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The Compromise of Caspe made in 1412 was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives on behalf of the constituent realms of the Aragonese crown, namely of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia, to resolve the interregnum commenced upon the death of King Martin I of Aragon in 1410 without a legitimate heir, in Caspe.

The Aragonese succession laws at that time were rather hazy, based more on custom than any specific legislation, and even case law did not exist. All successions after the union of Catalonia with Aragon in 1137 had been to the eldest son, to the next younger brother, or to the only daughter. However, earlier successions indicated that agnates (a male in the male line) of Aragonese royal family had precedence over daughters and descendants of daughters; for example, Martin himself had succeeded over daughters of his late elder brother, King John I.

However, very distant agnates had lost out to the daughter of the late king in 11th century, when Petronila of Aragon succeeded over claims of the then agnates (second cousins or the like), the Kings of Navarre and Castile.

J.N Hillgarth writes: "Among the descendants by the male line, the closest relation to Martín was James II of Urgell."^[1]

T.N.Bisson writes that "the issue was (or became) political rather than simply legal, a utilitarian question of which candidate with some dynastic claim would make the best king."^[2]

Candidates

The major candidates for succession were the following:

Alfonso I, Duke of Gandia, an octogenarian, patrilineal grandson of James II of Aragon. He claimed the throne according to both agnatic seniority and proximity of blood to the previous kings of Aragon. Upon his death in 1412, his claim was inherited by his brother.
- Joan de Ribagorça.
Ferdinand of Castile, matrilineal grandson of Peter IV of Aragon and nephew of Martin, claimed the throne according to the proximity of blood to the last king.
Frederic, Count of Luna, grandson of Martin of Aragon, bastard of his predeceased son, Martin I of Sicily but legitimized by Pope Benedict XIII.
James II, Count of Urgell, Martin's brother-in-law and closest agnate as patrilineal great-grandson of Alfonso IV of Aragon. Appointed Lieutenant of the Kingdom by Martin, he was heir male of the line and claimed the throne according to agnatic primogeniture.
Louis of Anjou, matrilineal grandson of John I of Aragon and grandnephew of Martin. He was heir general to the line and claimed the throne according to cognatic primogeniture.

Family tree

James II of Aragon

Alfonso IV of Aragon

Peter IV of Ribagorza

Peter IV of Aragon

John I of Aragon

Martin of Aragon

Interregnum 1410-1412

The parties had agreed to a parliamentary process to resolve the issue, but coordinating deliberations between the cortes (parliaments) of Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia was made difficult by their diverging interests. Thus, a general cortes was demanded by the governor of Catalonia to meet in Montblanch, but the meeting was delayed and ended up in Barcelona starting in October 1410 an only being Cortes of the principalty of Catalonia.^[3] As the cortes dragged on, the situation became violent.

Antón de Luna, an Aragonese supporter of Count James II of Urgell, possibly assassinated the archbishop of Zaragoza, García Fernández de Heredía (supporter of Louis of Anjou).^[4] This event damaged the candidacy of James of Urgell and gave strength to the candidacy of Fernando (regent of Castile and therefore commanding a nearby army with which protected his allies). There was fighting in the streets especially between partisans on Aragon and Valencia. The fights brought the kingdom of Aragon to split in two diferent Cortes (parliaments): one favorable to Ferdinand of Castile in Alcañiz, and another favorable to James II, Count of Urgell in Mequinensa (but this one was not recognized by the Catalan parliament at Tortosa.^[5]). The same occurred in Valencia splitting in Traiguera and Vinaròs respectively.^[6] Furthermore, between 1410-1412 the Spanish troops of Ferdinand of Castile entered Aragon and Valencia for fighting against urgellist followers, at the same time that thus also mobilised against their enemies in the two kingdoms. The victory of the Trastamarist side at the battle of Morvedre on February 27th 1412 finally left Valencia on their hands.

Conflicts and deliberations

Pope Bendict XIII (Avignon) intervened and proposed a smaller group of nine compromisarios (negotiators).^[3] The Trastamarist parliament of Alcañiz agreed with the proposition (wich was finally accepted by a Catalan-Aragonese board of fourteen Trastamarist Aragoneses and five varied Catalan emissaries: agreement known as Alcañiz Concord of 15 February 1412^[7]^[8]) but few days later they imposed not only the 3 compromisarios from Aragon but the 3 Catalan and the 3 Valencian compromisarios too.^[9] The angry complaints among the Catalan and Valencian parliamentarians for this abuse were ignored, targeting the peaceful discussions sought since 1410;^[10]^[7]^[11] and equally the complaints of James of Urgell and Louis of Anjou.^[12]^[13]^[14]

The appointed compromisarios, met in Caspe, to decide who had to be the next king were:^[15]^[16] The majority of historians agreed with the narration of the election made by the historian Jerónimo Zurita about the Compromise. Zurita writted his Anales de la Corona de Aragón from the original deeds which he handed to the house of the General Diputation of Aragon in 1576 (and were lost or burned cause multiple rebellions in 19th century).^[17] According to it, the compromisarios had different views about the succession of the deceased Martí I and they voted differently as well,^[18]^[16]^[19]^[20] anouncing the decision publicly on the June 28th 1412:

Votes, narrated by Zurita (1562-1580, Tome. XI, chapter 87), were emitted on friday 24th June 1412 and recorded on the 25th. Vincent Ferrer was the first one to spoke in a long speech giving his vote to Ferdinand, and then Ram, his brother Bonifaci, Gualbes, Bardaixí and Aranda simply joined him. Sagarriga, Vallseca and Bertran voted differently and explaining their own reasons.^[18]^[21]^[22]^[23]

Kingdom of Aragon delegates:

