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In the United States, ''Erotica'' debuted at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] on November 11, 1992, with first week sales of 167,000 copies.<ref name="billboard"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mayfield|first=Geoff|title=Between The Bullets|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=aAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116&dq=madonna+erotica+167,000&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=Gb8JUKi7A6rj0QGCzIHvAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York|issn=71486-02552|date=1994-11-24|accessdate=2012-07-20|ref=harv}}</ref> It was held off from reaching the top spot by [[Garth Brooks]]'s fourth studio album, ''[[The Chase (Garth Brooks album)|The Chase]]'', which that same week sold 4,000 copies more than ''Erotica''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-29/entertainment/ca-914_1_soundscan-monitoring-system|title=Despite Massive Multimedia Blitz, 'Erotica' Chasing 'The Chase'|first=Chuck|last=Philips|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=Tribune Company|date=1992-10-29|accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref> The next week, the album dropped to the fourth position.<ref name="pinnacle">{{cite journal|last=Grein|first=Pau|title=Bolton Bounds; Heights Reach Pinnacle|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=EBIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA94&dq=madonna+erotica&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=Msi3T-n1LMHlggfShNTBCg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=madonna%20erotica&f=false|journal=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|issn=71486-02552|location=New York|date=1992-10-17|accessdate=2012-07-13|ref=harv}}</ref> It was eventually certified [[RIAA certification|two times platinum]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) for shipments of two million units.<ref name="riaa"/> In Canada, the album debuted at number seven on the [[RPM (magazine)|RPM Albums Chart]] on November 7, 1992.<ref name="rpm">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.1891&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2|title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 56, No. 19, November 07 1992|date=1993-11-07|accessdate=2012-07-06|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=RPM Library Archives}}</ref> It reached a peak of number four on November 21, 1992.<ref name="peakrpm"/> The album was present for a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was certified two times platinum by the [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] (CRIA) for shipments of 200,000 copies.<ref name="cria"/> In the United Kingdom, ''Erotica'' debuted at number two on the [[UK Albums Chart]], on October 24, 1992.<ref name="every"/> It remained at its peak at number two for three weeks, and a total of 38 weeks on the chart.<ref name="every"/> The album was certified two times platinum on June 1, 1993, by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies.<ref name="bpi"/>
In the United States, ''Erotica'' debuted at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] on November 11, 1992, with first week sales of 167,000 copies.<ref name="billboard"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mayfield|first=Geoff|title=Between The Bullets|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=aAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA116&dq=madonna+erotica+167,000&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=Gb8JUKi7A6rj0QGCzIHvAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York|issn=71486-02552|date=1994-11-24|accessdate=2012-07-20|ref=harv}}</ref> It was held off from reaching the top spot by [[Garth Brooks]]'s fourth studio album, ''[[The Chase (Garth Brooks album)|The Chase]]'', which that same week sold 4,000 copies more than ''Erotica''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-29/entertainment/ca-914_1_soundscan-monitoring-system|title=Despite Massive Multimedia Blitz, 'Erotica' Chasing 'The Chase'|first=Chuck|last=Philips|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=Tribune Company|date=1992-10-29|accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref> The next week, the album dropped to the fourth position.<ref name="pinnacle">{{cite journal|last=Grein|first=Pau|title=Bolton Bounds; Heights Reach Pinnacle|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=EBIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA94&dq=madonna+erotica&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=Msi3T-n1LMHlggfShNTBCg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=madonna%20erotica&f=false|journal=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|issn=71486-02552|location=New York|date=1992-10-17|accessdate=2012-07-13|ref=harv}}</ref> It was eventually certified [[RIAA certification|two times platinum]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) for shipments of two million units.<ref name="riaa"/> In Canada, the album debuted at number seven on the [[RPM (magazine)|RPM Albums Chart]] on November 7, 1992.<ref name="rpm">{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.1891&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2|title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 56, No. 19, November 07 1992|date=1993-11-07|accessdate=2012-07-06|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=RPM Library Archives}}</ref> It reached a peak of number four on November 21, 1992.<ref name="peakrpm"/> The album was present for a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was certified two times platinum by the [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] (CRIA) for shipments of 200,000 copies.<ref name="cria"/> In the United Kingdom, ''Erotica'' debuted at number two on the [[UK Albums Chart]], on October 24, 1992.<ref name="every"/> It remained at its peak at number two for three weeks, and a total of 38 weeks on the chart.<ref name="every"/> The album was certified two times platinum on June 1, 1993, by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies.<ref name="bpi"/>


