄дїе, meaning people. In modern Serbian, the word луг means "small forest". Thus the word Lugii could indicate "forest people". Serbs have many versions of this word in use today, and all relate to forest, wood and swamp land. There is a possibility that the Lusatian Sorbs, whose land in their own language and in Polish bears the name Łużyce, adjective łużycki, are among their descendants. The term Łużyce/łużycki is possibly akin to Lugii.

Ancient writers simply regarded them to be part of the Germanians, or the settlers in the region of Germania, and were often at a loss whether to include some of the tribes in Germania into so-called the Germanic language speaking peoples.^[3] The sub-tribal groups associated with them, such as the Helveconae, the Harii and the Buri, are indeed Germanic.

Today, as the archaeological evidence such as cremation, which was characteristic to Slavs, has accumulated where the tribe are supposed to have settled, others claim that they were a compound tribe, or confederation of tribes of different ethnicity. Most scholars though agree that they could perhaps consist of a mixture of several groups, or take influence from several groups.

Sources

Tacitus, Germania.XLIII

References

[1] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png

[2] Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae; by Wincenty Kadlubek; 1190

[3] De origine et situ Germanorum; by Gaius Cornelius Tacitus; 98

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 [[Image:Przeworsk2.PNG|right|200px|thumb|The green area is the Przeworsk culture identified with the Lugians. The dark blue area is the [[Roman Empire]]]]
-The '''Lugii''', '''Lugi''', '''Lygii''', '''Ligii''', '''Lugiones''', '''Lygians''', '''Ligians''', '''Lugians''', or '''Lougoi''' were an ancient [[Germanic tribe]] of [[Celtic tribes|Celtic]] background (see [[Lugus]] and [[Legnica|Lugidunum]]) attested in the book ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historian [[Tacitus]]. They lived in ca. 400 BC&ndash;300 AD in Central Europe, north of the [[Sudetes]] mountains in the basin of upper [[Oder River|Oder]] and [[Vistula]] rivers, covering most of modern south and middle Poland (regions of [[Silesia]], [[Greater Poland]], [[Mazovia]] and [[Lesser Poland|Little Poland]]). Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the [[Przeworsk culture]]. The source of their power was control of the most important middle part of the [[Amber Road]] from [[Sambia]] at the [[Baltic Sea]] to the provinces of [[Roman Empire]]: [[Pannonia]], [[Noricum]] and [[Raetia]]. A tribe of the same name, usually spelled as ''[[Lugi]]'', inhabited the southern part of [[Sutherland]] in [[Scotland]]. [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] records sometimes identify the Lugii with the [[Vandals]], an [[East Germanic tribes|East Germanic tribe]].<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png</ref>
+The '''Lugii''', '''Lugi''', '''Lygii''', '''Ligii''', '''Lugiones''', '''Lygians''', '''Ligians''', '''Lugians''', or '''Lougoi''' were an ancient [[Celtic tribe]] (see [[Lugus]] and [[Legnica|Lugidunum]]) attested in the book ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historian [[Tacitus]]. They lived in ca. 400 BC&ndash;300 AD in Central Europe, north of the [[Sudetes]] mountains in the basin of upper [[Oder River|Oder]] and [[Vistula]] rivers, covering most of modern south and middle Poland (regions of [[Silesia]], [[Greater Poland]], [[Mazovia]] and [[Lesser Poland|Little Poland]]). Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the [[Przeworsk culture]]. The source of their power was control of the most important middle part of the [[Amber Road]] from [[Sambia]] at the [[Baltic Sea]] to the provinces of [[Roman Empire]]: [[Pannonia]], [[Noricum]] and [[Raetia]]. A tribe of the same name, usually spelled as ''[[Lugi]]'', inhabited the southern part of [[Sutherland]] in [[Scotland]]. [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] records sometimes identify the Lugii with the [[Vandals]], an [[East Germanic tribes|East Germanic tribe]].<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png</ref>
 ==Tribal division==

v t e Germanic peoples
Ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languages
History	Nordic Bronze Age Germania Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Romano-Germanic culture Germanic Iron Age Viking Age
Early culture	Architecture Art Calendar Clothing Family Festivals Folklore Proto-Germanic folklore Anglo-Saxon mythology Continental Germanic mythology Norse mythology) Funerary practices Anglo-Saxon Norse Law Anglo-Saxon Norse Literature Anglo-Saxon Norse Names Gothic Numbers Paganism Anglo-Saxon Gothic Norse Rings Scripts Gothic alphabet Runes Symbology Warfare Anglo-Saxon Gothic and Vandal Viking
Languages	Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language East Germanic languages North Germanic languages West Germanic languages
Groups	Alemanni Brisgavi Bucinobantes Lentienses Raetovari Adrabaecampi Angles Anglo-Saxons Ambrones Ampsivarii Angrivarii Armalausi Auiones Avarpi Baemi Baiuvarii Banochaemae Bastarnae Batavi Belgae Germani cisrhenani Atuatuci Caeroesi Condrusi Eburones Paemani Segni Morini Nervii Bateinoi Betasii Brondings Bructeri Burgundians Buri Cananefates Caritni Casuari Chaedini Chaemae Chamavi Chali Charudes Chasuarii Chattuarii Chatti Chauci Cherusci Cimbri Cobandi Corconti Cugerni Danes Dauciones Dulgubnii Favonae Firaesi Fosi Franks Ripuarian Franks Salian Franks Frisiavones Frisii Gambrivii Geats Gepids Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Sciri Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini
Christianization	Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland
Category