Domènec Ram, bishop of Huesca: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
Francesc de Aranda, ancient royal councillor as well as envoy of Benedict XIII: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
Berenguer de Bardaixí, jurist and official general of the Cortes of Aragon: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera

Kingdom of Valencia delegates:

Vicent Ferrer, Dominican monk, later canonized: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
Bonifaci Ferrer (brother of Vincent), prior of the monastery of Portaceli: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
Pere Bertran (substitute for Gener Rabassa), citizen of Valencia and legal expert: abstained

Principality of Catalonia delegates:

Pere de Sagarriga i de Pau, archbishop of Tarragona: voted for James of Urgell and also for Alphonse of Gandia, but finally the vote have to be got by the most voted of both.
Bernat de Gualbes, syndicus and councillor of Barcelona: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
Guillem de Vallseca, officer general of the Corts Reials Catalanes: voted for James of Urgell

On June 28th was proclaimed Ferdinand of Castile as the new king by Vicent Ferrer in a public speech also recorded.

Revisionism

Lately, in recent years, three aragonese historians denied the version of Zurita arguing that no contemporary sources confirm the existence of any secret ballot: José Ángel Sesma Muñoz, Carlos Laliena and Cristina Monterde. Sesma assured in 2011 that all nine compromisarios, despite their different preferences, agreed the same name of Ferdinand unanimously,^[24] and he repeted this view in 2012 with Laliena and Monterde.^[25] The main argument is that the official notarized deed of proclamation writted on June 25th 1412 doesn't mention any results of the hypotetical election. Furthermore, they quoted some testimonies (but not the full statements) who were present at the ceremony of proclamation on June 28th, like Melchor de Gualbes, saying that the 3 catalan compromisarios had declared that "they had acted freely and had not been under any pressure" and that at the end "everybody would be one opinion".^[26] On 2013 there are no more pulicised works that support this new theory.

Already in 2012 this point of view was refuted by historian Ernest Belenguer, who called the attention on the point that in this kind of elections (like conclaves) the results of the ballots are not publicized, therefore it can't be deduced a unanimity election only from this kind of deed. He also mentioned that even the official and paid Trastamara's chronist Lorenzo Valla said in 15th century that there were very different opinions among the compromisarios.^[27] Furthermore, Belenguer cited other authors which in 17th century had seen too the same documents as Zurita did, like Uztarroz or Dormer, and they also made the same narration as the Aragonese historian did about the preferences spoken by every one of the nine compromisarios.^[17]

Aftermath

Initially James II Count of Urgell accepted the sentence and even swore allegiance to the new king, but several months after revolted himself in May 1413 but was unsuccessful to mobilize more nobles after two years of fights and battles. There were some uprisings in support of James in Valencia and Catalonia and James himself lead sorties out from his domain in Urgell. James's supporters were defeated in battle on 25 June 1413 outside of Lleida. Antón de Luna enlisted the support of Gascon and English troops who invaded at Jaca, but they were defeated on 10 July 1413 before he was able to join James's army.^[28]

In August, Ferdinand began the siege of Balaguer. Meanwhile, Antón de Luna had organized defenses in Huesca; however, the Castle of Montearagon was taken on 11 August, and he and his troops fled to Loarre Castle. Finally, in October 1413 James surrendered at his city: Balaguer. The following January, Loarre Castle fell, and the rebellion was over. The County of Urgell was dissolved in 1413 and the area came under the royal domain of the county of Barcelona, but were shared out among the Trastámara's supporters.

With the selection of a younger prince of the Castilian Royal House of Trastamara, the Aragonese Crown became increasingly drawn into the sphere of influence of more powerful Castile. About 50 years after the Compromise, with the marriage of Ferdinand I's grandson Ferdinand II to Queen Isabella of Castile, Aragon became the junior partner in a dynastic union that would become the modern Spanish state.

Sources

^ The Spanish Kingdoms 1250-1516 part 2 p.229, ISBN 0-19-822531-8
^ The Medieval Crown of Aragon, pp 135-6, ISBN 0-19-820236-9
^ ^a ^b Earenfight, Theresa (2003) "Caspe, Compromise of" page 208 In Gerli, E. Michael (editor) (2003) Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia Routledge, New York, ISBN 0-415-93918-6
^ La dinámica política, of María del Pilar Rábade Obradó, Eloísa Ramírez Vaquero, Juan F. Utrilla Utrilla (2005). Ediciones Istmo
^ Jerusalén, hora cero: nueve brindis por un rey, de Jaime Salom (1995). Editorial Fundamentos
^ Julio Valdeón 2001, pp. 105–106.
^ ^a ^b Arnau Cònsul 2012, pp. 34–35.
^ Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 118–120.
^ Manuel Dualde 1947, pp. 355–385.
^ Ferran Soldevila 1965, pp. 105-109 and 120-125.
^ Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 121–122.
^ Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 74.
^ Ferran Soldevila 1965, pp. 123.
^ Luis Giménez 1911, pp. 37–38.
^ Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 121.
^ ^a ^b Arnau Cònsul 2012, pp. 30–31.
^ ^a ^b Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 92.
^ ^a ^b Ferran Soldevila 1965, pp. 139–144.
^ Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 72–77.
^ Julio Valdeón 2001, pp. 107–108.
^ Manuel Dualde 1971, pp. 240–245.
^ Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 123–126.
^ Jesús Mestre 1999, pp. 197–198.
^ Sesma Muñoz 2011, pp. 207–209.
^ Sesma, Laliena and Monterde 2012, p. 5.
^ Sesma, Laliena and Monterde 2012, p. 38.
^ Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 91.
^ Luis Vela Gormedino 1985, pp. 24–25.

