UFO conspiracy theories

The term UFO conspiracy theory is used to describe any one of many often overlapping conspiracy theories which argue that evidence of the reality of unidentified flying objects is being supressed.

Such theories often incorporate the idea that governments are in fact in communication or cooperation with extraterrestrials. Some of these theories claim that the government is explicitly allowing alien abduction in exchange for technology.

Though widely known amongst the general public (and a staple of some types of fiction, such as the X Files), such ideas have seen rather little support from mainstream sources.

Background

UFO conspiracy theories typically inform one another and often entangle so tightly that it is difficult to determine who originally made any particular assertion. Many UFO conspiracy theories are quite detailed and elaborate. But they are also typically short on (or utterly lacking) corroborative evidence, and are subsequently regarded by most mainstream parties as, at best, profoundly exaggerated and inaccurate. Many more dismiss the lurid and elaborate theories as paranoid fantasy.

Popular culture

Still, various polls have suggested that many Americans suspect that their government is withholding or suppressing UFO-related evidence. The contention that there is a widespread coverup of UFO information isn't limited to the UFO research community: a 1971 survey of Industrial Research/Development magazine found that 76% felt the government wasn't revealing all it knew about UFOs, 54% thought UFOs definitely or probably existed, and 32% thought they came from outer space.[1]

It has been suggested that UFO conspiracy theories have been presented to UFO enthusiasts as disinformation designed to distract from prosaic but secretive government effort; there is one well-documented instance of this occurring; see Paul Bennewitz. Some UFO conspiracy theories have been studied as emergent folklore or urban legends.

Various conspiratorial UFO ideas have flourished on the internet and are frequently featured on Art Bell's program.

In fiction, television programs (The X-Files and Doctor Who), films (Men in Black and Independence Day) and any number of novels have featured elements of UFO conspiracy theories.

Elements may include the government's sinister Men in Black, the military bases known as Area 51, RAF Rudloe Manor or Porton Down, a supposed crash site in Roswell, New Mexico, the infamous Rendlesham Forest Incident, a political committee dubbed the "Majestic 12" or afterrunner of the UK Ministry of Defence's Flying Saucer Working Party or the FSWP[2] [3]

US government position

In fact, the United States' government has demonstrated a sometimes keen interest in UFO reports, but has also typically been reluctant to admit this or to discuss their opinions or findings. Some high-ranking military officials have reported that the military's private views of UFOs were very different from their public statements on the subject: In a signed statement to the United States Congress (also reported in the New York Times), dated February 28, 1960, former CIA Director Vice Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter stated,

"It is time for the truth to be brought out... Behind the scenes high-ranking Air Force officers are soberly concerned about the UFOs. But through official secrecy and ridicule, many citizens are led to believe the unknown flying objects are nonsense.... I urge immediate Congressional action to reduce the dangers from secrecy about unidentified flying objects."

The Brookings Report is a genuine study commissioned by the U.S. government under Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior, Valerie Mason, which suggested that evidence of extraterrestrials might prove disruptive to human society; this study has led to speculation that government agencies might cover up evidence of extraterrestrials, whether on Earth or elsewhere.

In his exhaustive The UFO Book, Jerome Clark devotes 22 pages to examination of various overlapping UFO conspiracy theories which he describes as

"the strangest and most convoluted UFO stories ... from various sources, some of them said to be connected with military and intelligence agencies, that the U.S. government not only has communicated with but has an ongoing relationship with what are known officially as extra terrestrial biological entities or EBEs ... These unsubstantiated claims have given rise to nightmarish conspiracy claims that some call Dark Side theories."

(Clark, 1998, 143) Clark also characterizes the tales as an "evolving legend". (Clark, 1998, 159)

UK government position

The United Kingdom’ government has for many years been interested in the UFO phenomenon and, surprisingly to many, has been more open about it than the US government. Some have stated that this proves that the UK Government has no covert UFO cover-up group, while others have argued the contrary. See Nick Pope’s articles Conspiracy or Indifference?, Rendlesham Forest UFO Article in MOD Magazine or Nick Redfern’s books A Covert Agenda or Cosmic Crashes amongst many others. Redfern gives a strong argument in his book ‘A Covert Agenda’ and 'Cosmic Crashes' of their being a UK version of the Majestic 12 he calls MJ-UK. This group is also referred to as the Syndicate, Enterprise, or the Consortium.