In France, the album debuted at number one on the [[French Albums Chart]] on October 28, 1992, staying there for two weeks, then descending down the chart.<ref name="fra"/> However, it did not receive any music certification from [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] (SNEP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Certif_Album.php|title=InfoDisc : Les Certifications (Albums) du SNEP (Bilan par Artiste) – Search for "Madonna"|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|accessdate=2010-11-14}}</ref> In Australia, the album debuted at number one on the [[Kent Music Report]] albums chart, and was certified three times platinum by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies.<ref name="aria"/> It reached the top five of the New Zealand Albums Chart.<ref name="ria"/> In Germany, the album reached the top five on the [[Media Control Charts]] and was certified gold for shipments of 250,000 copies.<ref name="ger"/><ref name="bvmi"/> In Sweden, the album debuted in its peak of number six and spent only seven weeks on the chart.<ref name="swe"/> Similarly in Switzerland, ''Erotica'' peaked number five on the week of October 25, 1992.<ref name="swi"/> It was certified gold in the latter.<ref name=switzerland/> It was also certified platinum in Spain and gold in Brazil and Germany.<ref name="bvmi"/><ref name="spain"/><ref name="brazil"/> To date, ''Erotica'' has sold more than five million copies worldwide.<ref name="Taraborrellip145">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Muro|first=Matt|url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-03-30/madonnas-top-11-controversies-and-how-they-helped-her-succeed-commercially/|title=Madonna’s Top 11 Controversies (And How They Helped Her Succeed Commercially)|date=2012-03-30|accessdate=2012-05-23|publisher=[[VH1]] ([[MTV Networks]])}}</ref>
In France, the album debuted at number one on the [[French Albums Chart]] on October 28, 1992, staying there for two weeks, then descending down the chart.<ref name="fra"/> However, it did not receive any music certification from [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] (SNEP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Certif_Album.php|title=InfoDisc : Les Certifications (Albums) du SNEP (Bilan par Artiste) – Search for "Madonna"|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|accessdate=2010-11-14}}</ref> In Australia, the album debuted at number one on the [[Kent Music Report]] albums chart, and was certified three times platinum by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies.<ref name="aria"/> It reached the top five of the New Zealand Albums Chart.<ref name="ria"/> In Germany, the album reached the top five on the [[Media Control Charts]] and was certified gold for shipments of 250,000 copies.<ref name="ger"/><ref name="bvmi"/> In Sweden, the album debuted in its peak of number six and spent only seven weeks on the chart.<ref name="swe"/> Similarly in Switzerland, ''Erotica'' peaked number five on the week of October 25, 1992.<ref name="swi"/> It was certified gold in the latter.<ref name=switzerland/> It was also certified platinum in Spain and gold in Brazil and Germany.<ref name="bvmi"/><ref name="spain"/><ref name="brazil"/> To date, ''Erotica'' has sold more than six million copies worldwide.<ref name="Taraborrellip145">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Muro|first=Matt|url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-03-30/madonnas-top-11-controversies-and-how-they-helped-her-succeed-commercially/|title=Madonna’s Top 11 Controversies (And How They Helped Her Succeed Commercially)|date=2012-03-30|accessdate=2012-05-23|publisher=[[VH1]] ([[MTV Networks]])}}</ref>


==Singles==
==Singles==

Revision as of 20:36, 18 April 2013

Untitled

Erotica is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on October 20, 1992 by Maverick Records. The album and Madonna's first book publication, Sex, a coffee-table book containing explicit photographs featuring the singer released simultaneously with Erotica, mark Madonna's first release with Maverick, her own multi-media entertainment company, which consisted of a record and film production companies. Madonna incorporated an alter-ego for both Erotica and Sex named Mistress Dita, inspired by actress Dita Parlo; she talks about sex and romance throughout the album. However, other songs also take on a more confessional tone, influenced by the loss of Madonna's two close friends to AIDS.

