Transcriptor: Difference between revisions
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==Impact== |
==Impact== |
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Standford dediated the BIL gate's design to the [[public domain]], which may speed its adoption.<ref name=Extreme /> According to Endy, other researchers were already using the gates to reprogram |
Standford dediated the BIL gate's design to the [[public domain]], which may speed its adoption.<ref name=Extreme /> According to Endy, other researchers were already using the gates to reprogram |
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Computing |
Computing by transcriptor is still very slow - it can take a few hours between an input signal and an output.<ref>{{cite news|title=How to Make a Computer From a Living Cell|author=Katherine Bourzac|work=MIT Technology Review|publisher=Mashable|date=March 28, 2013|url=http://mashable.com/2013/03/28/computer-from-living-cell/|accessdate=March 30, 2013}}</ref> Endy said he doubted that biocomputers would ever be as fast as traditional computers, but added that is not the goal of his research. "We're building computers that will operate in a place where your cellphone isn't going to work", he said.<ref name=IO9 /> Medical devices with built-in biological computers could monitor, or even alter, cell behavior from inside a patient's body.<ref name=Extreme /> ''Extreme Tech'' writes: |
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{{quote|Moving forward, though, the potential for real biological computers is immense. We are essentially talking about {{Sic|hide=y|fully|-}}functional computers that can sense their surroundings, and then manipulate their host cells into doing just about anything. Biological computers might be used as an early-warning system for disease, or simply as a diagnostic tool ... Biological computers could tell their host cells to stop producing insulin, to pump out more adrenaline, to reproduce some healthy cells to combat disease, or to stop reproducing if cancer is detected. Biological computers will probably obviate the use of many pharmaceutical drugs.<ref name=Extreme />}} |
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[[UC Berkeley]] biochemical engineer [[Jay Keasling]] said the transcriptor "clearly demonstrates the power of synthetic biology and could revolutionize how we compute in the future".<ref name=SJMN>{{cite news|title=Biological computer created at Stanford|work=San Jose Mercury News|date=March 29, 2013|author=Lisa M. Krieger|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_22898974/biological-computer-created-at-stanford|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> |
[[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] biochemical engineer [[Jay Keasling]] said the transcriptor "clearly demonstrates the power of synthetic biology and could revolutionize how we compute in the future".<ref name=SJMN>{{cite news|title=Biological computer created at Stanford|work=San Jose Mercury News|date=March 29, 2013|author=Lisa M. Krieger|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_22898974/biological-computer-created-at-stanford|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> |
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2898974/biological-computer-created-at-stanford|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 18:05, 9 April 2013
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A transcriptor is a transistor-like device composed of DNA and RNA rather than a semiconducting material such as silicon. Prior to its invention in 2013, the transcriptor was considered the "final component required to build biological computers."[1]
Background
To function, a modern computer needs different capabilities. It must be able to store information; it must be able to transmit information between components; and it needs a basic system of logic.[2] Prior to March 2013, scientists had successfully demonstrated the ability to store and transmit data using biological components made of proteins and DNA.[2] Simple two terminal logic gates had been demonstrated, but required multiple layers of inputs and thus were impractical due to scaling difficulties.[3]
Invention and description
On March 28, 2013, a team of bioengineers from Stanford University led by Drew Endy announced that they had created the biological equivalent of a transistor, which they dubbed a "transcriptor". That is, they created a three terminal device with a system of logic capable of controlling the function of other components.[2][3] Specifically, the transcriptor works by regulating the flow of RNA polymerase across a strand of DNA using special combinations of enzymes to control movement.[1] According to project member Jerome Bonnet, "The choice of enzymes is important. We have been careful to select enzymes that function in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, so that bio-computers can be engineered within a variety of organisms."[1]
Different transcriptors can replicate traditional AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR, and XNOR gates, with equivalents dubbed "Boolean Integrase Logic (BIL) gates," in a single-layer process (i.e. without requiring multiple instances of the simpler gates to build up more complex ones).[2][3] Like a traditional transistor, a transcriptor is also capable of amplifying an input signal.[1] A group of transcriptors is able to do nearly any sort of computing desired, including counting and comparison.[2][4]
Impact
Standford dediated the BIL gate's design to the public domain, which may speed its adoption.[1] According to Endy, other researchers were already using the gates to reprogram
Computing by transcriptor is still very slow - it can take a few hours between an input signal and an output.[5] Endy said he doubted that biocomputers would ever be as fast as traditional computers, but added that is not the goal of his research. "We're building computers that will operate in a place where your cellphone isn't going to work", he said.[2] Medical devices with built-in biological computers could monitor, or even alter, cell behavior from inside a patient's body.[1] Extreme Tech writes: wi
UC Berkeley biochemical engineer Jay Keasling said the transcriptor "clearly demonstrates the power of synthetic biology and could revolutionize how we compute in the future".[4]
2898974/biological-computer-created-at-stanford|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref>
References
- ^ a b c d e f Sebastein Anthony (March 29, 2013). "Stanford creates biological transistors, the final step towards computers inside living cells". Extreme Tech. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Robert T. Gonzalez (March 29, 2013). "This new discovery will finally allow us to build biological computers". IO9. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ a b c Jerome Bonnet; Peter Yin; Monica E. Ortiz; Pakpoom Subsoontorn; Drew Endy (March 28, 2013). "Amplifying Genetic Logic Gates". Science.
- ^ a b Lisa M. Krieger (March 29, 2013). "Biological computer created at Stanford". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ Katherine Bourzac (March 28, 2013). "How to Make a Computer From a Living Cell". MIT Technology Review. Mashable. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
External links
- "Amplifying Genetic Logic Gates" - original journal article, published in Science
- Explanatory video created by Drew Endy
- NPR article with series of moving pictures that explain how the transcriptor works
- Public domain release of the BIL gates technology