The UK Governments official stance is that UFO incidents “pose no threat to national security”. However, many senior and official figures disagree, as do some UK UFOlogists.

The Ministry of Defence’s first "official" UFO Project has its roots in a study commissioned in 1950 by the MOD’s then Chief Scientific Adviser, the great radar scientist Sir Henry Tizard. As a result of his insistence that UFO sightings should not be dismissed without some form of proper scientific study, the Department set up arguably the most marvellously-named committee in the history of the civil service, the Flying Saucer Working Party or the FSWP. [4] [5] The Flying Saucer Working Party was set up in October 1950 by Ministry of Defence Chief Scientific Adviser Sir Henry Tizard, who felt that UFO reports should not be dismissed out of hand without some serious study. He duly authorised the setting up of a small study team to look into the phenomenon. This is the group's final report [6], which was released to Georgina Bruni and a handful of other researchers in 2001 by the MOD, following requests made under the Code of Practice on Access to Government Information. A detailed commentary and analysis of this material can be found in the Official History article part 1 and Official History article part 2 by Georgina Bruni and Nick Pope.

Lord Hill-Norton, a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the UK Government and beliver in a conspiracy surrounding the Rendlesham Forest Incident and UFO’s in general [7] tabled 18 Parliamentary questions in the House of Lords -as a result of which the Government released more than 200 previously secret files concerning UFOs and aliens. One of the files revealed that then Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill wanted the matter investigated in 1952.He sent a memo to his scientific adviser, Sir Henry Tizard, asking: `What does all this stuff about flying saucers amount to? What can it mean? What is the truth?' After several months, Tizard reported that all the sightings were 'explicable by natural events, although shortly afterwards the Government explicitly banned RAF personnel from discussing sightings with anyone not from the military.

One if the most prominent 'Skeptical Believers' is Nick Pope and he discusses this incident in his various books and in his articles "Selected Documents" [8] which relates to the MOD documents on the Rendlesham Forest incident exposed by Georgina Bruni, Rendlesham - The Unresolved Mystery, The Rendlesham Files Reviewed - A detailed commentary and analysis of the MOD documents and Rendlesham Forest UFO Incident.

Additionally, Lieutenant Colonel (later Colonel) Charles I Halt, the former Deputy Base Commander of RAF/USAF NATO Bentwaters/Woodbridge of Rendlesham, who as a major witness to these events is also a believer. Halt took a patrol of men into the forest where they witnessed several objects under intelligent control. In January 1981 he composed an official Air Force memorandum [9] listing dfetails of the events. The memo was then dispatched to the Ministry of Defence. Halt also made anudio tape recording of the incident. [10]

As Nick Pope states in 2006, "The Ministry of Defence has released more information about UFOs reported to the Department in recent years, and posted it on the Freedom of Information portal on their website. Check out http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FreedomOfInformation/ and select "UFO Reports 2002 - 2005". There is a considerable amount of other UFO-related information now available. Search both the Publication Scheme and the Disclosure Log, by entering "UFO" in the search field, setting the dates so that you search the entire archive and not just the recent material. Happy hunting." [11]

Another senior Establishment figure whose interest and belief in UFOs is widely known and documented is the wartime Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding. He was very outspoken on the issue. Writing in the Sunday Dispatch on 11 July 1954 he said:

“I am convinced that these objects do exist and that they are not manufactured by any nation on Earth. I can therefore see no alternative to accepting the theory that they come from some extraterrestrial source.”

Chronology

The following sections provide a chronological list of events, statements and personalities who have figured in various UFO conspiracy theories.

1930s

On the night before Halloween in 1938, Orson Welles directed the Mercury Theatre in their live radio adaptation of H. G. Wells's classic novel, The War of the Worlds. By mimicking a news broadcast, the show was quite realistic sounding for its time, and some listeners were famously fooled into thinking that an actual Martian invasion was underway in the United States. There was widespread confusion, followed by outrage and controversy. Some later studies have argued that the extent of the panic was exaggerated by the contemporary press, but it remains clear that many people were caught up, to one degree or another, in the confusion.