Erotica incorporates influences from house music, new jack swing, and lounge music. Madonna recorded the album in New York City with Shep Pettibone and André Betts while she was working on other projects. Pettibone sent her a tape with three songs when she was in Chicago and shortly after, they started the album's production in his apartment. During the sessions, they also had problems during sequencing, which according to Pettibone he had to keep things moving as fast as possible as he would not want Madonna to lose interest in music. According to him, her compositions were serious and intense and directed the creative direction of the songs into a deeply personal territory. The album's production was chronicled by Pettibone in an article called "Erotica Diaries", on Madonna's Icon magazine.

After it was released, it received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Some of them believed that it is one of Madonna's most adventurous albums of her career and also praised Madonna's comments on tabboos and AIDS; however, others criticized Madonna's voice and the dance-based music. Erotica was less successful than Madonna's previous records, peaking at number two in the United States and the United Kingdom, being certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It topped the charts in Australia and France, while peaking the top five in Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Spain and other countries.

Six singles were released from the album, with the title track and "Deeper and Deeper" becoming a top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100. The album was supported by Madonna's fourth concert tour, Girlie Show World Tour. The concert opened with a topless dancer performing in a pole dance, causing controversy in some countries the tour visited. During the concert in Puerto Rico, Madonna rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, revolting the island's government. With the album's release, its accompaining book Sex and Madonna's role on the erotic thriller film Body of Evidence, critics commented that "she had gone too far" and her career was over. Also, the album was banned in some regions and the Vatican banned Madonna from entering the state and her music was banned on its radio stations, among other regions.

Background

Picture of a blonde woman with straight short hair. She is wearing black shorts and looking to her right. Her arms are open and a headset microphone to her mouth.
Madonna performing "Erotica" during The Girlie Show World Tour in 1993

In 1992, Madonna founded her own multi-media entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions.[1] The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony.[1] Madonna said that she envisioned the company as an "artistic think tank" and likened it to a cross between the Bauhaus, the innovative German arts institute formed in Weimar in 1919, and Andy Warhol's New York-based Factory of artists and assistants. She stated: "It started as a desire to have more control. There's a group of writers, photographers, directors and editors that I've met along the way in my career who I want to take with me everywhere I go. I want to incorporate them into my little factory of ideas. I also come in contact with a lot of young talent that I feel entrepreneurial about."[1] The first two projects from the venture were her fifth studio album, Erotica, and a coffee table book of photographs featuring Madonna, entitled Sex.[1]

Madonna primarily collaborated with Shep Pettibone for the album. Pettibone first began working with Madonna during the 1980s, providing remixes for several of her singles.[2] He later co-wrote and co-produced the lead single from the soundtrack album I'm Breathless, "Vogue", which topped the American charts in 1990.[3][4] The same year, Pettibone worked on with Madonna on her greatest hits album The Immaculate Collection, co-producing new song "Rescue Me" and remixing her earlier songs for the compilation using audio technology QSound.[5] In 1992, Madonna collaborated with Pettibone on "This Used to Be My Playground", the soundtrack of the film A League of Their Own, in which was recorded during the recording sessions for Erotica.[5] Alongside Pettibone, Madonna enlisted help from producer André Betts, who previously co-produced "Justify My Love" for The Immaculate Collection.[2] Madonna said that she was interested to work with Pettibone and Betts due to their ability to remain plugged into the dance underground, "They come from opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of their music style and approach to music, but they're both connected to the street and they're still young and hungry."[6]

Development

"I remember when Madonna and I first started working together on Erotica. We were listening in my home studio to one of the first songs and I turned to her and said "It's great, but it's no 'Vogue'." She told me that not every song could be 'Vogue' - not every cut could emerge as the top-selling record of all time. She was right, but I pressed my case anyway: "I guess I'm always trying to out-top myself, the next thing should be bigger than the last." Madonna just turned and looked me straight in the eye. She said, "Shep, no matter how fierce something is, you can't ever do the same thing twice."