Bibliography

Laliena Corbera, Miguel and Monterde Albiac, Cristina (Coordinator: José Ángel Sesma Muñoz) (2012). En el sexto centenario de la Concordia de Alcañiz y del Compromiso de Caspe (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Gobíerno de Aragón.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Sesma Muñoz, José Ángel (2011). El Interregno (1410-1412) Concordia y compromiso político en la Corona de Aragón (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Institución "Fernando el Católico" (CSIC). ISBN 978-84-9911-143-8.
Valdeón Baruque, Julio (2001). Los Trastámaras. El triunfo de una dinastía bastarda (in Spanish). Madrid: Temas de Hoy ed. ISBN 84-8460-129-3.
Soldevila, Ferran (1994 (first edition 1965)). El Compromís de Casp (resposta al Sr. Menéndez Pidal) (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau Editions. ISBN 84-232-0481-2. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Belenguer, Ernest (2012). El com i el perquè del Compromís de Casp (1412) (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau Editions. ISBN 978-84232-0772-5.
Cònsul, Arnau; Casals, Àngel (2012). "El Compromís de Casp. Pacte o conxorxa?". Sàpiens (in Catalan). 115. Barcelona: Grup Cultura 03: 26–37. ISSN 1695-2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |laysummary=, and |laysource= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
Sarasa Sánchez, Esteban (1981). Aragón y el Compromiso de Caspe (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Librería General. ISBN 84-7078-107-3.
Dualde Serrano, Manuel (1947–1948). "La elección de los compromisarios de Caspe". Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón (in Spanish). III. Zaragoza: 355–395. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |laysource=, and |month= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
Giménez Fayos, Luis (1911). El Compromiso de Caspe : (1412-1912) (in Spanish). Valencia: Miguel Gimeno.
Dualde Serrano; Manuel; Camarena Mahiques, José (1971). El Compromiso de Caspe (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Institución Alfonso el Magnanimo and Institución Fernando el Católico.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Mestre i Godes, Jesús (1999). El Compromís de Casp: Un moment decisiu en la història de Catalunya (in Catalan). Barcelona: Edicions 62. ISBN 8429745130.
Gormedino; Luis Vela (1985). Crónica incompleta del reinado de Fernando I de Aragón (in Spanish). Zaragoza: Anubar. ISBN 84-7013-210-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Template:Link GA

[1] The Spanish Kingdoms 1250-1516 part 2 p.229, ISBN 0-19-822531-8

[2] The Medieval Crown of Aragon, pp 135-6, ISBN 0-19-820236-9

[Earenfight-3] Earenfight, Theresa (2003) "Caspe, Compromise of" page 208 In Gerli, E. Michael (editor) (2003) Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia Routledge, New York, ISBN 0-415-93918-6

[4] La dinámica política, of María del Pilar Rábade Obradó, Eloísa Ramírez Vaquero, Juan F. Utrilla Utrilla (2005). Ediciones Istmo

[5] Jerusalén, hora cero: nueve brindis por un rey, de Jaime Salom (1995). Editorial Fundamentos

[FOOTNOTEJulio_Valdeón2001105–106-6] Julio Valdeón 2001, pp. 105–106.

[FOOTNOTEArnau_Cònsul201234–35-7] Arnau Cònsul 2012, pp. 34–35.

[FOOTNOTEEsteban_Sarasa1981118–120-8] Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 118–120.

[FOOTNOTEManuel_Dualde1947355–385-9] Manuel Dualde 1947, pp. 355–385.

[FOOTNOTEFerran_Soldevila1965105-109_and_120-125-10] Ferran Soldevila 1965, pp. 105-109 and 120-125.

[FOOTNOTEEsteban_Sarasa1981121–122-11] Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 121–122.

[FOOTNOTEErnest_Belenguer201274-12] Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 74.

[FOOTNOTEFerran_Soldevila1965123-13] Ferran Soldevila 1965, pp. 123.

[FOOTNOTELuis_Giménez191137–38-14] Luis Giménez 1911, pp. 37–38.

[FOOTNOTEEsteban_Sarasa1981121-15] Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 121.

[FOOTNOTEArnau_Cònsul201230–31-16] Arnau Cònsul 2012, pp. 30–31.

[FOOTNOTEErnest_Belenguer201292-17] Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 92.

[FOOTNOTEFerran_Soldevila1965139–144-18] Ferran Soldevila 1965, pp. 139–144.

[FOOTNOTEErnest_Belenguer201272–77-19] Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 72–77.

[FOOTNOTEJulio_Valdeón2001107–108-20] Julio Valdeón 2001, pp. 107–108.

[FOOTNOTEManuel_Dualde1971240–245-21] Manuel Dualde 1971, pp. 240–245.

[FOOTNOTEEsteban_Sarasa1981123–126-22] Esteban Sarasa 1981, pp. 123–126.

[FOOTNOTEJesús_Mestre1999197–198-23] Jesús Mestre 1999, pp. 197–198.

[FOOTNOTESesma_Muñoz2011207–209-24] Sesma Muñoz 2011, pp. 207–209.

[FOOTNOTESesma,_Laliena_and_Monterde20125-25] Sesma, Laliena and Monterde 2012, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTESesma,_Laliena_and_Monterde201238-26] Sesma, Laliena and Monterde 2012, p. 38.

[FOOTNOTEErnest_Belenguer201291-27] Ernest Belenguer 2012, pp. 91.