There has been continued speculation that the panic generated by the War of the Worlds broadcast inspired officials to cover-up UFO evidence, to avoid a similar panic. Indeed, U.S. Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt wrote in 1956, "The (government's) UFO files are full of references to the near mass panic of October 30, 1938, when Orson Welles presented his now famous The War of the Worlds broadcast."

1940s

Roswell Incident

In 1947, the United States Air Force issued a press release stating that a "flying saucer" had crashed near Roswell, New Mexico. This press release was quickly withdrawn, and officials stated that a weather balloon had been misidentified.

The Roswell case quickly faded even from the attention of most ufologists until the 1970s; there has been continued speculation that an alien spacecraft did indeed crash near Roswell despite the official denial. (see Roswell UFO Incident)

Mantell Incident

The 1948 death of Air Force pilot Thomas Mantell (the so-called Mantell Incident) many have contributed to a distrust of governmental UFO studies. Mantell's airplane crashed and he was killed following the pursuit of an aerial artifact he described as "a metallic object ... it is of tremendous size." (Clark, 352) Project Sign personnel investigated the case and determined that Mantell had been chasing the planet Venus—a conclusion which met with incredulity.

Project Sign

The U.S. Air Force may have planted the seeds of UFO conspiracy theories with Project Sign (established 1947) (which became Project Grudge and Project Blue Book). Edward J. Ruppelt characterized the Air Force's public behavior regarding UFOs as "schizophrenic": alternately open and transparent, then secretive and dismissive.

1950s

• The UK Ministry of Defence’s UFO Project has its roots in a study commissioned in 1950 by the MOD’s then Chief Scientific Adviser, the great radar scientist Sir Henry Tizard. As a result of his insistence that UFO sightings should not be dismissed without some form of proper scientific study, the Department set up arguably the most marvellously-named committee in the history of the civil service, the Flying Saucer Working Party or the FSWP. [12] [13]

• Frank Scully's 1950 Behind the Flying Saucers suggested that the U.S. government had recovered a crashed flying saucer and its dead occupants near Aztec, New Mexico, in 1948. It was later revealed that Scully had been the victim of a prank by "two veteran confidence artists". (Clark 1998, 295) Still, Scully's book sold well and doubtless helped shape later UFO conspiracy theories.

• In August of 1950, Montanan baseball manager Nicholas Mariana films several UFOs with his color 16mm camera. Project Blue Book is called in and, after inspecting the film, they supposedly return it to him with a large majority of the footage removed. The incident sparks nation-wide media attention.

• In 1954 an automatic working station for UFO monitoring was installed at Shirley's Bay near Ottawa in Canada. After this station detected the first time a suspicious event, all data, which were gained by this station were classified as secret, although the cameras of the monitoring station could not make any pictures because of fog.

• 1956 saw the publication of Grey Barker's They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers, the book which publicized the idea of sinister men in black who appear to UFO witnesses and warn them to keep quiet. There has been continued speculation that the men in black are government agents who harass and threaten UFO witnesses.

• Donald Keyhoe was a retired U.S. Marine who wrote a series of popular books and magazine articles (published beginning in the 1950s), arguing that the U.S. government was suppressing UFO evidence.

• Some contemporary critics charged that the United States Air Force was perpetrating a cover-up with its Project Blue Book.

• The Robertson Panel was a U.S. government program initiated in 1952. In part, it recommended a public relations campaign to reduce public interest in UFOs, including ridiculing and discrediting those who claim UFO encounters, and to spy on civilian UFO groups. There is evidence these directives were still followed more than two decades after the Panel closed.

1960s

• Throughout much of the 1960s, atmospheric physicist James E. McDonald suggested—via lectures, articles and letters—that the U.S. Government was mishandling evidence which would support the extraterrestrial hypothesis. McDonald

1970s

• Although strictly unrelated to a UFO conspiracy theory, the Watergate affair brought the curtain down on the era when authorities were generally trusted by the public. A decade after the assassination of John F. Kennedy a cottage industry of JFK conspiracy theorists seemed to spring up out of the woodwork, fed by the tabloids. UFO conspiracy theories found fertile ground in this paranoid zeitgeist.