—Producer Shep Pettibone in a article published by Icon magazine.[5]

According to Pettibone in an article "Erotica Diaries" published on Madonna's Icon magazine, he produced a tape with three songs for Madonna to listen to, before he traveled to Chicago, where she was filming A League of Their Own. She listened to the songs and liked all of them.[5] After filming was complete, Madonna met Pettibone in New York City to start working together in November 1991.[5] Their schedule was sporadic in the beginning. Madonna and Pettibone were in the studio for a week and then she would work with Steven Meisel on Sex, for two weeks. Occasionally, Madonna also would meet André Betts.[5] At first, Madonna did not like the first group of songs she had recorded. She wanted Erotica to have a raw edge to it, as if it were recorded in an alley in Harlem, and not a light glossy production to permeate her sound, according to Pettibone.[5] "Deeper and Deeper" was not working for Madonna. Pettibone said they tried different bridges and changes, but in the end, Madonna wanted the middle of the song to have a flamenco guitar.[5]

They had problems during sequencing and had to repair the songs, taking some time. Pettibone had to keep things moving as fast as possible as he would not want Madonna to lose interest in the music.[5] At this point, as far as the music went, it was getting a little melancholy. However, as Pettibone explained, Madonna's stories directed the creative direction of the songs into deeply personal territory as they were more serious and intense.[5] Madonna left the album's production to work on her next film Body of Evidence in Oregon.[5] Shortly after, Pettibone started on a song called "Goodbye to Innocence", which was not working. He further commented that he made a new bass line for the track. When Madonna went to record her vocals for "Goodbye to Innocence", she started singing Little Willie John's song "Fever" instead of singing the original words. They decided to record it, as they felt it sounded good. As they did not know the words, Madonna called Seymour Stein from Sire Records, and within an hour, they had the Peggy Lee version, and the original version of the song.[5] This song was the last to be recorded for the album, in August 1992, and it was finished within a month later.[5]

Composition

"It started out as a joke. We were mixing 'Waiting', and she wanted to go out to eat. While she was out, I just started rapping over the music. When she came back, I played it for her, and she liked it. Next thing I knew, it was on the album. That's a perfect how low-key and relaxed we were."

—Producer André Betts talking about the rap on the track "Did You Do It?".[6]

For Erotica, an album which consists of electronic and pop rock genres,[7] Madonna incorporated an alter-ego named Mistress Dita, heavily inspired by actress Dita Parlo.[2][8] "Erotica" is the first single and also the opening track from the album. Starting with Madonna saying "My name is Dita", she invites her lover to be passive, while she tells him to "do as I say" and leads him to explore boundaries between pain and pleasure.[9][8] It deals with sex hang-ups, and has been described as "an ode to S&M".[2][10] Her cover version of "Fever" follows the title track. It is described as a "sassy, house-style remake" of the pop standard.[11] The third track, "Bye Bye Baby", starts with the declaration, "This is not a love song," and goes on to ask questions of a lover she is about to abandon. At one point, Madonna asks angrily: "Does it make you feel good to see me cry?"[9] The fourth track and second single from Erotica, "Deeper and Deeper", is described as one of the "pure disco" moments of the album.[8] Its bridge features a flamenco guitar,[2] and its lyrics talk about sexual obsession.[10] In the following track, "Where Life Begins", Madonna promises to teach "a different kind of kiss" to the listener. In the song, Madonna talks about the pleasures of oral sex and also references safe-sex.[2] The sixth track is "Bad Girl". It talks about a woman who would rather gets drunk than end a relationship she is too neurotic to handle.[8] The seventh song, "Waiting", has been described as a "yearning ballad".[8] Featuring spoken words, it addresses rejection and unrequited love.[2]

