User:Kayegib/sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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Another theory was introduced by Maslow. Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-actualization at the peak. He maintains that those who have reached self-actualization are capable of love<ref>Sternberg, Robert, J. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. 1997. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 313-335. </ref>. |
Another theory was introduced by Maslow. Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-actualization at the peak. He maintains that those who have reached self-actualization are capable of love<ref>Sternberg, Robert, J. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. 1997. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 313-335. </ref>. |
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Yet another theory, one about Being love, was developed by Reik. Being love was said to be attainable for those who could love for the sake of loving people, not just fixing one's own problems<ref>Sternberg, Robert, J. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. 1997. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 313-335. </ref>. |
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When theories about love moved from being clinically based to being socially and personality based, they became focused on types of love, as opposed to becoming able to love. |
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==Sternberg's triangular theory of love== |
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Sternberg's triangular theory of love was developed after the identification of passionate love and companionate love. Passionate love and companionate love are different kinds of love but are connected in relationships. |
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| ⚫ | Passionate love is associated with strong feelings of love and desire for a specific person. This love is full of excitement and newness. Passionate love is important in the beginning of the relationship and typically lasts for about a year, more or less. There is a chemical component to passionate love. Those experiencing passionate love are also experiencing increased neurotransmitters, specifically phenylethylamine<ref>Levy, P. E. (2013). Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition. In P. E. Levy, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition (pp. 316-317). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.</ref>. Phenylethylamine, also known as PEA, is also found in chocolate, which has been found to be an aphrodisiac. |
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Companionate love follows passionate love. Companionate love is also known as affectionate love. When a couple reaches this level of love, they feel mutual understanding and care for each other. This love is important for the survival of the relationship<ref>Levy, P. E. (2013). Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition. In P. E. Levy, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition (pp. 316-317). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.</ref>. |
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Sternberg created his triangle appeared next. The triangle's points are intimacy, passion, and commitment. |
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Intimacy |
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==Forms of love== |
==Forms of love== |
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Revision as of 14:06, 9 April 2013
The triangular theory of love is a theory of love developed by psychologist, Robert Sternberg. In the context of interpersonal relationships, "the three components of love, according to the triangular theory, are an intimacy component, a passion component, and a decision/commitment component."[1]
- Intimacy – Which encompasses feelings of attachment, closeness, connectedness, and bondedness.
- Passion – Which encompasses drives connected to both limerence and sexual attraction.
- Commitment – Which encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other.
"The amount of love one experiences depends on the absolute strength of these three components, and the type of love one experiences depends on their strengths relative to each other."[2] Different stages and types of love can be explained as different combinations of these three elements; for example, the relative emphasis of each component changes over time as an adult romantic relationship develops. A relationship based on a single element is less likely to survive than one based on two or three elements.
Early theories of love
[[fontcolor|red|One of the first theories of love was developed by Sigmund Freud. As Freud so frequently attributed human nature to subconscious and unconscious desires, his theory of love centered around the need for an "ego ideal[3]." His definition of an [ideal] is this: the image of the person that one wants to become, which is patterned after those whom one holds with great respect.
Another theory was introduced by Maslow. Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-actualization at the peak. He maintains that those who have reached self-actualization are capable of love[4].
Yet another theory, one about Being love, was developed by Reik. Being love was said to be attainable for those who could love for the sake of loving people, not just fixing one's own problems[5].
When theories about love moved from being clinically based to being socially and personality based, they became focused on types of love, as opposed to becoming able to love.
Sternberg's triangular theory of love
Sternberg's triangular theory of love was developed after the identification of passionate love and companionate love. Passionate love and companionate love are different kinds of love but are connected in relationships.
Passionate love is associated with strong feelings of love and desire for a specific person. This love is full of excitement and newness. Passionate love is important in the beginning of the relationship and typically lasts for about a year, more or less. There is a chemical component to passionate love. Those experiencing passionate love are also experiencing increased neurotransmitters, specifically phenylethylamine[6]. Phenylethylamine, also known as PEA, is also found in chocolate, which has been found to be an aphrodisiac.
Companionate love follows passionate love. Companionate love is also known as affectionate love. When a couple reaches this level of love, they feel mutual understanding and care for each other. This love is important for the survival of the relationship[7].