• Clark also notes that many UFO conspiracy theory tales "can be traced to a mock documentary, Alternative 3, broadcast on British television on June 20, 1977, and subsequently turned into a paperback book." (Clark, 213–4)

Alleged Holloman Air Force Base UFO Landing

Clark cites a 1973 encounter as perhaps the earliest suggestion that the U.S. government was involved with ETs. That year, Robert Emenegger and Allan Sandler of Los Angeles, California, were in contact with officials at Norton Air Force Base in order to make a documentary film.

Emenegger and Sandler report that Air Force Officials (including Paul Shartle) suggested incorporating UFO information in the documentary, including as its centerpiece genuine footage of a 1971 UFO landing at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico. Furthermore, says Emenegger, he was given a tour of Holloman AFB and was shown where officials conferred with EBEs. This was supposedly not the first time the U.S. had met these aliens, as Emenegger reported that his U.S. military sources had "been monitoring signals from an alien group with which they were unfamiliar, and did their ET guests know anything about them? The ET's said no." (Clark 1998, 144)

No film was even presented, however, and the documentary was released in 1974 as UFO's: Past, Present and Future (narrated by Rod Serling). The alleged Holloman UFO landing was discussed in the documentary and was depicted with illustrations.

(Years later, in 1988, Shartle would declare that the film in question was genuine, and that he had seen it several times.)

Paul Bennewitz

The late 1970s also saw the beginning of an affair centered around Paul Bennewitz of Albuquerque, New Mexico. See Paul Bennewitz for further details.

1980s

Rendlesham Forest Incident

The world's most well known UFO incident, parallel or even seen as above Roswell, occurred on USAF/RAF NATO territory on the British Isles at Rendlesham. The event is most commonly known as the Rendlesham Forest Incident. It involved US Security, British Security, Secret Service on both continents and Porton Down and possinly RAF Rudloe Manor.

MJ-12

The so-called Majestic 12 documents surfaced in 1982, suggesting that there was secret, high-level U.S. government interest in UFOs dating to the 1940s. (See Majestic 12 for further information.)

Nick Pope

Today, 2006, Nick Pope is a UK MOD Agent and Government official who during the 1990's worked in the UFO department of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). Today he still works for the MOD and speaks out about the UK Governments involvement in UFO studies and cover-ups.

Linda Moulton Howe

In the late 1970s, Denver, Colorado-based journalist Linda Moulton Howe had produced Strange Harvest, a documentary film about the many allegedly strange deaths of cows throughout the western U.S. See cattle mutilation

Strange Harvest was a modest success, and Howe became interested in UFO reports in general and the Bennewitz affair especially.

In 1983, Howe agreed to produce a new documentary called UFO's: The ET Factor for HBO. Peter Gersted (head of Citizens Against UFO Secrecy) told Howe that Air Force Sergeant Richard C. Doty wanted to meet her and disclose some secret UFO information, specifically a supposed UFO account from Ellsworth Air Force Base.

Howe says that she met Doty at Kirtland AFB, and rather than discuss the Elleman incident, he allowed her to read a secret document. "A Briefing Paper for the President of the United States on the Subject of Unidentified Flying Vehicles." (Clark 1998, 154) Howe says she was not allowed to copy the paper or take notes, and was required to read it in Doty's presence.

The document, Howe reported, detailed a series of events: Several UFO crashes and recoveries, including some where the alien occupants were alive and remained in the care of the U.S. government. The aliens gave several aircraft to the U.S. as a gift, and the government were reverse engineering them to determine how they worked. A UFO landing had indeed been filmed at Holloman AFB but in 1964, not 1971.

Howe reported that Doty promised considerable confirmation, including documents, film and photographs. The U.S. government had wanted to reveal the reality of UFOs for some time, Doty allegedly reported, but had waited until the political and cultural climate was receptive.

When she told HBO about Doty's statement, they were intrigued, but insisted on a letter of intent from the U.S. government before pursuing the documentary any further. Howe reported that Doty promised to obtain guarantees.

Through the summer of 1983, Howe says Doty repeatedly made and canceled various conferences with her: A meeting with a retired Air Force Colonel who had extensive contact with an EBE, and various opportunities for Howe to view UFO films or documents. Howe says she spoke to other ostensible government officials who confirmed parts of the UFO conspiracy she had read in the classified memo, but always with Doty as liaison.

