Electra

This article is about the mythological character Electra. For other uses, see Electra (disambiguation).

Electra at the Tomb of Agamemnon, Frederic Leighton c. 1869

In Greek mythology, Electra (Template:Lang-el, Ēlektra) was the daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra, and thus princess of Argos. She and her brother Orestes plotted revenge against their mother Clytemnestra and stepfather Aegisthus for the murder of their father, Agamemnon.

Electra is the main character in two Greek tragedies, Electra by Sophocles and Electra by Euripides, and has inspired other works. In psychology, the Electra complex is also named after her.

Family

Electra's parents were King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra. Her sisters were Iphigeneia and Chrysothemis, and her brother was Orestes. In the Iliad, Homer is understood to be referring to Electra in mentioning "Laodice" as a daughter of Agamemnon.

The Murder of Agamemnon

Electra was absent from Mycenae when her father, King Agamemnon, returned from the Trojan War to be murdered, either by Clytemnestra's lover Aegisthus, by Clytemnestra herself, or by both. Clytemnestra had held a grudge against her husband Agamemnon for murdering their eldest daughter, Iphigenia, as sacrifice to Artemis, so he could send his ships to fight Troy for the Trojan war. When he came back he brought with him his war prize, Cassandra, who had already bore his twin sons. Aegisthus and Clytemnestra killed Cassandra as well. Eight years later, Electra was brought from Athens with her brother, Orestes. (Odyssey, iii. 306; X. 542).

According to Pindar (Pythia, xi. 25), Orestes was saved by his old nurse or by Electra, and was taken to Phanote on Mount Parnassus, where King Strophius took charge of him. When Orestes was 20, the Oracle of Delphi ordered him to return home and avenge his father's death.

Orestes, Electra and Hermes at the tomb of Agamemnon, lucanian red-figure pelike, c. 380–370 BC, Louvre (K 544)

The Murder of Clytemnestra

Electra and Orestes, from an 1897 Stories from the Greek Tragedians, by Alfred Church

According to Aeschylus, Orestes saw Electra's face before the tomb of Agamemnon, where both had gone to perform rites to the dead; a recognition took place, and they arranged how Orestes should accomplish his revenge. Pylades and Orestes killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus (in some accounts with Electra helping).

Before her death, Clytemnestra curses Orestes and the Erinyes or Furies, whose duty it is to punish any violation of the ties of family piety, come to torment him. They pursue him, urging him to end his life. Electra was not hounded by the Erinyes. Orestes took refuge in the temple at Delphi. It is said that a priestess found him, covered in blood, and with the Furies flying around him. The priestesses washed him with pig blood to purify him. Once purified he traveled to Athens to seek Athena.

Athena (also known as Areia) received him on the Acropolis of Athens and arranged a formal trial of the case before twelve Attic judges. The Erinyes demanded their victim; he pleaded the orders of Apollo; the votes of the judges were equally divided, and Athena gave her casting vote for acquittal.

In Iphigeneia in Tauris, Euripides tells the tale somewhat differently. He claims that Orestes was led by the Furies to Tauris on the Black Sea, where his sister Iphigeneia was being held. The two met when Orestes and Pylades were brought to Iphigeneia to be prepared for sacrifice to Artemis. Iphigeneia, Orestes, and Pylades escaped from Tauris. The Furies, appeased by the reunion of the family, abated their persecution.

Adaptations of the Electra story

Plays

• The Oresteia, a trilogy of plays by Aeschylus
• Electra, play by Sophocles
• Electra, play by Euripides
• Electra, a lost play by Quintus Tullius Cicero of which nothing is known but the name and that it was "a tragedy in the Greek style"
• Electra, play by Jean Giraudoux
• Electra, drama by Danilo Kiš
• Electra (1901) a play by Benito Pérez Galdós
• Electra, or The dropping of the masks (1954) a play by Marguerite Yourcenar
• Electricidad, play by Luis Alfaro, modern adaptation of Electra based in the Chicano barrio
• Elektra, a play by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, based on the Sophocles play.
• Elektra (started in 1949, first performed 1987), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming
• The Flies, a play by Jean-Paul Sartre, modernizing the Electra myth around the theme of existentialism.
• Infamante Electra (2005) a play by Benjamín Galemiri
• Molora (2004) a play by Yael Farber
• Mourning Becomes Electra, play by Eugene O'Neill, based on Aeschylus

Opera

• Elektra, by Richard Strauss, with libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, based on his own play
• Elektra, by Mikis Theodorakis
• Mourning Becomes Electra, by Marvin David Levy, based on Eugene O'Neill's play
• Idomeneo, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, where she plays the role of rejected lover/villain.
• Electra, opera by Johann Christian Friedrich Haeffner, Libretto by Adolf Fredrik Ristell after Nicolas Francois Guillard. First performed on 22 July 1787 at Drottningholm.

Films

• Electra, a film by Michael Cacoyannis, starring Irene Papas, based on Euripides.
• Mourning Becomes Electra (film), a film by Dudley Nichols, starring Rosalind Russell and Michael Redgrave.
• Ellie, a film which transfers the story to a Southern U.S. locale.
• Szerelmem, Elektra (Elektra, My Love), film by Miklós Jancsó, starring Mari Törőcsik.
• Filha da Mãe, and Mal Nascida, both by Portuguese film director João Canijo.
• elektraZenSuite, medium-length film by Alessandro Brucini, based on texts by Aeschylus, Sophocles, William Shakespeare, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Sylvia Plath, and the Zen Buddhist monk Takuan Soho.
• Electra, film by Shyamaprasad, starring Nayanthara, Manisha Koirala and Prakash Raj, based on Euripides.

Music

• La tragédie d'Oreste et Électre, an album based on Sartre's The Flies by the British band Cranes.
• Elektra, an album by the Danish rap-group Suspekt
• Marina and the Diamonds's second album Electra Heart is based on a character she created of the same name whose story is told through the album, and which portrays the darker side of the American dream with elements of Greek tragedy which are particularly apparent in her visuals and aesthetic.

Literature

• In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy poem Inferno, Electra is seen in Limbo.
• Elektra (Laodice) is the unnamed protagonist and speaker in Yannis Ritsos's long poem Beneath the Shadow of the Mountain. This poem forms part of the cycle colloquially referred to as the New Oresteia.

Comics

• In the Marvel Comics universe, the character Elektra Natchios is partly based on Electra. In the comics, Elektra becomes an assassin after witnessing her father's murder. When Elektra's backstory was revealed, her older brother's name is Orestez Natchios, and their family dog is named Agamemnon. Although Marvel Comics published two conflicting histories of Elektra Natchios, in the original version Orestez murdered their mother after her infidelities shamed their father.

Games

• Electra is a character in the game Dante's Inferno, in which the player can choose either to punish or absolve her when she is encountered in Limbo.

• Electra is a universe in the game OGame

External links

• Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)