Jump to content

Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 21: Line 21:
}}
}}


'''Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān''' (1890 – 20 January 1988) ({{lang-ps|خان عبدالغفار خان}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|خان عبدالغفار خان}}}}), also known as '''Fakhr-e Afghān''' ({{Persian|فخر افغان}}, lit. "pride of Afghans"), and '''Bāchā Khān''' ({{lang-ps|باچا خان}}, lit. "king of [[Khan (title)|chiefs]]"), '''Pāchā Khān''' or '''Bādshāh Khān''', was a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] political and spiritual leader known for his [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] opposition to the [[British Raj]] in [[British India]], and a lifelong [[pacifism|pacifist]] and devout [[Muslim]].<ref>An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007)
'''Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān''' (1890 – 20 January 1988) ({{lang-ps|خان عبدالغفار خان}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|خان عبدالغفار خان}}}}), also known as '''Fakhr-e Afghān''' ({{lang-fr|فخر افغان}}, lit. "pride of Afghans"), and '''Bāchā Khān''' ({{lang-ps|باچا خان}}, lit. "king of [[Khan (title)|chiefs]]"), '''Pāchā Khān''' or '''Bādshāh Khān''', was a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] political and spiritual leader known for his [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] opposition to the [[British Raj]] in [[British India]], and a lifelong [[pacifism|pacifist]] and devout [[Muslim]].<ref>An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007)
Sage Publications ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3</ref> A close friend of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Bacha Khan has been called the "Frontier Gandhi" by the Indians. In 1910, Bacha Khan opened a [[mosque school]] at his hometown [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]], and in 1911 joined the freedom movement of [[Haji Sahib of Turangzai]], however in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baachakhantrust.org/Chronology%20of%20Baacha%20Khan.pdf/ |title=Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan |publisher=Baacha Khan Trust |accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, Bacha Khan decided that social activism and reform would be more beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of ''Anjuman-e Islāh al-Afghān'' ("Afghan Reform Society") in 1921, and the youth movement ''Pax̌tūn Jirga'' ("Pashtun [[Jirga|Assembly]]") in 1927. After Bacha Khan's return from the [[Hajj]] in May 1928, he founded the [[Pashto language|Pashto]] language monthly political journal ''Pax̌tūn''. Finally, in November 1929, Bacha Khan founded the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] ("Servants of God") movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the [[British Empire]] against him and his supporters and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Zartman |first=I. William |authorlink=I. William Zartman |url=http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=fyUV8NnlXhEC&pg=PA284/ |title=Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques |year=2007 |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |isbn=1929223668 |page=284 |accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref> In 1962, Bacha Khan was named the [[Amnesty International]] [[Prisoner of Conscience]] of the Year. In 1987, he became the first non-Indian to be awarded [[Bharat Ratna]], [[India]]'s highest civilian award. Bacha Khan was an important freedom fighter, and is a Pashtun national hero and a key figure of Pashtun nationalism.
Sage Publications ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3</ref> A close friend of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Bacha Khan has been called the "Frontier Gandhi" by the Indians. In 1910, Bacha Khan opened a [[mosque school]] at his hometown [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]], and in 1911 joined the freedom movement of [[Haji Sahib of Turangzai]], however in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baachakhantrust.org/Chronology%20of%20Baacha%20Khan.pdf/ |title=Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan |publisher=Baacha Khan Trust |accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, Bacha Khan decided that social activism and reform would be more beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of ''Anjuman-e Islāh al-Afghān'' ("Afghan Reform Society") in 1921, and the youth movement ''Pax̌tūn Jirga'' ("Pashtun [[Jirga|Assembly]]") in 1927. After Bacha Khan's return from the [[Hajj]] in May 1928, he founded the [[Pashto language|Pashto]] language monthly political journal ''Pax̌tūn''. Finally, in November 1929, Bacha Khan founded the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] ("Servants of God") movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the [[British Empire]] against him and his supporters and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Zartman |first=I. William |authorlink=I. William Zartman |url=http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=fyUV8NnlXhEC&pg=PA284/ |title=Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques |year=2007 |publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |isbn=1929223668 |page=284 |accessdate=February 4, 2013}}</ref> In 1962, Bacha Khan was named the [[Amnesty International]] [[Prisoner of Conscience]] of the Year. In 1987, he became the first non-Indian to be awarded [[Bharat Ratna]], [[India]]'s highest civilian award. Bacha Khan was an important freedom fighter, and is a Pashtun national hero and a key figure of Pashtun nationalism.


