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'''''Levy-Dew''''', also known as '''''A New Year Carol''''' and '''''Residue''''', is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[folk song]] of [[Wales|Welsh]] origin traditionally sung in [[New Year]] celebrations. The song was set to music by [[Benjamin Britten]] in 1936. It is associated with a [[New Year's Day]] custom involving sprinkling people with water newly drawn from a [[water well|well]].
'''''Levy-Dew''''', also known as '''''A New Year Carol''''' and '''''Residue''''', is a British [[folk song]] of [[Wales|Welsh]] origin traditionally sung in New Year celebrations. The song was set to music by [[Benjamin Britten]] in 1936. It is associated with a New Year's Day custom involving sprinkling people with water newly drawn from a [[water well|well]].


[[File:Ilex aquifolium.jpg|thumb|right|Sprigs of evergreen plants such as [[holly]] are used to [[aspergillum|sprinkle]] people with well water in a custom associated with this song.]]
[[File:Ilex aquifolium.jpg|thumb|right|Sprigs of evergreen plants such as [[holly]] are used to [[aspergillum|sprinkle]] people with well water in a custom associated with this song.]]
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==Lyrics==
==Lyrics==


As with any traditional folk song, there are a number of variations. One standard form appeared in [[Walter de la Mare]]'s ''[[Tom Tiddler's Ground]]'' (1931), an anthology of verse for children. His version goes:<ref name="De La Mare">{{cite web | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vl7hAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tom+Tiddler%27s+Ground%22+Levy+Dew&dq=%22Tom+Tiddler%27s+Ground%22+Levy+Dew&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vK3YUPKLAoiFqgGQ-4CwAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA | title=Tom Tiddler's Ground: a book of poetry for children | publisher=Knopf | date=1931 | accessdate=December 24, 2012 | author=De la Mare, Walter | pages=115}}</ref><ref name="Sikes">{{cite book | title=British goblins: Welsh folk-lore, fairy mythology, legends and tradition | publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington | author=Sikes, Wirt | year=1880 | pages=255–256}}</ref>
As with any traditional folk song, there are a number of variations. One standard form appeared in [[Walter de la Mare]]'s ''[[Tom Tiddler's Ground]]'' (1931), an anthology of verse for children. His version goes:<ref name="De La Mare">{{cite web | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vl7hAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tom+Tiddler%27s+Ground%22+Levy+Dew&dq=%22Tom+Tiddler%27s+Ground%22+Levy+Dew&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vK3YUPKLAoiFqgGQ-4CwAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA | title=Tom Tiddler's Ground: a book of poetry for children | publisher=Knopf | date=1931 | accessdate=24 December 2012 | author=De la Mare, Walter | pages=115}}</ref><ref name="Sikes">{{cite book | title=British goblins: Welsh folk-lore, fairy mythology, legends and tradition | publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington | author=Sikes, Wirt | year=1880 | pages=255–256}}</ref>


<poem>
<poem>
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</poem>
</poem>


[[Benjamin Britten]] set the De la Mare version of the song to music as ''A New Year Carol'' in 1936.<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite web | url=http://www.schooloftheseasons.com/carols.html | title=New Year's Carols | work=Schools of the Seasons | accessdate=December 24, 2012 | author=Fitzgerald, Waverly}}</ref> The text of the song is attested as early as 1849, in form substantially identical to De la Mare's text.<ref name="Anonymous">{{cite book | title=My summer holiday; being a tourist's jottings about Tenby | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Anonymous | year=1863 | pages=88–89}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite web | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-58bAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Archaeologia Cambrensis, v. 4 | publisher=W. Pickering | work=Custom on New Year's Day in Pembrokeshire | date=Mar. 8, 1849 | accessdate=December 25, 2012 | author=Smith, J. Boys | page=144}}</ref>
[[Benjamin Britten]] set the De la Mare version of the song to music as ''A New Year Carol'' in 1936.<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite web | url=http://www.schooloftheseasons.com/carols.html | title=New Year's Carols | work=Schools of the Seasons | accessdate=24 December 2012 | author=Fitzgerald, Waverly}}</ref> The text of the song is attested as early as 1849, in form substantially identical to De la Mare's text.<ref name="Anonymous">{{cite book | title=My summer holiday; being a tourist's jottings about Tenby | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Anonymous | year=1863 | pages=88–89}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite web | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-58bAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Archaeologia Cambrensis, v. 4 | publisher=W. Pickering | work=Custom on New Year's Day in Pembrokeshire | date=8 March 1849 | accessdate=25 December 2012 | author=Smith, J. Boys | page=144}}</ref>