"Thief of Hearts", the song that follows "Waiting", is a dark and rumbling song.[11] It uses tough hip-hop language to ward off a rival for her lover's attention. It opens with the smashing of a glass, and Madonna shouting, "Bitch!/Which leg do you want me to break?" and later, she sneers, "Little miss thinks she can have his child/Well anybody can do it."[9] The song has been described as a sequel to "Justify My Love" (1990).[2] "Words" was compared to the previous track "Thief of Hearts", with music critics finding similarity in scope, each with sharp lyrics and catchy beats.[12] The song features clattering programs and icy synth block-chords.[13] "Rain" is the tenth track and fifth single from the album. Its lyrics talk about waiting and hoping for love. The song features a crescendo towards the end.[12] During the following track, "Why's It So Hard", is considered the album's plea for solidarity with her audience, as Madonna sings: "Why's it so hard to love one another?"[2][9] The following song "In This Life" was written in memory of friends who Madonna had lost to the AIDS epidemic.[11] The drums were compared to a doomsday clock and the keyboard intervals were also compared to George Gershwin's blues lullaby "Prelude No. 2", creating a sense of dis-ease.[2] The thirteenth track, "Did You Do It?", features rappers Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy. The song was omitted in the clean edition of Erotica.[6] The last track from the album, "Secret Garden", is described as Erotica's most personal song. Also, Secret Garden is dedicated to her vagina, because she considered "the secret place where she could enjoy herself."[14] It features a jazz-house beat.[2]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[7]
Billboard(positive)[15]
Entertainment WeeklyC+[16]
Robert Christgau(A)[17]
Rolling Stone[8]
Slant Magazine[2]
Stylus Magazine(positive)[13]
The Baltimore Sun(positive)[11]
The New York Times(mixed)[9]
Yahoo! Music(positive)[12]

Erotica received generally positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called it "ambitious" and noted that Erotica contains some of Madonna's best and most accomplished music.[7] Paul Verna from Billboard considered that it was her most varied and creatively challenging collection to date.[15] Arion Berger of Rolling Stone praised the album's "cold, remote sound", and wrote that "Erotica is everything Madonna has been denounced for being — meticulous, calculated, domineering and artificial. It accepts those charges and answers with a brilliant record to prove them".[8] Yahoo! Music editor John Myers stated that the album is musically some of Madonna's best work and offers intelligent insight into the taboos the people been taught to be afraid to speak of, combined with equally clever musical arrangements.[12] J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun stated that the most surprising thing on the songs is that they find Madonna singing about love, not about sex.[11] J. Randy Taraborrelli author of Madonna: An Intimate Biography commented that it is infortunate that Erotica has to be historically liked to other less memorable ventures in Madonna's career at this time. However, he said that the album should be considered on its own merits, and not only as one linked to the other two adult-oriented projects, because it has true value.[18] Charles Aaron from Spin noted that the album is a brave comment on the chillt, tragic detachment of sex under AIDS.[19]

Stylus Magazine commented that each song has its own energy. He also noted that "Erotica was too sophisticated for a mainstream besotted with The Bodyguard and a college-radio claque eager to praise R.E.M.'s opaque dirges for the wisdom that Madonna's club fodder showed with less fuss and with a better rhythm section".[13] Robert Christgau commented that "The singer doesn't have great pipes, but because she's too hip to belt [this time], she doesn't need them. She's in control, all understated presence and impersonal personality except when she's flashing some pink. [...] "Love your sister, love your brother" thing, the lyrics are not stupid. I love the rap where the boast turns out to be a lie."[17] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine recognized that "Pettibone's beats might be time-stamped with the sound of a genre that ruled a decade of one-hitters before being replaced by commercialized hip-hop" and classified Madonna's voice as "nasal and remote".[2] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly was less positive, declaring that Erotica may be the most joyless dance music of all time, while critizicing Madonna's "soulless" voice.[16] Stephen Holden from The New York Times wrote that Erotica is far from Madonna's best album, as the hip-hop songs lack the "musical breadth and confessional poignancy" of Like a Prayer, the record that established Madonna as a mature pop songwriter.[9]

