User:Bpfeife1/sandbox: Difference between revisions
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===Zeitgebers and mood disorders=== |
===Zeitgebers and mood disorders=== |
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Recent studies have also found a connection between the disruption of social rhythms and the triggering of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania manic episodes] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder bipolar disorder].<ref>Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B. P, Hlastala, S. A., Luther, J. F., Sherril, J. T., et al. (2000). Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes. ''Psychological Medicine, 30'', 1005−1016.</ref> Differentiating between zeitgeber disturbances that lead to depression and those that lead to manic episodes has proven difficult, however. |
Recent studies have also found a connection between the disruption of social rhythms and the triggering of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania manic episodes] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder bipolar disorder].<ref>Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B. P, Hlastala, S. A., Luther, J. F., Sherril, J. T., et al. (2000). Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes. ''Psychological Medicine, 30'', 1005−1016.</ref> Differentiating between zeitgeber disturbances that lead to depression and those that lead to manic episodes has proven difficult, however. '''this is ridiculously unnecessary, but i enjoy your use of the word however, but i think that it would be better at the beginning of the sentence''' |
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===Seasonal Affective Disorder=== |
===Seasonal Affective Disorder=== |
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Revision as of 20:59, 4 March 2013
This is looking good! Prof Haeffel
A zeitgeber (German for "time giver" or "synchronizer") is any external cue in the environment that sets or synchronizes an organism's biological rhythms. It might help if you include that it synchronizes the rhythm to the body's circadian clock[1] (different/other source?)
History
The term "zeitgeber" was first used by Jürgen Aschoff, who was one of the founders of the field of chronobiology. His work demonstrated the existence of endogenous You may want to explicitly define endogenous and exogenous, so that everyone can understand biological clocks, which synchronize biological rhythms in the absence of exogenous cues which he called zeitgebers. This section makes it seem like you are discounting the importance of zeitgebers before you even really describe them
How do zeitgebers work?
Biological rhythms, including cycles related to sleep and wakefulness, mood, and cognitive performance, are synchronized with the body's internal circadian clock.[2] The best way to observe the workings of this clock is to experimentally deprive individuals of external cues like light and social interaction and allow the body to experience a "free-running" environment - that is, one in which there are no zeitgebers to influence the body's rhythms.[2] Under these circumstances, the circadian clock alone modulates the body's biological rhythms. [2] Normally however, external cues like light-dark cycles and social interactions also exert an influence on the body's rhythms. These zeitgebers can alert individuals to changes in the likelihood of possible rewards or threats in the environment. For example, humans are more likely to find food and shelter in the daytime and less likely to detect predators in the nighttime, meaning wakefulness tends to be most fruitful during the day and sleep is the safest activity for the nighttime.[3] Therefore, changes in light and darkness influence the body to rise during the day and become fatigued at night.
Social zeitgebers
There are many different kinds of zeitgebers, which can have differential effects on the body depending on varying circumstances. For example, the work of Jürgen Aschoff showed that individuals can compensate for the absence of some zeitgebers like natural light by attending to social zeitgebers instead; specifically, individuals placed in total darkness for four days did not differ In what way did they not differ? What functions did they look at? in functioning from individuals placed in an artificial light-dark environment when both groups were given the same strict time schedule.[4] Meal times and interactions with other people can exert influences on biological rhythms that are similar to those of light. just a little confused by this last sentence
Zeitgebers in psychology
The 24-hour circadian clock also influences cognitive performance.[2] Is there a way you can include how it influences cognitive performance? As a result, disturbances in this clock, like working a night shift or experiencing jetlag, can negatively impact memory and emotions as well as sleep and alertness.[2] Therefore, the disturbance of biological rhythms by zeitgebers is theorized to increase risk for some forms of psychopathology.
Some researchers have suggested that the disturbances in biological rhythms present in depressed individuals may actually be the result of previous disruptions in social interactions, which serve as cues for those rhythms.[1] For example, newly married or cohabiting couples often need to adjust to each other's sleeping rhythms when beginning to share the same bed for the first time. This adjustment can be difficult and may lead to disruptions in sleep quality and quantity, and possibly increase risk for depression as a result.
Zeitgebers and mood disorders
Recent studies have also found a connection between the disruption of social rhythms and the triggering of manic episodes in bipolar disorder.[5] Differentiating between zeitgeber disturbances that lead to depression and those that lead to manic episodes has proven difficult, however. this is ridiculously unnecessary, but i enjoy your use of the word however, but i think that it would be better at the beginning of the sentence
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Seasonal affective disorder is hypothesized to occur as a result of deficiencies in zeitgebers (such as light) that stimulate the reward activation system, resulting in a depressed mood. (citation?) Because circadian clocks synchronize human sleep-wake cycles to coincide with periods of the day during which reward potential is highest - that is, during the daytime[3] - and recent studies have determined that daily rhythms in reward activation in humans are modulated by circadian clocks as well,[3] external influences on those rhythms may influence an individual's mood.
Examples of zeitgebers
- Light
- Temperature
- Social interactions
- Pharmacological manipulation
- Exercise
- Eating/drinking patterns
References
- ^ a b Ehlers, C.L., Frank, E. & Kupfer, D.J. (1988). Social zeitgebers and biological rhythms. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, 948-952.
- ^ a b c d e Kyriacou, C.P. & Hastings, M.H. (2010). Circadian clocks: Genes, sleep, and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 14, 259-267
- ^ a b c Murray, G., Nicholas, C.L., Kleiman, J., Dwyer, R., Carrington, M.J., Allen, N.B., & Trinder, J. (2009). Nature’s Clocks and Human Mood: The Circadian System Modulates Reward Motivation. Emotion, 9, 5, 705–716.
- ^ Aschoff, J. et al. (January 1971). "Circadian Rhythms in Continuous Darkness: Entrainment by Social Cues". Science 171 (3967): 213–215.
- ^ Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B. P, Hlastala, S. A., Luther, J. F., Sherril, J. T., et al. (2000). Social rhythm disruption and stressful life events in the onset of bipolar and unipolar episodes. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1005−1016.
article is about zeitgebers, which are external cues that set or synchronize the body's biological rhythms, like wake-sleep cycle and appetite. In general, zeitgebers also influence cognitive performance and mood. Recent research has indicated that changes in the zeitgebers an individual experiences can trigger forms of psychopathology like manic and depressive episodes.
there are references to zeitgebers on a few other articles on wikipedia, but i would like to significantly add to the zeitgeber page itself. other than a definition, the current page has very little information about its significance. I would like to compile information on the history of the concept of zeitgebers, examples of zeitgebers that have been studied, and how exactly zeitgebers exert the influences that we detect, especially with regard to psychopathology.
right now, i have the basic structure laid out and some basic information for each. I have a lot of info on how exactly zeitgebers work to add, and numerous additional sources and points for the other sections that have been started.