==Traditions==
==Traditions==


The song is associated with [[Pembrokeshire]]. There, the song figured in a custom in which, on [[January 1|New Year's Day]], children collect fresh water from a well, and go around with a sprig from an evergreen tree, which they use to [[aspergillum|sprinkle]] the faces of passers-by with the water while singing the carol and begging for gifts of food or money.<ref name="Sikes"/> Elsewhere in [[Wales]], the custom is called ''dwr newy'', "new water", and the water was also used to lustrate rooms and doors of houses.<ref name="Zierke">{{cite web | url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/watersons/songs/residue.html | title=New Year Carol / Residue | date=2011 | accessdate=December 24, 2012 | author=Zierke, Reinhard}}</ref>
The song is associated with [[Pembrokeshire]]. There, the song figured in a custom in which, on New Year's Day, children collect fresh water from a well, and go around with a sprig from an evergreen tree, which they use to [[aspergillum|sprinkle]] the faces of passers-by with the water while singing the carol and begging for gifts of food or money.<ref name="Sikes"/> Elsewhere in [[Wales]], the custom is called ''dwr newy'', "new water", and the water was also used to lustrate rooms and doors of houses.<ref name="Zierke">{{cite web | url=http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/watersons/songs/residue.html | title=New Year Carol / Residue | date=2011 | accessdate=24 December 2012 | author=Zierke, Reinhard}}</ref>


This ceremony has a parallel in the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[Hogmanay]] tradition of ''saining''; here water drawn from a "dead and living ford", a ford crossed by both the living and the dead, is sprinkled through the house, and then [[juniper]] branches are burnt for the smoke indoors. The purpose of the rite is to ''[[wikt:sain|sain]]'', or purify, the house for the new year.<ref name="McNeill">{{Cite book| first =F. Marian | last =McNeill | authorlink = | coauthors = | year =1961 | month = | title =The Silver Bough, Vol.3: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Halloween to Yule | chapter =X Hogmany Rites and Superstitions | editor = | others = | edition = | page =113 | publisher =William MacLellan | location =Glasgow| isbn =0-948474-04-1 | url = }}</ref>
This ceremony has a parallel in the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[Hogmanay]] tradition of ''saining''; here water drawn from a "dead and living ford", a ford crossed by both the living and the dead, is sprinkled through the house, and then [[juniper]] branches are burnt for the smoke indoors. The purpose of the rite is to ''[[wikt:sain|sain]]'', or purify, the house for the new year.<ref name="McNeill">{{Cite book| first =F. Marian | last =McNeill | authorlink = | coauthors = | year =1961 | month = | title =The Silver Bough, Vol.3: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Halloween to Yule | chapter =X Hogmany Rites and Superstitions | editor = | others = | edition = | page =113 | publisher =William MacLellan | location =Glasgow| isbn =0-948474-04-1 | url = }}</ref>