Chart performance

Image a blonde woman wearing red-and-white Circus outfits and using a black tiara. She is sat-down on the floor and is holding a michophone to her mouth, with her eyes closed.
Madonna perorming "Deeper and Deeper" from the album during the Re-Invention World Tour in 2004

In the United States, Erotica debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 on November 11, 1992, with first week sales of 167,000 copies.[15][20] It was held off from reaching the top spot by Garth Brooks's fourth studio album, The Chase, which that same week sold 4,000 copies more than Erotica.[21] The next week, the album dropped to the fourth position.[22] It was eventually certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of two million units.[23] In Canada, the album debuted at number seven on the RPM Albums Chart on November 7, 1992.[24] It reached a peak of number four on November 21, 1992.[25] The album was present for a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was certified two times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of 200,000 copies.[26] In the United Kingdom, Erotica debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart, on October 24, 1992.[27] It remained at its peak at number two for three weeks, and a total of 38 weeks on the chart.[27] The album was certified two times platinum on June 1, 1993, by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies.[28]

In France, the album debuted at number one on the French Albums Chart on October 28, 1992, staying there for two weeks, then descending down the chart.[29] However, it did not receive any music certification from Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP).[30] In Australia, the album debuted at number one on the Kent Music Report albums chart, and was certified three times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies.[31] It reached the top five of the New Zealand Albums Chart.[32] In Germany, the album reached the top five on the Media Control Charts and was certified gold for shipments of 250,000 copies.[33][34] In Sweden, the album debuted in its peak of number six and spent only seven weeks on the chart.[35] Similarly in Switzerland, Erotica peaked number five on the week of October 25, 1992.[36] It was certified gold in the latter.[37] It was also certified platinum in Spain and gold in Brazil and Germany.[34][38][39] To date, Erotica has sold more than six million copies worldwide.[40][41]

Singles

"Erotica"
Released as the lead single from the album, "Erotica" was described by critics as "brilliant". It reached the top ten in countries such as Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the Billboard Hot 100.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Erotica" was the lead single released from the album in October 1992. It was described by music critics as "brilliant",[2] who also compared it to her single "Justify My Love" (1990).[8][12] It peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100.[22] Internationally, it reached the top ten in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom.[42][43][44][45][46] Following the release of the song, Leabanese singer Fairuz claimed her voice apppeared on the song without permission, and said the lyric "he crucified me today", which was sung in Arabic, is taken from a religious song that is traditionally heard during Eastern services.[47] "Deeper and Deeper" was released as the second single in November 1992. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with most of them praising its disco music theme.[2][8][15] "Deeper and Deeper" achieved top-ten success in Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States.[48][49][50][51] "Bad Girl" was released in February 1993, receiving positive reviews, with music critics naming it "riveting".[8] The song had a modest success on the charts, peaking at number ten on the UK Singles Chart while reaching number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.[12][51][52]

"Fever" was released as the fourth single of the album in March 1993 in Europe and Australia. It received positive reviews from critics praising its house version.[15] It became a top-ten hit in several European countries including Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom,[53][54][55] while topping the Hot Dance Club Play chart without a North American release.[56] The fifth single, "Rain", was released in July 1993. It was described by music critics as an extended cum metaphor, and noted it as one of Madonna's best works.[2][7] However, it was described as a slushy rewrite of "This Used to Be My Playground", (1992) which is a slushy rewrite of "Promise to Try" from her album Like a Prayer (1989).[13] "Rain" peaked at number one in Italy and number two in Canada.[57][58] "Bye Bye Baby" was released as the last single from the album in November 1993. Critical response was positive, with music critics praising Madonna's "honest" performance and noting her electronically altered voice in the song.[16] It reached the top ten in Italy and peaked within the top twenty in Australia.[57][59]

Promotion

Main article: The Girlie Show World Tour
Image of a concert stage. It is written "GIRLIE SHOW", in yellow, above red curtains, as flashes of lights illuminate the stage.
As part of the stage of the show, it had a giant illuminated "Girlie Show" sign above red velvet curtains. Also, there were flashes of lights illuminating the stage.[60]