Then in July 1983, Howe says, Doty told her that he was no longer allowed to be involved with her UFO documentary. Without his aid, Howe says she lost her contacts with other officials. By 1984, HBO gave up on the documentary.

In 1989, UFOlogist William L. Moore would report that "I became aware that Rick (Doty) was involved with a team of several others ... in playing an elaborate disinformation scheme against a major UFO researcher who, at the time, had close connections with a major television film company interested in doing a UFO documentary." Moore says that Howe was discredited due to her interest in Bennewitz. (Clark 1998, 156) Clark does note if Moore offered proof of his assertions.

John Lear

In the late 1980s, John Lear became prominent in UFO circles. Citing "unnamed but well-connected sources" (Clark 1998, 157), Lear asserted that the U.S. government had in fact recovered dozens of UFOs over the decades. In exchange for advanced technology, the government allowed for a limited number of alien abductions.

This proceeded for some years, until in 1972 the government discovered that the aliens were kidnapping far more persons than their agreement had stipulated. This dispute culminated in a conflict between aliens and humans at a secret military base near Dulce, New Mexico. The aliens supposedly killed about 40 high-ranking military officials or scientists, and many more military personnel who tried to invade the base.

Following this conflict, Lear reports, the aliens have essentially gone about their schemes with no interference. Up to 10% of the U.S. population has been abducted, and the Strategic Defense Initiative was actually proposed to protect from alien invaders, not Soviet missiles.

Lear relied heavily on Bennewitz' stories, which Bennewitz claimed to have heard from officials at Kirtland AFB.

William Milton Cooper

In the 1980s, William Milton Cooper achieved a degree of prominence due to his conspiratorial writings; see the main page on Cooper for more information.

Lear remains active in UFO circles; Cooper was shot and killed in a confrontation with police.

Bob Lazar

Bob Lazar came to public prominence in the late 1980's; he claimed to have taken part in the back-engineering of extra-terrestrial craft at Area S-4 (approx. 10 miles south of Area 51). (See Bob Lazar for further information.)

UFO Cover-Up?: Live!

On October 14 1988, actor Mike Farrell hosted "UFO Cover-Up?: Live!" a two-hour prime-time syndicated television special that was broadcast in the United States (and elsewhere). William Moore and Jamie Shandera appeared (among many other guests) and discussed the acquisition of the Majestic 12 documents, and introduced their sources "Falcon" and "Condor", allegedly high-level government intelligence officials. Interviewed in shadow and with masked voices, Falcon and Condor disclosed information about the U.S. government’s involvement in UFO’s and alien interaction, UFO crashes and occupant retrievals, and alien biology. This broadcast also included the first known mention of Area 51 on television.

July 1989 MUFON Convention

The Mutual UFO Network held their 1989 annual convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, on July 1 1989.

Moore was scheduled as the main speaker, and he generated controversy even before his appearance: He refused to submit his paper for review prior to the convention, and also announced that he would not answer any follow-up questions as was common practice. Unlike most of the convention's attendees, Moore did not stay at the same hotel that was hosting the convention.

When he spoke, Moore said that he and others had been part of an elaborate, long-term disinformation campaign begun primarily to discredit Paul Bennewitz: "My role in the affair ... was primarily that of a freelancer providing information on Paul's (Bennewitz) current thinking and activities." (Clark, 1998, 163) Air Force Sergeant Richard C. Doty was also involved, said Moore, though Moore thought Doty was "simply a pawn in a much larger game, as was I." (ibid.) One of their goals, Moore said, was to disseminate information and watch as it was passed from person to person in order to study information channels.

Moore said that he "was in a rather unique position" in the disinformation campaign: "judging by the positions of the people I knew to be directly involved in it, [the disinformation] definitely had something to do with national security. There was no way I was going to allow the opportunity to pass me by ... I would play the disinformation game, get my hands dirty just often enough to lead those directing the process into believing I was doing what they wanted me to do, and all the while continuing to burrow my way into the matrix so as to learn as much as possible about who was directing it and why."(ibid., 164)

Once he finished the speech, Moore immediately left the hotel. He left Las Vegas that same night.