==Interpretations==
==Interpretations==


According to Trefor Owen, the song preserves "an early [[holy well|well-cult]] made acceptable to medieval Christianity by its association with the Virgin and perpetuated both by the desire to wish one’s neighbor well at the beginning of a new year and by the small monetary payment involved."<ref name="Owen">{{cite book | title=Welsh Folk Customs | publisher=Gomer | author=Owen, Trefor | year=1987 | pages=43–44 | isbn=0863833470}}</ref> Similar speculations from the nineteenth century have sought to link the mysterious maidens of the song with the goddess [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]], bearing the gold of the rising and setting sun on her head and feet.<ref name="Anonymous"/><ref name="Smith"/>
According to Trefor Owen, the song preserves "an early [[holy well|well-cult]] made acceptable to medieval Christianity by its association with the Virgin and perpetuated both by the desire to wish one's neighbor well at the beginning of a new year and by the small monetary payment involved."<ref name="Owen">{{cite book | title=Welsh Folk Customs | publisher=Gomer | author=Owen, Trefor | year=1987 | pages=43–44 | isbn=0863833470}}</ref> Similar speculations from the nineteenth century have sought to link the mysterious maidens of the song with the goddess [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]], bearing the gold of the rising and setting sun on her head and feet.<ref name="Anonymous"/><ref name="Smith"/>


[[File:Llanllawer Holy Well and the issuing stream - geograph.org.uk - 1800415.jpg|thumb|right|[[Llanllawer]] Holy Well, an ancient spring in Pembrokeshire]]The meaning of the words 'levy-dew' in the original lyrics of the song is not certainly known. One line of speculation holds that the words represent the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] phrase ''llef y Dduw'', "a cry to God".<ref name="Sikes"/> Others connect it to [[Middle English]] ''levedy'', '"lady", or to the French phrase ''levez à Dieu'', "raise to God", which may in turn refer to the [[Mass (liturgy)#Liturgy of the Eucharist|elevation of the Host]] in Christian liturgy.<ref name="Zierke"/>
[[File:Llanllawer Holy Well and the issuing stream - geograph.org.uk - 1800415.jpg|thumb|right|[[Llanllawer]] Holy Well, an ancient spring in Pembrokeshire]]The meaning of the words 'levy-dew' in the original lyrics of the song is not certainly known. One line of speculation holds that the words represent the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] phrase ''llef y Dduw'', "a cry to God".<ref name="Sikes"/> Others connect it to [[Middle English]] ''levedy'', '"lady", or to the French phrase ''levez à Dieu'', "raise to God", which may in turn refer to the [[Mass (liturgy)#Liturgy of the Eucharist|elevation of the Host]] in Christian liturgy.<ref name="Zierke"/>


[[Waterson:Carthy]] performed the song on their 2006 recording ''[[Holy Heathens and the Old Green Man]]''. The chorus in this recording begins 'Residue, sing Residue'; [[Martin Carthy]]'s liner notes credit the 'Residue' variant to Bert Hodgeson, and observe that "None of us can figure out the possible significance of the 'Residue sing Residue' chorus and neither could Bert&nbsp;– or whoever it was&nbsp;– but that was, he said, what was sung to him." The Waterson-Carthy performance leaves out the stanza related to the water ritual, and adds two original verses in which the new year is welcomed through the south gate and the old year shooed from the north gate.<ref name="Zierke"/>{{-}}
[[Waterson:Carthy]] performed the song on their 2006 recording ''[[Holy Heathens and the Old Green Man]]''. The chorus in this recording begins 'Residue, sing Residue'; [[Martin Carthy]]'s liner notes credit the 'Residue' variant to Bert Hodgeson, and observe that "None of us can figure out the possible significance of the 'Residue sing Residue' chorus and neither could Bert&nbsp;– or whoever it was&nbsp;– but that was, he said, what was sung to him." The Waterson-Carthy performance leaves out the stanza related to the water ritual, and adds two original verses in which the new year is welcomed through the south gate and the old year shooed from the north gate.<ref name="Zierke"/>{{-}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 08:58, 2 May 2013

Levy-Dew, also known as A New Year Carol and Residue, is a British folk song of Welsh origin traditionally sung in New Year celebrations. The song was set to music by Benjamin Britten in 1936. It is associated with a New Year's Day custom involving sprinkling people with water newly drawn from a well.

Sprigs of evergreen plants such as holly are used to sprinkle people with well water in a custom associated with this song.