To start the promotion for Erotica, Madonna performed "Fever" and "Bad Girl" on Saturday Night Live, in January 1993.[61] During the latter, she referenced Sinéad O'Connor's actions by ripping a photograph of Pope John Paul II and yelling "Fight the real enemy". The photograph Madonna used was of Joey Buttafuoco.[62] During the 1000th The Arsenio Hall Show, Madonna performed the original version of "Fever" accompanied by a band, wearing a black classic dress and smoking a cigarette.[63] Following this performance, Madonna sang "The Lady Is a Tramp" with Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, dressed up in matching skirts, stockings, leather vests and cat-ear caps.[63] On September 2, 1993, Madonna opened the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards performing "Bye Bye Baby" cavorting with three scantily clad women in a brothel-style setting, dressed in tuxedos and top hats, danced with women in corsets in a choreographed, highly sexual routine.[64][65][66]

The album was further promoted on her fourth concert tour, the Girlie Show World Tour, which visited Israel and Turkey, Latin America and Australia for the first time in 1993. The tour required 1500 costumes for the cast, and a 24-hour set up time for the stage.[67] Madonna opened the show dressed as a dominatrix, surrounded by topless dancers of both sexes.[68] Lighter moments included Madonna descending from the ceiling on a giant disco ball, wearing an Afro wig for "Express Yourself", as well as the singer singing "Like a Virgin" in the guise of actress Marlene Dietrich and singing the word 'virgin' as 'wirgin'.[69] She caused uproar in Puerto Rico by rubbing their national flag between her legs on stage.[69] Orthodox Jews protested to force the cancellation of the concert in Tel Aviv, Israel. However, the rallies were unsuccessful as the show went on as scheduled.[69] The Girlie Show received positive reviews from critics,[70] and was a commercial success, grossing around US$ 70 million.[71]

Legacy

Madonna performing a remixed version of "Erotica" during the 2006 Confessions Tour. The song was banned in radio stations such as in Vatican and Lebanon at the time of its release.

With the album's release, its accompaining book, Sex and Madonna's role on the erotic thriller film Body of Evidence, which featured her fully nude and in scenes engaged in simulated sexual acts,[72][73] critics commented that "she had gone too far" and her career was over. Despite this, some critics and Madonna's audience claim that the album is one of her best efforts.[2][12] Erotica is ranked at number 24 on the Slant Magazine's list of 100 Best Albums of the 1990s.[74] According to Taraborrelli, "At the time of Erotica's release in October 1992, much of society seemed to reexamining its sexuality. Gay rights issues were at the forefront of social discussions globally, as was an ever-increasing awareness of AIDS. A generation seemed increasingly curious to explore, without guilt, shame or apology, a different slice of life, something more provocative, maybe darker."[75] In the review for fifteenth anniversary of the album, music critic Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine commented about the album's impact:

By 1992, Madonna was an icon—untouchable, literally and figuratively—and Erotica was the first time the artist's music took on a decidedly combative, even threatening tone, and most people didn't want to hear it. Erotica's irrefutable unsexiness probably says more about the sex=death mentality of the early '90s than any other musical document of its time. This is not Madonna at her creative zenith. This is Madonna at her most important, at her most relevant. No one else in the mainstream at that time dared to talk about sex, love, and death with such frankness and fearlessness.[2]