Revision as of 00:29, 9 May 2013

Fakhr-e Afghan
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Bacha Khan
Template:Lang-ps
Bacha Khan pictured in the 1940s
Born1890
Utmanzai, Hashtnagar, Frontier Tribal Areas of Punjab Province, British India (now Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
Died(1988-01-20)20 January 1988 (aged 97–98)
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Resting placeJalalabad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan
Organization(s)Khudai Khidmatgar, Indian National Congress, Pakistan Socialist Party, National Awami Party
MovementKhudai Khidmatgar, Indian Independence Movement
Spouse(s)
Meharqanda Kinankhel
​
​
(m. 1912⁠–⁠1918)​

Nambata Kinankhel
​
​
(m. 1920⁠–⁠1926)​
ChildrenAbdul Ghani Khan, Abdul Wali Khan, Sardaro, Mehar Taja, Abdul Ali Khan
ParentBahram Khan
AwardsAmnesty International Prisoner of Conscience of the Year, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding, Bharat Ratna

Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān (1890 – 20 January 1988) (Template:Lang-ps, Template:Lang-ur), also known as Fakhr-e Afghān (Template:Lang-fr, lit. "pride of Afghans"), and Bāchā Khān (Template:Lang-ps, lit. "king of chiefs"), Pāchā Khān or Bādshāh Khān, was a Pashtun political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition to the British Raj in British India, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim.[1] A close friend of Mahatma Gandhi, Bacha Khan has been called the "Frontier Gandhi" by the Indians. In 1910, Bacha Khan opened a mosque school at his hometown Utmanzai, and in 1911 joined the freedom movement of Haji Sahib of Turangzai, however in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school.[2] Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, Bacha Khan decided that social activism and reform would be more beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of Anjuman-e Islāh al-Afghān ("Afghan Reform Society") in 1921, and the youth movement Pax̌tūn Jirga ("Pashtun Assembly") in 1927. After Bacha Khan's return from the Hajj in May 1928, he founded the Pashto language monthly political journal Pax̌tūn. Finally, in November 1929, Bacha Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God") movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British Empire against him and his supporters and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement.[3] In 1962, Bacha Khan was named the Amnesty International Prisoner of Conscience of the Year. In 1987, he became the first non-Indian to be awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award. Bacha Khan was an important freedom fighter, and is a Pashtun national hero and a key figure of Pashtun nationalism.

Bacha Khan strongly opposed the All-India Muslim League's demand for the partition of India.[4][5] When the Indian National Congress declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, he felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."[6] After partition, Bacha Khan pledged allegiance to Pakistan and demanded an autonomous "Pashtunistan" administrative unit within the country, but he was frequently arrested by Pakistani government between 1948 and 1954, and in 1956 for his opposition to the One Unit scheme under which the government announced to merge the former provinces of West Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan into one administrative unit of West Pakistan. Bacha Khan also spent much of the 1960s and 1970s either in jail or in exile. Upon his death in 1988 in Peshawar under house arrest, following his will, he was buried in his house at Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people. Despite the heavy fighting at the time, both sides of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the communist army and the mujahideen, declared a ceasefire to allow his burial.[7]

