Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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|footer = Two contemporary maps showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrifate". The second map shows the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906. In the second map, the area north of the [[Negev Desert]] is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine). |
|footer = Two contemporary maps showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrifate". The second map shows the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906. In the second map, the area north of the [[Negev Desert]] is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine). |
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|image1 = Ottoman Syria, 1893 map.jpg |
|image1 = Ottoman Syria, 1893 map.jpg |
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Revision as of 09:05, 24 March 2013
| Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||
| 1872–1917 | |||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||
.png) Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1900 | |||||||||
| Capital | Jerusalem | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• 1862[2] | 12,486 km2 (4,821 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1897[1] | 298,653 | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1872 | ||||||||
| 1917 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Israel Jordan Egypt | ||||||||
The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (Template:Lang-ota; Template:Lang-ar), also known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872.[3][4][5] The district encompassed Jerusalem as well as the other major cities of Gaza, Jaffa, Hebron, Bethlehem and Beersheba.[6] Together with the Sanjak of Nablus and Sanjak of Acre, it formed the region that was commonly referred to as "Southern Syria" during the late Ottoman period.[7]
The district was first separated from Damascus and placed directly under Istanbul in 1841,[4] and formally created as an independent province in 1872 by Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha.[4] Scholars provide a variety of reasons for the changes, including increased European interest in the region, and strengthening of the southern border of the Empire against the Khedivate of Egypt.[4]
The political status of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was unique to other Ottoman province since it came under the direct authority of the state capital Istanbul.[5] The inhabitants identified themselves primarily on religious terms.[7] However, the relative independence of the district combined with European interests in the area affected the local population's idea of belonging to a country. The district's villages were normally inhabited by farmers while its towns were populated by merchants, artisans, landowners and money-lenders. The elite consisted of the religious leadership, wealthy landlords and high-ranking civil servants.[7]
It was common at the time to refer to the Jerusalem District as "Palestine".[3]
History
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The administrative area previously functioned as a sanjak within the Syria Vilayet (created in 1864, following the Tanzimat reforms). Towards the end of the 19th-century, the idea that Palestine or the Mutasarifate of Jerusalem alone formed a country became widespread among the educated Arab classes.[citation needed]
In 1908 former Jerusalem official Najib Azuri proposed the elevation of the mutassarifate to the status of vilayet to the Ottoman Parliament.[5] The area was conquered by the Allied Forces in 1917 during World War I and became part of the British Mandate of Palestine.[6]
Administrative divisions
Kazas of the Mutasarrifate:[8]
- Kaza of Kudüs
- Kaza of Yafa
- Kaza of Birü's Seb'a
- Kaza of Gazze
- Kaza of Halilü'r Rahman
See also
References
- ^ Mutlu, Servet. "Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution" (PDF). pp. 29–31. Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.
- ^ "The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6". 1862. p. 698.
- ^ a b Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908, By Johann Büssow, p5
- ^ a b c d “The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century”, Butrus Abu Manneh in The Israel/Palestine Question: A Reader, By Ilan Pappé, p36
- ^ a b c Jankowski, 1997, p. 174.
- ^ a b Beshara, 2012, Part 1.
- ^ a b c El-Hasan, 2010, p. 38.
- ^ Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı | Tarih ve Medeniyet
Bibliography
- Beshara, Adel (2012). The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity. CRC Press. ISBN 1136724508.
- El-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2010). Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Algora Publishing. ISBN 0875867936.
- Jankowski, James P. (1997). Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231106955.