Upon the release of the album, there came a phenomenon which was considered to be a "Madonna backlash" everywhere.[76] The Vatican banned Madonna from entering the state and her music was banned on its radio stations.[77] The title track and the album were also banned in Lebanon.[77] Its accomapining music video also suffered of the mainstream condenation due to its explicit sexual imagery. In it, Madonna portrayed a masked dominatrix with a golden tooth and a whip. It is a montage of sexually charged images, designed to shock the audience. MTV put the video into heavy rotation, but only after midnight.[78] It was banned from broadcast on NBC and Times Square because its bondage imagery was deemed too racy.[79] In Singapore, after Erotica's worldwide release, the album was on hold for its release, because their government censors thought the track "Did You Do It" was too explicit. Managing director Peter Lau said, "We were elated when the album was cleared, but ['Did You Do It'] failed to pass. We're still waiting approval."[80] It was banned in China.[81] Regarding the controversy, Madonna has recalled: "There was a time when I could not open up a newspaper or magazine and not read something incredibly scathing about myself."[82] However, she stated: "I'm not apologising in any shape or form. That's where my head was at the time. I was interested in pushing buttons and being rebellious and being mischievous and trying to bend the rules."[83]

Track listing

No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Erotica"Madonna Ciccone, Shep Pettibone, Anthony ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:20
2."Fever"John Davenport, Eddie CooleyMadonna, Pettibone5:00
3."Bye Bye Baby"Ciccone, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone3:56
4."Deeper and Deeper"Ciccone, Pettibone, Anthony ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:33
5."Where Life Begins"Ciccone, Andre BettsMadonna, Betts5:57
6."Bad Girl"Ciccone, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:23
7."Waiting"Ciccone, BettsMadonna, Betts5:46
8."Thief of Hearts"Ciccone, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone4:51
9."Words"Ciccone, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:55
10."Rain"Ciccone, PettiboneMadonna, Pettibone5:25
11."Why's It So Hard"Ciccone, Pettibone, ShimkinMadonna, Pettibone5:23
12."In This Life"Ciccone, PettiboneMadonna, Pettibone6:23
13."Did You Do It?" (featuring Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy)Ciccone, Betts, PettiboneMadonna, Betts4:54
14."Secret Garden"Ciccone, BettsMadonna, Betts5:32
Additional notes[84]
  • "Erotica" contain a sample of "Jungle Boogie" performed by Kool and the Gang.[84] Another sample "El Yom 'Ulliqa 'Ala Khashaba" by Lebanese singer Fairuz was used which led to a lawsuit, this was settled out of court.[85]
  • Anthony Shimkin has been officially added by ASCAP as a co-writer to "Erotica", "Bye Bye Baby", "Bad Girl", "Thief of Hearts", "Words" and "Why's It So Hard". Inlay notes to the album do not include this. Shimkin was only allowed to add his credit to one composition on the album, he originally chose "Deeper and Deeper".[86]
  • "Did You Do It?" features Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy. This song is available only on the Explicit Parental Advisory-stickered version of the album, omitted from the clean version. Shep Pettibone has been officially added by BMI as co-writer of this song.[87]

Formats

  • CD – 13 track version, omits the track "Did You Do It?"
  • CD – Explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?" This version comes with Parental Advisory label.
  • CD Collector's Edition – Australian collector's digipak edition released in 1993 to celebrate The Girlie Show World Tour in that country. Explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?"
  • Vinyl – 13 track version, omits the track "Did You Do It?"[84]
  • Vinyl – Explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?" This version comes with Parental Advisory label. The vinyl was reissued in 2012 by Warner Bros. Records with a different catalog number.[88]
  • Cassette – 13 track version, omits the track "Did You Do It?"
  • Digital Compact Cassette – European explicit version with 14 tracks including the track "Did You Do It?" This version comes with Parental Advisory label.[89]

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[84]

Charts and certifications

Singles

Single Year Peak chart positions Certifications
US
[97] 		US Club
[98] 		AUS
[99] 		AUT
[100] 		CAN
[97] 		FRA
[29] 		GER
[33] 		ITA
[101] 		SWI
[36] 		UK
[102]
"Erotica" 1992 3 1 4 15 13 23 13 1 8 3
"Deeper and Deeper" 7 1 4 15 2 17 26 1 23 6
"Bad Girl" 1993 36 — 32 — 20 44 47 3 25 10
"Fever" — 1 51 — — 31 — — — 6
"Rain" 14 — 5 24 2 — 26 9 11 7
"Bye Bye Baby" — — 15 — — — — 7 28 —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released.

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Notes

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