Early years

Ghaffar Khan was born into a generally peaceful and prosperous family from Utmanzai in the Peshawar Valley of British India. His father, Bahram Khan, was a land owner in the area commonly referred to as Hashtnaggar. Ghaffar was the second son of Bahram to attend the British run Edward's mission school since this was the only fully functioning school because it was run by missionaries. At school the young Ghaffar did well in his studies and was inspired by his mentor Reverend Wigram to see the importance of education in service to the community. In his 10th and final year of high school he was offered a highly prestigious commission in The Guides, an elite corp of Pashtun soldiers of the British Raj. Young Ghaffar refused the commission after realising even Guide officers were still second-class citizens in their own country. He resumed his intention of University study and Reverend Wigram offered him the opportunity to follow his brother, Dr. Khan Sahib, to study in London. An alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University, he eventually received the permission of his father, Ghaffar's mother wasn't willing to lose another son to London—and their own culture and religion. So Ghaffar began working on his father's lands while attempting to discern what more he might do with his life. [8]

Ghaffar "Badshah" Khan

Ghaffar Khan with Gandhi at Peshawar
Ghaffar Khan leads a march from Peshawar to Kabul during the Khilafat Movement. Peshawar Street 1920 (Mela Ram & Sons)

In response to his inability to continue his own education, Ghaffar Khan turned to helping others start theirs. Like many such regions of the world, the strategic importance of the newly formed North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) as a buffer for the British Raj from Russian influence was of little benefit to its residents. The oppression of the British, the repression of the mullahs, and an ancient culture of violence and vendetta prompted Ghaffar to want to serve and uplift his fellow men and women by means of education. At 20 years of age, Ghaffar opened his first school in Utmanzai. It was an instant success and he was soon invited into a larger circle of progressively minded reformers.

While he faced much opposition and personal difficulties, Ghaffar Khan worked tirelessly to organize and raise the consciousness of his fellow Pushtuns. Between 1915 and 1918 he visited 500 villages in all part of the settled districts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. It was in this frenzied activity that he had come to be known as Badshah (Bacha) Khan (King of Chiefs).[8]

He married his first wife Meharqanda in 1912; she was a daughter of Yar Mohammad Khan of the Kinankhel clan of the Mohammadzai tribe of Razzar, a village adjacent to Utmanzai. They had a son in 1913, Abdul Ghani Khan, who would become a noted artist and poet. Subsequently, they had another son, Abdul Wali Khan (17 January 1917–), and daughter, Sardaro. Meharqanda died during the 1918 influenza epidemic. In 1920, Abdul Ghaffar Khan remarried; his new wife, Nambata, was a cousin of his first wife and the daughter of Sultan Mohammad Khan of Razzar. She bore him a daughter, Mehar Taj (25 May 1921–), and a son, Abdul Ali Khan (20 August 1922-19 February 1997). Tragically, in 1926 Nambata died early as well from a fall down the stairs of the apartment they were staying at in Jerusalem.[9]

Khudai Khidmatgar

Khudai Khidmatgar

In time, Ghaffar Khan's goal came to be the formulation of a united, independent, secular India. To achieve this end, he founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God"), commonly known as the "Red Shirts" (Surkh Posh), during the 1920s.

The Khudai Khidmatgar was founded on a belief in the power of Gandhi's notion of Satyagraha, a form of active non-violence as captured in an oath. He told its members:

"I am going to give you such a weapon that the police and the army will not be able to stand against it. It is the weapon of the Prophet, but you are not aware of it. That weapon is patience and righteousness. No power on earth can stand against it."[10]

The organization recruited over 100,000 members and became legendary in opposing (and dying at the hands of) the British-controlled police and army. Through strikes, political organisation and non-violent opposition, the Khudai Khidmatgar were able to achieve some success and came to dominate the politics of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. His brother, Dr. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (known as Dr. Khan Sahib), led the political wing of the movement, and was the Chief Minister of the province (from the late 1920s until 1947 when his government was dismissed by Mohammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League).

Ghaffar Khan and the Indian National Congress

Main article: Indian National Congress
Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi.

