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'''Heike Kamerlingh Onnes''' (21 September 1853 – 21&nbsp;February 1926) was a Dutch [[physicist]] and [[Nobel laureate]]. He pioneered [[refrigeration]] techniques and used these to explore how materials behave when cooled to nearly [[absolute zero]]. He was the first to [[Liquid helium|liquify helium]]. His production of extreme cryogenic temperatures led to his discovery of [[superconductivity]] in 1911: for certain materials, [[electrical resistance]] abruptly vanishes at very low temperatures.<ref>Dirk van Delft, ''Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold'', edited by Edita KNAW, Amsterdam, 2007.</ref>
'''Heike Kamerlingh Onnes''' (21 September 1853 – 21&nbsp;February 1926) was a Dutch [[physicist]] and [[Nobel laureate]]. He pioneered [[refrigeration]] techniques and used these to explore how materials behave when cooled to nearly [[absolute zero]]. He was the first to [[Liquid helium|liquefy helium]]. His production of extreme cryogenic temperatures led to his discovery of [[superconductivity]] in 1911: for certain materials, [[electrical resistance]] abruptly vanishes at very low temperatures.<ref>Dirk van Delft, ''Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold'', edited by Edita KNAW, Amsterdam, 2007.</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==

Revision as of 09:32, 8 April 2013

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Born
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

(1853-09-21)21 September 1853
Groningen, Netherlands
Died21 February 1926(1926-02-21) (aged 72)
Leiden, Netherlands
NationalityNetherlands
Alma materHeidelberg University
University of Groningen
Known forOnnes-effect
Superfluidity
Superconductivity
AwardsNobel Prize in Physics (1913)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsUniversity of Leiden
TU Delft
Doctoral advisorRudolf Adriaan Mees
Other academic advisorsRobert Bunsen
Gustav Kirchhoff
Johannes Bosscha
Doctoral studentsJacob Clay
Claude Crommelin
Wander de Haas
Gilles Holst
Johannes Kuenen
Remmelt Sissingh
Ewoud van Everdingen
Jules Verschaffelt
Pieter Zeeman

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (21 September 1853 – 21 February 1926) was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. He pioneered refrigeration techniques and used these to explore how materials behave when cooled to nearly absolute zero. He was the first to liquefy helium. His production of extreme cryogenic temperatures led to his discovery of superconductivity in 1911: for certain materials, electrical resistance abruptly vanishes at very low temperatures.[1]

Biography

Early years

Kamerlingh Onnes was born in Groningen, Netherlands. His father, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, was a brickworks owner. His mother was Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.[2]

In 1870, Kamerlingh Onnes attended the University of Groningen. He studied under Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff at the University of Heidelberg from 1871 to 1873. Again at Groningen, he obtained his masters in 1878 and a doctorate in 1879. His thesis was "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde" (tr. New proofs of the rotation of the earth). From 1878 to 1882 he was assistant to Johannes Bosscha, the director of the TU Delft (then Delft Polytechnic), for whom he substituted as lecturer in 1881 and 1882.[2]

Family

He was married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld (m. 1887) and had one child, named Albert. His brother Menso Kamerlingh Onnes (1860–1925) was a fairly well known painter (and father of another painter, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes), while his sister Jenny married another famous painter, Floris Verster (1861–1927).

University of Leiden

From 1882 to 1923 Kamerlingh Onnes served as professor of experimental physics at the University of Leiden. In 1904 he founded a very large cryogenics laboratory and invited other researchers to the location, which made him highly regarded in the scientific community. The laboratory is known now as Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory.[2]

Liquefaction of helium

On July 10, 1908, he was the first to liquify helium, using a number of precooling stages and the Hampson-Linde cycle based on the Joule-Thomson effect. This way he lowered the temperature to the boiling point of helium (-269 °C, 4.2 K). By reducing the pressure above the liquid helium he even reached a temperature near 1.5 K that day. At the time these were the coldest temperatures achieved on earth. The original equipment is at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden.[2]

Superconductivity

In 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes measured the electrical conductivity of pure metals (mercury, and later tin and lead) at very low temperatures. Some scientists, such as William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), believed that electrons flowing through a conductor would come to a complete halt or, in other words, metal resistivity would become infinitely large at absolute zero. Others, including Kamerlingh Onnes, felt that a conductor's electrical resistance would steadily decrease and drop to nil. Augustus Matthiessen pointed out when the temperature decreases, the metal conductivity usually improves or in other words, the electrical resistivity usually decreases with a decrease of temperature.[3]

On April 8, 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes found that at 4.2 K the resistance in a solid mercury wire immersed in liquid helium suddenly vanished. He immediately realized the significance of the discovery (as became clear when his notebook was deciphered a century later).[4] He reported that "Mercury has passed into a new state, which on account of its extraordinary electrical properties may be called the superconductive state". He published more articles about the phenomenon, initially referring to it as "supraconductivity" and, only later adopting the term "superconductivity.".

Kamerlingh Onnes received widespread recognition for his work, including the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for (in the words of the committee) "his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium".

Legacy

Some of the instruments he devised for his experiments can be seen at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden. The apparatus he used to first liquefy helium is on display in the lobby of the physics department at Leiden University, where the low temperature lab is also named in his honor. His student and successor as director of the lab Willem Hendrik Keesom was the first person who was able to solidify helium, in 1926.

The Onnes-effect referring to the creeping of superfluid Helium is named in his honor.

The crater Kamerlingh Onnes on the Moon is named after him.

Onnes is also credited with coining the word "enthalpy".[5]

Onnes' discovery of superconductivity was named an IEEE Milestone in 2011.[6]

Honors and awards

Selected publications

  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl; 21, 1881.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; 14, 1894.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." Haarlem Arch. Neerl.; 30, 1896.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 120b, 1911.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. G. On the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. VI. On the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 124c, 1911.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 159, 1922.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dirk van Delft, Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold, edited by Edita KNAW, Amsterdam, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  3. ^ Matthiessen, A. Philosophical Transactions; 1862 and also Philosophical Transactions; 1864
  4. ^ The Discovery of Superconductivity
  5. ^ Howard, Irmgard (2002). "H Is for Enthalpy, Thanks to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Alfred W. Porter". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (6). ACS Publications: 697. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..697H. doi:10.1021/ed079p697.
  6. ^ "Milestones:List of IEEE Milestones". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 29 July 2011.

Further reading

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