[FOOTNOTELuis_Vela_Gormedino198524–25-28] Luis Vela Gormedino 1985, pp. 24–25.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Ferrando I d'Aragón.jpg|thumb|200px|Portrait of Ferdinand of Castile, proclaimed king after the Compromise.]] [[File:Acta original del Compromiso de Caspe.jpg|thumb|Original deed of the election of Ferdinand of Antequera as King of Aragon by the delegates of Caspe.{{sfn|Sesma Muñoz|2011|pp=207-209}}{{sfn|Laliena and Monterde|2012|p=5}}]]
+[[File:Ferrando I d'Aragón.jpg|thumb|200px|Portrait of Ferdinand of Castile, proclaimed king after the Compromise.]]
+The '''Compromise of Caspe''' made in 1412 was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives on behalf of the constituent realms of the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese crown]], namely of the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and the [[Principality of Catalonia]], to resolve the interregnum commenced upon the death of King [[Martin I of Aragon]] in 1410 without a legitimate heir, in [[Caspe]].
+The [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] succession laws at that time were rather hazy, based more on custom than any specific legislation, and even case law did not exist. All successions after the union of Catalonia with Aragon in 1137 had been to the eldest son, to the next younger brother, or to the only daughter. However, earlier successions indicated that [[agnate]]s (a male in the male line) of Aragonese royal family had precedence over daughters and descendants of daughters; for example, Martin himself had succeeded over daughters of his late elder brother, King John I.
-The '''Compromise of Caspe''' made in 1412 was an act and resolution of parliamentary representatives on behalf of the constituent realms of the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese crown]], namely the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and the County of [[County of Barcelona|Barcelona]], to resolve the interregnum commenced upon the death of King [[Martin I of Aragon]] in 1410 without a legitimate heir, in [[Caspe]].
-The [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] succession laws at that time were rather hazy, based more on custom than any specific legislation, and even case law did not exist. All successions after the union of the County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon had been to the eldest son, to the next younger brother, or to the only daughter. However, earlier successions indicated that [[agnate]]s (a male in the male line) of Aragonese royal family had precedence over daughters and descendants of daughters; for example, Martin himself had succeeded over daughters of his late elder brother, King John I.
 However, very distant agnates had lost out to the daughter of the late king in 11th century, when [[Petronila of Aragon]] succeeded over claims of the then agnates (second cousins or the like), the Kings of Navarre and Castile.
@@ Line 14: / Line 13: @@
 The major candidates for succession were the following:
 * [[Alfonso I, Duke of Gandia]], an octogenarian, patrilineal grandson of [[James II of Aragon]]. He claimed the throne according to both [[agnatic seniority]] and [[proximity of blood]] to the previous kings of Aragon. Upon his death in 1412, his claim was inherited by his brother.
-**[[John of Ribagorza]].
+**[[John of Ribagorza|Joan de Ribagorça]].
 * [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Castile]], matrilineal grandson of [[Peter IV of Aragon]] and nephew of Martin, claimed the throne according to the [[proximity of blood]] to the last king.
 * [[Frederic, Count of Luna]], grandson of [[Martin of Aragon]], bastard of his predeceased son, [[Martin I of Sicily]] but legitimized by [[Pope Benedict XIII]].
 * [[James II, Count of Urgell]], Martin's brother-in-law and closest agnate as patrilineal great-grandson of [[Alfonso IV of Aragon]]. Appointed Lieutenant of the Kingdom by Martin, he was [[heir male]] of the line and claimed the throne according to [[agnatic primogeniture]].
 * [[Louis III of Anjou|Louis of Anjou]], matrilineal grandson of [[John I of Aragon]] and grandnephew of Martin. He was [[heir general]] to the line and claimed the throne according to [[cognatic primogeniture]].
 === Family tree ===
@@ Line 47: / Line 45: @@
+==Interregnum 1410-1412==
-==Conflicts and deliberations==
 [[File:Salvador Vinegra, El Compromiso de Caspe.jpg|thumb|[[Salvador Vinegra]]'s depiction of the deliberations]]
+The parties had agreed to a parliamentary process to resolve the issue, but coordinating deliberations between the [[Cortes Generales#History of the Cortes|''cortes'' (parliaments)]] of Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia was made difficult by their diverging interests. Thus, a general ''cortes'' was demanded by the governor of [[Catalonia]] to meet in [[Montblanc, Tarragona|Montblanch]], but the meeting was delayed and ended up in [[Barcelona]] starting in October 1410 an only being Cortes of the principalty of Catalonia.<ref name="Earenfight">Earenfight, Theresa (2003) "Caspe, Compromise of" [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA208 page 208] ''In'' Gerli, E. Michael (editor) (2003) ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia'' Routledge, New York, ISBN 0-415-93918-6</ref> As the ''cortes'' dragged on, the situation became violent.
-[[File:El Compromiso de Caspe 1867 Teófilo de la Puebla.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of Ferdinand I as king of Aragon, by [[Dióscoro Puebla]]]]