Lyrics

As with any traditional folk song, there are a number of variations. One standard form appeared in Walter de la Mare's Tom Tiddler's Ground (1931), an anthology of verse for children. His version goes:[1][2]

   Here we bring new water from the well so clear,
   For to worship God with, this happy New Year.

 Chorus (after each verse):
   Sing levy-dew, sing levy-dew, the water and the wine,
   The seven bright gold wires and the bugles that do shine.

   Sing reign of Fair Maid, with gold upon her toe;
   Open you the West Door and turn the Old Year go.

   Sing reign of Fair Maid, with gold upon her chin;
   Open you the East Door and let the New Year in.

Benjamin Britten set the De la Mare version of the song to music as A New Year Carol in 1936.[3] The text of the song is attested as early as 1849, in form substantially identical to De la Mare's text.[4][5]

Traditions

The song is associated with Pembrokeshire. There, the song figured in a custom in which, on New Year's Day, children collect fresh water from a well, and go around with a sprig from an evergreen tree, which they use to sprinkle the faces of passers-by with the water while singing the carol and begging for gifts of food or money.[2] Elsewhere in Wales, the custom is called dwr newy, "new water", and the water was also used to lustrate rooms and doors of houses.[6]

This ceremony has a parallel in the Scottish Hogmanay tradition of saining; here water drawn from a "dead and living ford", a ford crossed by both the living and the dead, is sprinkled through the house, and then juniper branches are burnt for the smoke indoors. The purpose of the rite is to sain, or purify, the house for the new year.[7]

Interpretations

According to Trefor Owen, the song preserves "an early well-cult made acceptable to medieval Christianity by its association with the Virgin and perpetuated both by the desire to wish one's neighbor well at the beginning of a new year and by the small monetary payment involved."[8] Similar speculations from the nineteenth century have sought to link the mysterious maidens of the song with the goddess Aurora, bearing the gold of the rising and setting sun on her head and feet.[4][5]

Llanllawer Holy Well, an ancient spring in Pembrokeshire

The meaning of the words 'levy-dew' in the original lyrics of the song is not certainly known. One line of speculation holds that the words represent the Welsh phrase llef y Dduw, "a cry to God".[2] Others connect it to Middle English levedy, '"lady", or to the French phrase levez à Dieu, "raise to God", which may in turn refer to the elevation of the Host in Christian liturgy.[6] Waterson:Carthy performed the song on their 2006 recording Holy Heathens and the Old Green Man. The chorus in this recording begins 'Residue, sing Residue'; Martin Carthy's liner notes credit the 'Residue' variant to Bert Hodgeson, and observe that "None of us can figure out the possible significance of the 'Residue sing Residue' chorus and neither could Bert – or whoever it was – but that was, he said, what was sung to him." The Waterson-Carthy performance leaves out the stanza related to the water ritual, and adds two original verses in which the new year is welcomed through the south gate and the old year shooed from the north gate.[6]

References

  1. ^ De la Mare, Walter (1931). "Tom Tiddler's Ground: a book of poetry for children". Knopf. p. 115. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Sikes, Wirt (1880). British goblins: Welsh folk-lore, fairy mythology, legends and tradition. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. pp. 255–256.
  3. ^ Fitzgerald, Waverly. "New Year's Carols". Schools of the Seasons. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b Anonymous (1863). My summer holiday; being a tourist's jottings about Tenby. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89.
  5. ^ a b Smith, J. Boys (8 March 1849). "Archaeologia Cambrensis, v. 4". Custom on New Year's Day in Pembrokeshire. W. Pickering. p. 144. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  6. ^ a b c Zierke, Reinhard (2011). "New Year Carol / Residue". Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  7. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961). "X Hogmany Rites and Superstitions". The Silver Bough, Vol.3: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Halloween to Yule. Glasgow: William MacLellan. p. 113. ISBN 0-948474-04-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  8. ^ Owen, Trefor (1987). Welsh Folk Customs. Gomer. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0863833470.
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