Arlanda Line: Difference between revisions
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[[ko:알란다 선]] |
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Revision as of 09:15, 1 March 2013
| Arlanda Line | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 An Arlanda Express X3 train | |||
| Overview | |||
| Owner | Arlanda Infrastructure | ||
| Termini | |||
| Stations | 3 | ||
| Service | |||
| Type | High-speed railway | ||
| System | Swedish railway network | ||
| Operator(s) | Arlanda Express SJ Upptåget Tågkompaniet | ||
| Rolling stock | X3 | ||
| History | |||
| Opened | 25 November 1999 | ||
| Technical | |||
| Line length | 19 kilometres (12 mi) | ||
| Character | Airport rail link | ||
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | ||
| Operating speed | 200 km/h (120 mph) | ||
| |||
The Arlanda Line (Template:Lang-sv) is a 19-kilometre (12 mi) long railway line which allows trains on the East Coast Line to reach Stockholm-Arlanda Airport in Sigtuna Municipality, Sweden. The Arlanda Line branches from the East Coast Line at Rosersberg and rejoins again at Myrbacken. It is built for speeds of 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph), is electrified at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC and is double track. The 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) section under the airport runs in a tunnel, and has three stations: Arlanda South Station, Arlanda Central Station and Arlanda North Station.
The Arlanda Express operates six hourly services to Stockholm Central Station, the largest railway station in Sweden and in the Nordic region.[1] Operated by A-Train, the service uses seven X3 trains and calls at the north and south stations. The station is also served by 70 other regional and intercity trains daily, operated by SJ, Tågkompaniet and Upptåget. These all stop at Arlanda Central. In 1994, A-Train was awarded the right to build the line in a public–private partnership, where A-Train paid about half the 6 billion Swedish krona (SEK) to build the line. The line opened in 1999 and A-Train holds the sole right right to operate to Stockholm, and collects a fee from other train operators using the line. The line itself is owned by Arlandabanan Infrastructure AB, which is owned by the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications.
Service
The Arlanda Express is the main operator of the line and offers a direct service from Stockholm Central Station to Arlanda North Station and Arlanda South Station up to six times per hour. Travel time is 20 minutes using the company's seven X3 trains.[2]
Upptåget operates a commuter train service towards Upplands Väsby and Uppsala, with onwards connections to Tierp and Gävle. This service operates every 30 minutes, and travel time to Uppsala is 20 minutes. At Upplands Väsby, located 8 minutes, allows transfer to the Stockholm Commuter Rail. The station is also served by 70 daily long-distance trains operated by SJ. SJ operates northbound X2000 trains from Stockholm, which may continue southwards to destinations in Southern Sweden. Tågkompaniet operates a weekend regional service from Gävle to Stockholm.[3]
In 2007, the line transported 4 million people, of which 2.7 million were air passengers whoo the Arlanda Express, 0.6 million were employees at the airport, and 0.7 traveled with other train operators.[4] Between 1,200 and 1,500 passengers board and disboard Upptåget trains at the airport each day.[5]
History
Plans for an airport rail link from the central business district of Stockholm and the airport was launched in the early 1980s. The goal was to reduce road congestion and emissions while allowing Arlanda to keep increasing passenger numbers. The Swedish Rail Administration made a specific plan in the late 1980s which involved the construction of a branch from the existing East Coast Line. This resulted in a project plan which was launched in 1990, which specifically suggested Rosersberg and Odensala as the intersections with the existing line. The political decision to build the line was taken in 1993.[4] Estimates at the time gave a ridership of 5.1 million passengers per year in 2005.[6]
The Rail Administration had proposed that the line was to be built as regular with the government agency as owner and with either SJ or private railway companies as train operators. However, the right-winged Cabinet of Carl Bildt wanted to introduce private enterprise in the construction of the line.[7] In 1993, the state invited to a public tender to build and operate the line. In 1994, Arlanda Link Consortium was chosen, consisting of the Nordic Construction Company, SIAB, Vattenfall, GEC Alsthom and Mowlem. A-Banan Projekt AB was established as a limited company in 1994 to take care of the state's interests in the project. The consortium established A-Train AB to be the property developer and then operate the Arlanda Express until 2040. The legal responsibility for the project was transferred from the consortium to A-Train in 1995. As part of the agreement, A-Train received 850 million Swedish krona (SEK) in a grant and SEK 1 billion in a loan to help finance the project.[4] The company was also allowed to operate a shuttle service from Stockholm C to Arlanda and charge a non-discriminating fee for all other trains using the line.[8]
Total investment costs for the project were SEK 6 billion, of which SEK 2 billion was financed through state grants to the Swedish Rail Administration who built the quadruple track along the East Coast Line. The public–private partnership part of the project involved two new tracks at Stockholm C and the Arlanda Line, costing SEK 4.1 billion. Of this, SEK 2.4 billion was financed by the state. In addition, the state held a financial guarantee to Nordea for the X3 trains, should A-Train fail to meets its financial obligations to the bank. A-Train was also granted an interest-free delay on payment of the fees at Stockholm C and Arlanda, costing the state SEK 90 million. Of A-Train's capital loan for SEK 2.2 billion, SEK 1.8 billion were borrowed in three state-owned financial institutions: the Swedish National Debt Office, the Swedish Export Credit Corporation and the Nordic Investment Bank. In addition, 20% of the share capital was secured through Vattenfall's ownership in the company.[6]