-The parties had agreed to a parliamentary process to resolve the issue, but coordinating deliberations between the [[Cortes Generales#History of the Cortes|''cortes'' (parliaments)]] of Aragón, Valencia and Barcelona was made difficult by their diverging interests. Thus, a general ''cortes'' was called by the governor of [[Catalonia]] to meet in [[Montblanc, Tarragona|Montblanch]], but the meeting was delayed and ended up in [[Barcelona]] starting in October 1410.<ref name="Earenfight">Earenfight, Theresa (2003) "Caspe, Compromise of" [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA208 page 208] ''In'' Gerli, E. Michael (editor) (2003) ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia'' Routledge, New York, ISBN 0-415-93918-6</ref> As the ''cortes'' dragged on, the situation became violent.
-[[Antón de Luna]], an Aragonese supporter of Count James II of Urgell, assassinated the archbishop of Zaragoza, [[García Fernández de Heredía]] (supporter of Louis of Anjou).<ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=Ivqa_OgIIIEC&pg=PA458&dq=anton+de+luna+arzobispo+de+zaragoza+anjou&hl=es&sa=X&ei=Ji1nUaKfM-nK0AWm9oCYAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=anton%20de%20luna%20arzobispo%20de%20zaragoza%20anjou&f=false La dinámica política], of María del Pilar Rábade Obradó, Eloísa Ramírez Vaquero, Juan F. Utrilla Utrilla (2005). Ediciones Istmo</ref> This event damaged the candidacy of James of Urgell and gave strength to the candidacy of Fernando (regent of Castile and therefore commanding a nearby army with which to protect their allies). There was fighting in the streets especially between partisans of Aragon and Valencia. In Valencia, there were two parliaments: [[Vinaroz]] (pro Urgell) and [[Traiguera]] (favorable to Fernando). In Aragon, Antón de Luna created the parliament of [[Mequinenza]] to oppose the parliament of [[Alcañiz]], but was not recognized by the catalan parliament of Tortosa.<ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=tMeYNzgbPiUC&pg=PA172&dq=parlamento+de+mequinenza&hl=es&sa=X&ei=-qVhUcfnAoTn7AaDlYGABQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=parlamento%20de%20mequinenza&f=false Jerusalén, hora cero: nueve brindis por un rey], de Jaime Salom (1995). Editorial Fundamentos</ref>
+[[Antón de Luna]], an Aragonese supporter of Count James II of Urgell, possibly assassinated the archbishop of Zaragoza, [[García Fernández de Heredía]] (supporter of Louis of Anjou).<ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=Ivqa_OgIIIEC&pg=PA458&dq=anton+de+luna+arzobispo+de+zaragoza+anjou&hl=es&sa=X&ei=Ji1nUaKfM-nK0AWm9oCYAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=anton%20de%20luna%20arzobispo%20de%20zaragoza%20anjou&f=false La dinámica política], of María del Pilar Rábade Obradó, Eloísa Ramírez Vaquero, Juan F. Utrilla Utrilla (2005). Ediciones Istmo</ref> This event damaged the candidacy of James of Urgell and gave strength to the candidacy of Fernando (regent of Castile and therefore commanding a nearby army with which protected his allies). There was fighting in the streets especially between partisans on Aragon and Valencia. The fights brought the kingdom of Aragon to split in two diferent ''Cortes'' (parliaments): one favorable to [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Castile]] in [[Alcañiz]], and another favorable to [[James II, Count of Urgell]] in [[Mequinenza|Mequinensa]] (but this one was not recognized by the Catalan parliament at Tortosa.<ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=tMeYNzgbPiUC&pg=PA172&dq=parlamento+de+mequinenza&hl=es&sa=X&ei=-qVhUcfnAoTn7AaDlYGABQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=parlamento%20de%20mequinenza&f=false Jerusalén, hora cero: nueve brindis por un rey], de Jaime Salom (1995). Editorial Fundamentos</ref>). The same occurred in Valencia splitting in [[Traiguera]] and [[Vinaròs]] respectively.{{sfn|Julio Valdeón|2001|pp=105-106}} Furthermore, between 1410-1412 the Spanish troops of [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Castile]] entered Aragon and Valencia for fighting against urgellist followers, at the same time that thus also mobilised against their enemies in the two kingdoms. The victory of the Trastamarist side at the [[battle of Morvedre]] on February 27th 1412 finally left Valencia on their hands.
+===Conflicts and deliberations===
-[[Antipope Benedict XIII|Pope Bendict XIII (Avignon)]] intervened and proposed a smaller group of nine ''compromisarios'' (negotiators).<ref name="Earenfight" /> The parliamentarians of the kingdom of Aragon agreed, and on 15 February 1412, in the Concordia de Alcañiz, they appointed the ''compromisarios'', who then met in Caspe near Zaragoza, to examine the rights of the pretenders. Alcañiz sent the proposal to the parliament of Tortosa, which discussed and accepted. The kingdom of Valencia also accepted the list (after the defeat of the partisans of the Count of Urgell in the battle of Murviedro).<ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=_vp1mwUwOmoC&pg=PA345&dq=batalla+de+murviedro+jaime+de+urgel&hl=es&sa=X&ei=_StnUdS_CNO00QWWzID4Cw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=batalla%20de%20murviedro%20jaime%20de%20urgel&f=false Los Trastámara y la unidad española], de Rialp Ediciones (1981)</ref>
+[[File:El Compromiso de Caspe 1867 Teófilo de la Puebla.jpg|thumb|Proclamation of Ferdinand I as king of Aragon, by [[Dióscoro Puebla]]]]