Ghaffar Khan forged a close, spiritual, and uninhibited friendship with Mahatma Gandhi, the pioneer of non-violent mass civil disobedience in India. The two had a deep admiration towards each other and worked together closely till 1947.[4][5]

The Khudai Khidmatgar (servants of god) agitated and worked cohesively with the Indian National Congress, the leading national organization fighting for freedom, of which Ghaffar Khan was a senior and respected member. On several occasions when the Congress seemed to disagree with Gandhi on policy, Ghaffar Khan remained his staunchest ally. In 1931 the Congress offered him the presidency of the party, but he refused saying, "I am a simple soldier and Khudai Khidmatgar, and I only want to serve."[11] He remained a member of the Congress Working Committee for many years, resigning only in 1939 because of his differences with the Party's War Policy. He rejoined the Congress Party when the War Policy was revised.

On April 23, 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested during protests arising out of the Salt Satyagraha. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's Kissa Khwani (Storytellers) Bazaar. The British ordered troops to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250.[12] The Khudai Khidmatgar members acted in accord with their training in non-violence under Ghaffar Khan, facing bullets as the troops fired on them.[13] Two platoons of the The Garhwal Rifles regiment refused to fire on the non-violent crowd. They were later court-martialled with heavy punishment, including life imprisonment.

Ghaffar Khan was a champion of women's rights and nonviolence. He became a hero in a society dominated by violence; notwithstanding his liberal views, his unswerving faith and obvious bravery led to immense respect. Throughout his life, he never lost faith in his non-violent methods or in the compatibility of Islam and nonviolence. He viewed his struggle as a jihad with only the enemy holding swords. He was closely identified with Gandhi because of his non-violence principles and he is known in India as the 'Frontier Gandhi'.[5] One of his Congress associates was Pandit Amir Chand Bombwal of Peshawar.

"O Pathans! Your house has fallen into ruin. Arise and rebuild it, and remember to what race you belong." – Ghaffar Khan[14]

Mahatma Gandhi and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with a leader of the Khaksar Tehrik (founded by Allama Mashriqi). Photo was taken in Peshawar on May 06, 1938.

The Partition

Main article: Partition of India
See also: Babrra massacre
Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi

Ghaffar Khan strongly opposed the partition of India.[4][5] While many Pashtuns (particularly the Red Shirts) were willing to work with Indian politicians, many other Pashtuns were sympathetic to the idea of a separate homeland for India's Muslims following the departure of the British. Targeted with being Anti-Muslim, Ghaffar Khan was attacked in 1946, leading to his hospitalization in Peshawar.[15]

The Congress party refused last-ditch compromises to prevent the partition, like the Cabinet Mission plan and Gandhi's suggestion to offer the Prime Ministership to Jinnah. As a result, Ghaffar Khan and his followers felt a sense of betrayal by both Pakistan and India. Ghaffar Khan's last words to Gandhi and his erstwhile allies in the Congress party were: "You have thrown us to the wolves."[6]

When the referendum over accession to Pakistan was held, Ghaffar Khan and the Indian National Congress Party boycotted the referendum. As a result, in 1947 the accession of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to Pakistan was made possible by a majority. A loya jirga in the Tribal Areas also garnered a similar result as most preferred to become part of Pakistan. Ghaffar Khan and his Khudai Khidmatgars, however, chose to boycott the polls along with other nationalistic Pakhtuns. Some have argued that a segment of the population voted was barred from voting,.[16]

Arrest and exile

Main article: Pakistan Movement
See also: National Awami Party and One Unit

Ghaffar Khan took the oath of allegiance to the new nation of Pakistan on 23 February 1948 at the first session of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly.[17]

Ghaffar Khan walking with Jawaharlal Nehru after the Cabinet Mission, 1946.

He pledged full support to the government and attempted to reconcile with the founder of the new state Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Initial overtures led to a successful meeting in Karachi, however a follow-up meeting in the Khudai Khidmatgar headquarters never materialised, allegedly due to the role of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Chief Minister, Abdul Qayyum Khan who warned Jinnah that Ghaffar Khan was plotting his assassination.[18][19]

Following this, Ghaffar Khan formed Pakistan's first National opposition party, on 8 May 1948, the Pakistan Azad Party. The party pledged to play the role of constructive opposition and would be non-communal in its philosophy.