Sternberg created his triangle appeared next. The triangle's points are intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Intimacy
Forms of love
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The three components, pictorially labeled on the vertices of a triangle, interact with each other and with the actions they produce so as to form seven different kinds of love experiences (nonlove is not represented). The size of the triangle functions to represent the "amount" of love - the bigger the triangle, the greater the love. The shape of the triangle functions to represent the "style" of love, which may vary over the course of the relationship:
- Nonlove "refers simply to the absence of all three components of love. Nonlove characterizes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply casual interactions."[8]
- Liking/friendship is "used here in a nontrivial sense. Rather, it refers to the set of feelings one experiences in relationships that can truly be characterized as friendship. One feels closeness, bondedness, and warmth toward the other, without feelings of intense passion or long-term commitment."[9]
- Infatuated love: "infatuation results from the experiencing of passionate arousal in the absence of intimacy and decision/commitment...like Tennov's limerance."[10] Romantic relationships often start out as infatuated love and become romantic love as intimacy develops over time. Without developing intimacy or commitment, infatuated love may disappear suddenly.
- Empty love is characterized by commitment without intimacy or passion. A stronger love may deteriorate into empty love. In an arranged marriage, the spouses' relationship may begin as empty love and develop into another form, indicating "how empty love need not be the terminal state of a long-term relationship...[but] the beginning rather than the end."[10]
- Romantic love "derives from a combination of the intimate and passionate components of love...romantic lovers are not only drawn physically to each other but are also bonded emotionally"[10] - bonded both intimately and passionately, but without sustaining commitment.
- Companionate love is an intimate, non-passionate type of love that is stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment. "This type of love is observed in long-term marriages where passion is no longer present"[11] but where a deep affection and commitment remain. The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a platonic but strong friendship.
- Fatuous love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage - "fatuous in the sense that a commitment is made on the basis of passion without the stabilizing influence of intimate involvement."[10]
- Consummate love is the complete form of love, representing an ideal relationship which people strive towards. Of the seven varieties of love, consummate love is theorized to be that love associated with the “perfect couple.” According to Sternberg, these couples will continue to have great sex fifteen years or more into the relationship, they cannot imagine themselves happier over the long-term with anyone else, they overcome their few difficulties gracefully, and each delight in the relationship with one other.[12] However, Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. "Without expression," he warns, "even the greatest of loves can die."[13] Thus, consummate love may not be permanent. If passion is lost over time, it may change into companionate love.
See also
Notes
- ^ Robert J. Sternberg, "Triangulating Love", in T. J. Oord ed. The Altruism Reader (2007) p. 332
- ^ Robert J. Sternberg, "A Triangular Theory of Love", in H. T. Reis/C. E. Rusbult eds., Close Relationships (2004) p. 258
- ^ Sternberg, Robert, J. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. 1997. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 313-335.
- ^ Sternberg, Robert, J. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. 1997. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 313-335.
- ^ Sternberg, Robert, J. Construct validation of a triangular love scale. 1997. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 27, 313-335.
- ^ Levy, P. E. (2013). Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition. In P. E. Levy, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition (pp. 316-317). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
- ^ Levy, P. E. (2013). Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition. In P. E. Levy, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, 4th Edition (pp. 316-317). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
- ^ Sternberg, in Close Relationships p. 266
- ^ Sternberg, in Close Relationships p. 267
- ^ a b c d Sternberg, in Close Relationships p. 268
- ^ J. B. Ashford et al, Human Behavior in the Social Environment (2009) p. 498
- ^ "Cupid's Arrow - the Course of Love through Time" by Robert Sternberg. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (1998) ISBN 0-521-47893-6
- ^ Robert J. Sternberg, "Liking versus Loving" Psychological Bulletin (1987) p. 341
References
- Sternberg, Robert J. (1986). "A triangular theory of love". Psychological Review. 93 (2): 119–135. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
- Sternberg, Robert J. (1987). Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories. Psychological Bulletin. pp. 331–345.
- Sternberg, Robert J. (1988). The Triangle of Love: Intimacy, Passion, Commitment. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-08746-9.
- Brehm, Sharon S. (2007). Intimate Relationships. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-293801-3.