+[[Antipope Benedict XIII|Pope Bendict XIII (Avignon)]] intervened and proposed a smaller group of nine ''compromisarios'' (negotiators).<ref name="Earenfight" /> The Trastamarist parliament of Alcañiz agreed with the proposition (wich was finally accepted by a Catalan-Aragonese board of fourteen Trastamarist Aragoneses and five varied Catalan emissaries: agreement known as Alcañiz Concord of 15 February 1412{{sfn|Arnau Cònsul|2012|pp=34-35|ref=Sàpiens}}{{sfn|Esteban Sarasa|1981|pp=118-120|ref=Sarasa1981}}) but few days later they imposed not only the 3 compromisarios from Aragon but the 3 Catalan and the 3 Valencian compromisarios too.{{sfn|Manuel Dualde|1947|pp=355-385|ref=Estudios}} The angry complaints among the Catalan and Valencian parliamentarians for this abuse were ignored, targeting the peaceful discussions sought since 1410;{{sfn|Ferran Soldevila|1965|pp=105-109 and 120-125|ref=Soldevila}}{{sfn|Arnau Cònsul|2012|pp=34-35|ref=Sàpiens}}{{sfn|Esteban Sarasa|1981|pp=121-122|ref=Sarasa1981}} and equally the complaints of [[James II, Count of Urgell|James of Urgell]] and [[Louis III of Anjou|Louis of Anjou]].{{sfn|Ernest Belenguer|2012|pp=74|ref=Belenguer}}{{sfn|Ferran Soldevila|1965|pp=123|ref=Soldevila}}{{sfn|Luis Giménez|1911|pp=37-38|ref=LuisGimenez}}
+The appointed ''compromisarios'', met in [[Caspe]], to decide who had to be the next king were:{{sfn|Esteban Sarasa|1981|pp=121|ref=Sarasa1981}}{{sfn|Arnau Cònsul|2012|pp=30-31|ref=Sàpiens}} The majority of historians agreed with the narration of the election made by the historian [[Jerónimo Zurita]] about the Compromise. Zurita writted his ''[[Anales de la Corona de Aragón]]'' from the original deeds which he handed to the house of the [[General Diputation of Aragon]] in [[1576]] (and were lost or burned cause multiple rebellions in 19th century).{{sfn|Ernest Belenguer|2012|pp=92|ref=Belenguer}} According to it, the compromisarios had different views about the succession of the deceased [[Martin of Aragon|Martí I]] and they voted differently as well,{{sfn|Ferran Soldevila|1965|pp=139-144|ref=Soldevila}}{{sfn|Arnau Cònsul|2012|pp=30-31|ref=Sàpiens}}{{sfn|Ernest Belenguer|2012|pp=72-77|ref=Belenguer}}{{sfn|Julio Valdeón|2001|pp=107-108}} anouncing the decision publicly on the June 28th 1412:
-===Compromise of Caspe===
+Votes, narrated by [[Jerónimo Zurita y Castro|Zurita]] (1562-1580, Tome. XI, chapter 87), were emitted on friday 24th June 1412 and recorded on the 25th. Vincent Ferrer was the first one to spoke in a long speech giving his vote to Ferdinand, and then Ram, his brother Bonifaci, Gualbes, Bardaixí and Aranda simply joined him. Sagarriga, Vallseca and Bertran voted differently and explaining their own reasons.{{sfn|Ferran Soldevila|1965|pp=139-144|ref=Soldevila}}{{sfn|Manuel Dualde|1971|pp=240-245|ref=Dualde1971}}{{sfn|Esteban Sarasa|1981|pp=123-126|ref=Sarasa1981}}{{sfn|Jesús Mestre|1999|pp=197-198|ref=Mestre}}
-*[[Domènec Ram]], bishop of [[Diocese of Huesca|Huesca]].
+[[File:Acta original del Compromiso de Caspe.jpg|thumb|300px|Original deed of the election of [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Antequera]] as King of Aragon.]]
-*[[Francesc de Aranda]], ancient royal councillor as well as envoy of [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]].
+:[[Kingdom of Aragon]] delegates:
-*[[Berenguer de Bardaixí]], jurist and official general of the Cortes of Aragón.
+*[[Domènec Ram]], bishop of [[Diocese of Huesca|Huesca]]: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
-*[[Pere de Sagarriga i de Pau]], archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Tarragona|Tarragona]].
-*[[Bernat de Gualbes]], syndicus and councillor of [[Barcelona]].
+*[[Francesc de Aranda]], ancient royal councillor as well as envoy of [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
-*[[Guillem de Vallseca]], officer general of the [[Parliament|Corts]] Reials Catalanes.
+*[[Berenguer de Bardaixí]], jurist and official general of the Cortes of Aragon: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
+:[[Kingdom of Valencia]] delegates:
-*[[Bonifaci Ferrer]], prior of the monastery of Portaceli.
-*[[Vincent Ferrer|Vicent Ferrer]], Dominican monk, later canonized.
+*[[Vincent Ferrer|Vicent Ferrer]], Dominican monk, later canonized: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
+*[[Bonifaci Ferrer]] (brother of Vincent), prior of the monastery of Portaceli: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
-*[[Pere Bertran]] (substitute for [[Gener Rabassa]]), citizen of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and legal expert.
+*[[Pere Bertran]] (substitute for [[Gener Rabassa]]), citizen of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and legal expert: abstained
+:[[Principality of Catalonia]] delegates:
+*[[Pere de Sagarriga i de Pau]], archbishop of [[Archdiocese of Tarragona|Tarragona]]: voted for James of Urgell and also for Alphonse of Gandia, but finally the vote have to be got by the most voted of both.
+*[[Bernat de Gualbes]], syndicus and councillor of [[Barcelona]]: voted for Ferdinand I of Antequera
+*[[Guillem de Vallseca]], officer general of the [[Parliament|Corts]] Reials Catalanes: voted for James of Urgell
+On June 28th was proclaimed [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand of Castile]] as the new king by Vicent Ferrer in a public speech also recorded.
-On 28 June 1412, the Castilian ''[[infante]]'' was unanimously proclaimed [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|King of Aragón]]. Even though the version by [[Jerónimo Zurita y Castro|Jerónimo Zurita]] in his ''[[Anales de la Corona de Aragón]]'' (1562-1580, Tome. XI, chapter 87) refers to the votes by the six negotiators (three from Aragón: Domènec Ram, Francesc de Aranda, Berenguer de Bardaixí; two from Valencia, the Ferrer brothers; and a Catalan, Bernat de Gualbes, who backed Ferdinand's candidacy while two others voted in favor of the Count of Urgell and a third one from Valencia decided to abstain), no contemporary sources confirm the existence of any secret ballot. In fact, there are no records from that period supporting these events disseminated much later in history books.