Moore's claims sent shock waves through the small, tight-knit UFO community, which remains divided as to the reliability of his assertions.

1990s

• The Branton Files have circulated on the internet at least since the mid-1990s. They essentially recirculate the information presented above in rambling fashion, with many run-on parenthetical asides from "Branton", the document's editor.
• Phil Schneider made a few appearances at UFO conventions in the 1990s, espousing essentially a new version of the theories mentioned above. He claimed to have survived the Dulce Base catastrophe and decided to tell his tale.
• In 1999 the French government published a study, "UFOs and Defense: What Must We Be Prepared For?" Among other topics, the study concludes that the United States government has withheld valuable evidence.[14]

2000s

UFO conspiracy theories show no signs of abating. The year of 2003 saw the publication of Alien Encounters, by Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman, which primarily re-states the notions presented above (especially Cooper's) and presents them as fact.

• In November 2005 former Canadian Deputy Prime Minister Paul Hellyer said, "The United States military are preparing weapons which could be used against the aliens, and they could get us into an intergalactic war without us ever having any warning."

The modern period of Extraterrestrial activity began at Roswell, New Mexico in July of 1947. Earlier that year, April of 1947, there was a meeting of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission. At the time there were about 6 or 7 nuclear bombs available for use. The decision that came out of that fateful meeting was to go ahead with a full scale genocidal, planetary destroying build-up of nuclear weapons.

This decision was known to the public, what was unknown and kept secret, and still remains secret, was the plan to use these weapons of mass destruction and genocide on the mass of the human race. This is the explanation for why the "Higher level Powers," have intervened; to forestall the planned extermination of the human race. The secret plan to "KIll Us All," was known as the "Gardiners Plot."

The reason Roswell was chosen for the beginning of what has been descibed by former British Intelligence officer Derek Dempster as an "Interplanetary War," was due to the 509th Nuclear bombing group being stationed there. Further, the dropping of the craft at Roswell was to communicate with the human race a simple message. What they, "ET," are trying to do is to demonstrate the "Magnitude of the Deception."

The proof of the fact of an Extraterrestrial visitation is in the pudding, if they did not exist, we would all be nuclear waste already. This is why their presence remains "Above Top Secret".

http://politicsofet.com

Project Serpo, The Zeta Reticuli Exchange Program

In late 2005, an anonymous individual claiming to be a retired U.S. government official began releasing excerpts of supposedly highly classified documents related to a series of exchanges between humans and extraterrestrials extending as far back as the late 1940s. Details leaked thus far include many journal notes from some of the twelve travelers to the other world. The extraterrestrials are from the planet Serpo located in the Zeta Reticuli system. These assertions have been published on the Project Serpo website [15].

See also

• The Disclosure Project
• The Bielefeld conspiracy
• Kecksburg UFO incident
• alien
• crop circle
• anomalous phenomenon
• List of magazines of anomalous phenomena
• List of major UFO sightings
• Ufology
• Ummo
• Robertson Panel
• Brookings Report

References

• Jerome Clark, The Ufo Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, Visible Ink, 1998, ISBN 1578590299

• Philip J. Klass. (1974). UFOs Explained, Random House, hardback ISBN 0-394-49215-3 Vintage Books paperback, ISBN 0-394-72106-3.

• Curtis Peebles. (1994). Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, Smithsonian Institution, ISBN 1-56098-343-4.

• Edward J. Ruppelt, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, 1956, available online: [16]

External links

• A collection of images photographed by the SOHO sun-watching satellite claimed to be possible extraterrestrial ships
• FBI Freedom of Information Act site on unusual phenomenon
• Project Blue Book microfilm archive of U.S. Air Force UFO investigation
• Coast to Coast AM, an example of a popular radio show discussing paranormal phenomena and conspiracy theory.
• The Destruction of Paul Bennewitz, by Low Lawhon
• Jeff Rense Radio Show, another radio show that discusses UFOs, abductions, Conspiracies, etc.
• UFO Casebook Homepage
• Malevolent Alien Abduction Research Homepage: UFO/Alien Conspiracies
• News report about Project Condign by Nigel Watson
• Astral Traveller by Danyel Seagan