However, suspicions of his allegiance persisted and under the new Pakistani government, Ghaffar Khan was placed under house arrest without charge from 1948 till 1954. Released from prison, he gave a speech again on the floor of the constituent assembly, this time condemning the massacre of his supporters at Babrra.[20]

Sheikh Abdullah with Jawaharlal Nehru and Ghaffar Khan at Nishat Garden, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir in 1945

"I had to go to prison many a time in the days of the Britishers. Although we were at loggerheads with them, yet their treatment was to some extent tolerant and polite. But the treatment which was meted out to me in this Islamic state of ours was such that I would not even like to mention it to you."[21]

He was arrested several times between late 1948 and in 1956 for his opposition to the One Unit scheme.[22] The government attempted in 1958 to reconcile with him and offered him a Ministry in the government, after the assassination of his brother, he however refused.[23] He remained in prison till 1957 only to be re-arrested in 1958 until an illness in 1964 allowed for his release.[24]

In 1962, Abdul Ghaffar Khan was named an "Amnesty International Prisoner of the Year". Amnesty's statement about him said, "His example symbolizes the suffering of upward of a million people all over the world who are prisoners of conscience."

In September 1964, the Pakistani authorities allowed him to go to United Kingdom for treatment. During winter his doctor advised him to go to United States. He then went into exile to Afghanistan, he returned from exile in December 1972 to a popular response, following the establishment of National Awami Party provincial government in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.

He was arrested by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government at Multan in November 1973 and described Bhuttos government as "the worst kind of dictatorship".[25]

In 1984, increasingly withdrawing from politics he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.[26] He visited India and participated in the centennial celebrations of the Indian National Congress in 1985; he was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1967[27] and later Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1987.[28]

His final major political challenge was against the Kalabagh dam project, fearing that the project would damage the Peshawar valley, his hostility to it would eventually lead to the project being shelved after his death.

Ghaffar Khan died in Peshawar under house arrest in 1988 and was buried in his house at Jalalabad, Afghanistan, and over 200,000 mourners attended the funeral, including the Afghan president Mohammad Najibullah. This was a symbolic move by Ghaffar Khan, as this would allow his dream of Pashtun unification to live even after his death. The then Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had gone to Peshawar, to pay his tributes to Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan in spite of the fact that General Zia-ul-Haq had tried to stall his attendance citing security reasons, also the Indian government declared a five-day period of mourning in his honour.[28]

Although he had been repeatedly imprisoned and persecuted, tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, described by one commentator as a caravan of peace, carrying a message of love from Pashtuns east of the Khyber to those on the west,[18] marching through the historic Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad. A cease-fire was announced in the Afghan Civil War to allow the funeral to take place, even though it was marred by bomb explosions killing 15.[7]

Political legacy

His eldest son Ghani Khan was a poet, his other son Khan Abdul Wali Khan is the founder and leader of the Awami National Party and was the Leader of the Opposition in the Pakistan National Assembly.

His third son Khan Abdul Ali Khan was non-political and a distinguished educator, and served as Vice-Chancellor of University of Peshawar. Ali Khan was also the head of Aitchison College, Lahore and Fazle Haq college, Mardan.

Mohammed Yahya Education Minister of N W F Province, was the only son in law of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.

Asfandyar Wali Khan is the grandson of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, and leader of the Awami National Party, the party in power in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

Salma Ataullahjan is the great grand niece of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and a member of the Senate of Canada.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan's political legacy is mixed he is renowned amongst Pashtuns, Indians and internationally as a leader of a non-violent movement. He is credited with his tireless advocacy of peace in the region he belonged to. However, within Pakistan, there is a large section of society which still has not come to grips with his siding with the All India Congress over the Muslim League as well as his opposition to Mr. M. A. Jinnah who is revered in Pakistan as the father of the nation. In particular people have questioned Ghaffar Khan's patriotism following his insistence that he be buried in Afghanistan after his death and not Pakistan. However, this view is opposed by the fact that he is an ethnic Pashtun, with there being officially no boundary between ancient northwest India and Afghanistan, hence being buried in the 'land of Pashtuns' (literal translation from Old Farsi) is a significant sign of his patriotism towards his ethnic roots as a Pashtun. Others ask how one's choice of burial place is an indication of one's Patriotism since a better indicator is one's actions while living and even though Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan spent half of his 98 year life in jail most of it in Pakistani jails doing hard labor he continued to reside in Pakistan.