+====Revisionism====
-The judges certainly deliberated and there were probably differences, but the agreements resulting from the [[Interregnum]] processes, which ensued after Martin's death until the final decision was taken, including the Concordia de Alcañiz, were reached through consensus, there were no discrepancies, and approval was unanimous. The original notarized deed whereby Ferdinand of Antequera was proclaimed King of Aragon by the delegates on 25 June 1412, and all other deeds, writings, and official testimonies from the Parliaments of Aragón, Valencia, and Catalonia also reflect this consensus. These sources coincide in that the negotiators unanimously gave their consent to Fernando's designation.
+Lately, in recent years, three aragonese historians denied the version of [[Jerónimo Zurita y Castro|Zurita]] arguing that no contemporary sources confirm the existence of any secret ballot: José Ángel Sesma Muñoz, Carlos Laliena and Cristina Monterde. Sesma assured in 2011 that all nine compromisarios, despite their different preferences, agreed the same name of Ferdinand unanimously,{{sfn|Sesma Muñoz|2011|pp=207-209}} and he repeted this view in 2012 with Laliena and Monterde.{{sfn|Sesma, Laliena and Monterde|2012|p=5}} The main argument is that the official notarized deed of proclamation writted on June 25th 1412 doesn't mention any results of the hypotetical election. Furthermore, they quoted some testimonies (but not the full statements) who were present at the ceremony of proclamation on June 28th, like Melchor de Gualbes, saying that the 3 catalan compromisarios had declared that "''they had acted freely and had not been under any pressure''" and that at the end "''everybody would be one opinion''".{{sfn|Sesma, Laliena and Monterde|2012|p=38}} On 2013 there are no more pulicised works that support this new theory.
+Already in 2012 this point of view was refuted by historian Ernest Belenguer, who called the attention on the point that in this kind of elections (like [[conclaves]]) the results of the ballots are not publicized, therefore it can't be deduced a unanimity election only from this kind of deed. He also mentioned that even the official and paid Trastamara's chronist [[Lorenzo Valla]] said in 15th century that there were very different opinions among the compromisarios.{{sfn|Ernest Belenguer|2012|pp=91|ref=Belenguer}} Furthermore, Belenguer cited other authors which in 17th century had seen too the same documents as Zurita did, like Uztarroz or Dormer, and they also made the same narration as the Aragonese historian did about the preferences spoken by every one of the nine compromisarios.{{sfn|Ernest Belenguer|2012|pp=92|ref=Belenguer}}
-This was also confirmed by Melchor de Gualbes, the messenger who brought the news to the Catalan assembly in Tortosa. When the Bishop of [[Girona]] asked about the particulars of the proclamation, the messenger replied that the agreement had been reached by nine persons in great and happy concord (''gran y feliz concordia''). This is also reflected in the report by the representatives of the Catalan Parliament. Furthermore, at the behest of some of the deputies, the three Catalan members of the Compromise of Caspe declared that "they had acted freely and had not been under any pressure at any time" and that at the end of the process, "they all shared the same opinion."{{sfn|Sesma Muñoz|2011|pp=207-209}}{{sfn|Laliena and Monterde|2012|p=5}}
 ==Aftermath==
 [[File:Proclamación del Compromiso de Caspe.jpg|thumb|Reenaction of the Compromise]]
-James II, Count of Urgell, refused to accept the decision, and failed to present himself at the coronation. Ferdinand I entered unsuccessfully into negotiations with James to prevent open warfare and then occupied castles and strong points in Urgell. He officially dissolved the [[County of Urgell]] in 1413 and the area came under the [[Count of Barcelona]]. There were uprisings in support of James in Valencia and Catalonia and James himself lead sorties out from his command headquarters in [[Balaguer]]. James's supporters were defeated in battle on 25 June 1413 outside of [[Lleida]].
+Initially James II Count of Urgell accepted the sentence and even swore allegiance to the new king, but several months after revolted himself in May 1413 but was unsuccessful to mobilize more nobles after two years of fights and battles. There were some uprisings in support of James in Valencia and Catalonia and James himself lead sorties out from his domain in [[Count of Urgell|Urgell]]. James's supporters were defeated in battle on 25 June 1413 outside of [[Lleida]]. [[Antón de Luna]] enlisted the support of [[Gascony|Gascon]] and [[England|English]] troops who invaded at [[Jaca]], but they were defeated on 10 July 1413 before he was able to join James's army.{{sfn|Luis Vela Gormedino|1985|pp=24-25|ref=Gormedino}}
-[[Antón de Luna]] enlisted the support of [[Gascony|Gascon]] and [[England|English]] troops who invaded at [[Jaca]], but they were defeated on 10 July 1413 before he was able to join James's army.<ref>Gormedino, Luis Vela (1985) ''Crónica incompleta del reinado de Fernando I de Aragón''  Anubar, Zaragoza, pages 24&ndash;25, ISBN 84-7013-210-5; in Spanish</ref> In August, Ferdinand began the [[siege of Balaguer]]. Meanwhile, [[Antón de Luna]] had organized defenses in [[Province of Huesca|Huesca]]; however, the [[Castle of Montearagón]] was taken on 11 August, and he and his troops fled to [[Loarre Castle]]. In October 1413, James surrendered at Balaguer. The following January, Loarre Castle fell, and the rebellion was over.