The line was taken into use on 25 November 1999.[9] After the construction was completed, the ownership of the infrastructure was transferred to A-Banan Projekt. However, A-Train is responsible for paying for all maintenance and operating costs of the line.[8] In 2004, A-Train was bought by Macquarie Group, who paid SEK 70 million for the company, i addition to taking over debt worth SEK 330 million.[10]
In 2004, the Swedish National Audit Office criticized the process of building and financing the Arlanda Line, and stated that the state had taken more financial risk than the parliament had been informed about. It also criticized the government for giving additional financial support to A-Train in the form of guarantees without informing the parliament, and having an unclear management strategy. It also commented that the traffic prognoses during planning were incorrect.[10] The original plans showed an economic benefit of SEK 4 billion. However, because A-Train is free to set its ticket prices as it wishes, the high prices result in too few passengers taking the Arlanda Line for it to be economical for society, and the line fails to maximum its economic impact through reduced road congestion and emissions.[7]
In 2006, Upptåget started operating on the Arlanda Line. In 2008, A-Banan Projekt changed its name to Arlanda Infrastructure.[4] Storstockholms Lokaltrafik stated in 2008 that they intended to use the line for a new branch of the Stockholm Commuter Rail.[11]
In a motion passed by the Parliament of Sweden on the 7 October 2008, the Arlanda Line Agreement was unanimously criticized as characterized as the "worst possible agreement Arlanda could have". A-Train is free to set whatever fees its sees fit on the line, both regarding their own ticket prices on the Arlanda Express and what fees it charges other train operators. This framework has resulted in a heavy rise in ticket prices, and results in a low public transport use for ground transportation to the airport.[12][13]
The Swedish state holds an option to purchase the traffic rights from A-Train in 2010, which would eliminate the fees and allow other operators to run directly from the airport to the city center. As of 2008, the train had a 9% market share for employees and a 25% market share for passengers traveling to the airport. Commentators and politicians have stated that the business model results in a low utilization of the line because of the high ticket prices, which has caused the airport to not reach its targeted emission goals.[14]
The CEO of A-Train, Per Thorstensson, stated that it would be a waste of tax money to purchase the line in 2010, all the time the state would receive it free of charge in 2040.[5] Originally A-Train was required to accumulate a capital of SEK 600 million before it could pay dividends, but this was changed to SEK 150 million in 2008, after an agreement was made with Arlandabanan Infrastructure.[15]
Organization
The Arlanda Line in its entirety is owned by the state-owned Arlanda Infrastructure, which also owns platforms 1 and 2 at Stockholm C.[4] A-Train holds a monopoly on the right to transport passengers from Stockholm to Arlanda; other train operators only have the right to transport passengers to the airport from other towns and cities. In 2008, the cost of a boarding or embarking passenger at Arlanda C was SEK 75. This results in a ticket from Uppsala to Arlanda costing SEK 136, while a ticket on the same train but traveling onwards to Stockholm C only costs SEK 64.[16] Similarly the cost of a ticket to the airport with the Arlanda Express is considerably higher than that of a ticket to Uppsala, which is twice as far away.[14]
References
- ^ "Stockholm". Jernhusen. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Arlanda Express". Arlanda Express. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Trains". Swedavia. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Historik" (in Swedish). Arlandabanan Infrastructure. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b Rudström, Johan (11 January 2008). "Fler tågpassagerare på Arlandabanan". Uppsala Nya Tidning (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b "Trafikutskottets betänkande 2004/05:TU8 Arlandabanan" (PDF) (in Swedish). Swedish National Audit Office. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b Bengtsson, Mikael; Bursjö, Robert (2002). "Arlandabanan på villovägar" (PDF). Ekonomisk Debatt (in Swedish). 30 (7). Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b "Historik del 2" (in Swedish). Arlandabanan Infrastructure. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "Intressanta årtal" (in Swedish). Arlandabanan Infrastructure. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b Hellberg, Hanna (12 January 2009). "Riksrevisionen kritisk mot Arlandatågen". Uppsala Nya Tidning (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "SL vill använda Arlandabanan". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 22 April 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ Waidelich, Tommy; von Sydow, Björn (2 October 2008). "Motion 2008/09:T438 Arlandabanan" (in Swedish). Parliament of Sweden. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "Motion 2008/09:T438" (in Swedish). Parliament of Sweden. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ a b "Använd rälsen". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ Ström, Marie (12 January 2009). "Svagt stöd för statlig Arlandabana". Uppsala Nya Tidning (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ Ridderstolpe, Erik; Rundqvist, Daniel (10 January 2008). "Fler måste få åka på Arlandabanan". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 November 2010.