+In August, Ferdinand began the [[siege of Balaguer]]. Meanwhile, Antón de Luna had organized defenses in [[Province of Huesca|Huesca]]; however, the [[Castle of Montearagon]] was taken on 11 August, and he and his troops fled to [[Loarre Castle]]. Finally, in October 1413 James surrendered at his city: [[Balaguer]]. The following January, Loarre Castle fell, and the rebellion was over. The [[County of Urgell]] was dissolved in 1413 and the area came under the royal domain of the [[county of Barcelona]], but were shared out among the Trastámara's supporters.
-With the selection of a younger prince of the Castilian Royal House of [[Trastamara]], the Aragonese Crown became increasingly drawn into the sphere of influence of more powerful [[Crown of Castile|Castile]].  About 50 years after the Compromise, with the marriage of [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand I]]'s grandson [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] to [[Isabella I of Castile|Queen Isabella of Castile]], Aragon became the junior partner in a dynastic union that would be the foundation of the modern Spanish state.
+With the selection of a younger prince of the Castilian Royal House of [[Trastamara]], the Aragonese Crown became increasingly drawn into the sphere of influence of more powerful [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]. About 50 years after the Compromise, with the marriage of [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand I]]'s grandson [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] to [[Isabella I of Castile|Queen Isabella of Castile]], Aragon became the junior partner in a dynastic union that would become the modern Spanish state.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 86: / Line 91: @@
 ==Sources==
+{{Reflist|2}}
-<references />
 == Bibliography ==
 *{{cite book|author= Laliena Corbera, Miguel and Monterde Albiac, Cristina (Coordinator: José Ángel Sesma Muñoz)|title = En el sexto centenario de la Concordia de Alcañiz y del Compromiso de Caspe|year = 2012|publisher = Gobíerno de Aragón| language = Spanish|location = Zaragoza|url= http://www.compromisodecaspe.es/documents/6606706/80aea608-f39c-43f3-8def-271ab9b85576}}
 *{{cite book|last= Sesma Muñoz|first= José Ángel|title =El Interregno (1410-1412) Concordia y compromiso político en la Corona de Aragón| year = 2011|publisher = Institución "Fernando el Católico" (CSIC)| language =Spanish|location = Zaragoza|isbn = 978-84-9911-143-8}}
+*{{cite book|author=Valdeón Baruque, Julio|title = Los Trastámaras. El triunfo de una dinastía bastarda|year = 2001|publisher = Temas de Hoy ed.| language = Spanish|location = Madrid|isbn =84-8460-129-3|url=}}
+*{{cite book|author= Soldevila, Ferran|title = El Compromís de Casp (resposta al Sr. Menéndez Pidal)|year = 1994 (first edition 1965)|publisher = Rafael Dalmau Editions| language = Catalan|location = Barcelona|isbn =84-232-0481-2|url=|ref=Soldevila}}
+*{{cite book|author= Belenguer, Ernest|title = El com i el perquè del Compromís de Casp (1412)|year = 2012|publisher = Rafael Dalmau Editions| language = Catalan|location = Barcelona|isbn =978-84232-0772-5|url=|ref=Belenguer}}
+*{{cite journal |last= Cònsul|first=Arnau |author= |authorlink= |last2= Casals|first2= Àngel|author2= |authorlink2= |date= |year=2012 |month=april |title=El Compromís de Casp. Pacte o conxorxa?|trans_title= Compromise of Caspe. Pact or plot?|journal=Sàpiens |volume=115 |series= |issue= |page= |pages=26-37 |at= |chapter= |location=Barcelona |publisher=Grup Cultura 03 |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |language=Catalan |format= |type= |arxiv= |id= |isbn= |issn= 1695-2014|oclc= |pmid= |pmc= |bibcode= |doi= |accessdate= |url=http://www.sapiens.cat/ca/notices/2012/03/el-compromis-de-casp-1873.php |archiveurl= |archivedate= |laysource= |laysummary= |laydate= |quote= |ref= Sàpiens|separator= |postscript= }}
+*{{cite book|author= Sarasa Sánchez, Esteban|title = Aragón y el Compromiso de Caspe|year = 1981|publisher = Librería General| language = Spanish|location = Zaragoza|isbn =84-7078-107-3|url=|ref=Sarasa1981}}
+*{{cite journal |last= Dualde Serrano|first=Manuel |author= |authorlink= |last2= |first2= |author2= |authorlink2= |date= |year=1947-1948|month=|title=La elección de los compromisarios de Caspe|trans_title= The election of the Caspe compromisarios|journal=Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón|volume=III|series= |issue= |page= |pages=355-395 |at= |chapter= |location=Zaragoza|publisher= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |language=Spanish|format= |type= |arxiv= |id= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmc= |bibcode= |doi= |accessdate= |url=|archiveurl= |archivedate= |laysource= |laysummary= |laydate= |quote= |ref= Estudios|separator= |postscript= }}
+*{{cite book|author= Giménez Fayos, Luis|title = El Compromiso de Caspe : (1412-1912)|year = 1911|publisher = Miguel Gimeno| language = Spanish|location = Valencia|isbn= |url=|ref=LuisGiménez}}
+*{{cite book|author1= Dualde Serrano; Manuel|author2= Camarena Mahiques, José|title = El Compromiso de Caspe|year = 1971|publisher = Institución Alfonso el Magnanimo and Institución Fernando el Católico| language = Spanish|location = Zaragoza |isbn= |url=|ref=Dualde1971}}
+*{{cite book|author= Mestre i Godes, Jesús|title = El Compromís de Casp: Un moment decisiu en la història de Catalunya|year = 1999|publisher = Edicions 62| language = Catalan|location = Barcelona|isbn=8429745130|url=|ref=Mestre}}
+*{{cite book|author1= Gormedino; Luis Vela|author2= |title = Crónica incompleta del reinado de Fernando I de Aragón|year = 1985|publisher =Anubar | language = Spanish|location = Zaragoza |isbn=84-7013-210-5 |url=|ref=Gormedino}}
 [[Category:1412 in law]]