Film, literature and society

In 2008, a documentary, titled The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace, by filmmaker and writer T.C. McLuhan, premiered in New York. The film received the 2009 award for Best Documentary Film at the Middle East International Film Festival (see film page).

In Richard Attenborough's 1982 epic Gandhi, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was portrayed by Dilsher Singh.

Ghaffar Khan was listed as one of 26 men who changed the world in a recent children's book published in the United States.[29] He also wrote an autobiography (1969), and has been the subject of biographies by Eknath Easwaran (see article) and Rajmohan Gandhi (see "References" section, below). His philosophy of Islamic pacificism was recognised by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, in a speech to American Muslims.[30]

In the Indian city of Delhi, the popular Khan Market is named in honour of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and another market in the Karol Bagh of New Delhi is named after him called Ghaffar Market[31][32]

Vibhu Puri is reportedly making a Bollywood Biopic on the life of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan titled Chenab Gandhi.[33]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007) Sage Publications ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3
  2. ^ "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Baacha Khan Trust. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  3. ^ Zartman, I. William (2007). Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods & Techniques. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 284. ISBN 1929223668. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  5. ^ a b c d "Abdul Ghaffar Khan". I Love India. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  6. ^ a b Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives
  7. ^ a b January 23, 1988 edition of the New York Times
  8. ^ a b The Peacemaker of the Pashtun Past By KARL E. MEYER The New York Times. Dec 7,2001
  9. ^ Kyber Gateway, Retrieved April 9, 2008
  10. ^ Nonviolence in the Islamic Context by Mohammed Abu Nimer 2004
  11. ^ Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Sunday Tribune: The Tribune India Sunday March 5th 2000 [1]
  12. ^ Habib, p. 56.
  13. ^ Johansen, p. 62.
  14. ^ Eknath Easwaran, A Man to Match his Mountains: Badshah Khan, Nonviolent Soldier of Islam (Nilgiri Press, Petaluma, 1984), p. 25.
  15. ^ Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi Published: January 21, 1988. New York Times.
  16. ^ [2]
  17. ^ http://www.baachakhantrust.org/AbdulGhaffarKhan.pdf
  18. ^ a b M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.
  19. ^ Azad, Abulkalam (1960) India wins freedom. New York, Longmans, Green.
  20. ^ Syed Minhajul Hassan,(1998) Babra Firing Incident: 12 August1948, Peshawar: University of Peshawar.
  21. ^ Badshah Khan, Budget session of Assembly on March 20, 1954.
  22. ^ Abdul Ghaffar Khan(1958) Pashtun Aw Yoo Unit. Peshawar.
  23. ^ September 28, 2005 Wednesday Dawn by Syed Afzaal Husain Zaidi An Old episode recalled
  24. ^ PAKISTAN: The Frontier Gandhi (Jan 18, 1954) Time Magazine. Publisher: Time Inc.
  25. ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. 1993. Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507661-5
  26. ^ McKibben, William (September 24, 1984)New Yorker
  27. ^ "List of the recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award". ICCR website.
  28. ^ a b Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 98, a Follower of Gandhi (January 21, 1988) New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2008
  29. ^ Cynthia Chin-Lee, Megan Halsey, Sean Addy (2006). Akira to Zoltán: twenty-six men who changed the world. Watertown, MA (USA): Charlesbridge. ISBN 978-1-57091-579-6 (Badshah Khan is listed under the letter 'B', p. 5)
  30. ^ Muslim Media Network. (September 17, 2009). Hillary Clinton hosts Iftar at State Department. Available: http://Muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?tag=abdul-ghaffar. Last accessed 22 March 2010.
  31. ^ "Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Market". Paprika Media Private Ltd. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  32. ^ "My visits to Khan Market". Sify News. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
  33. ^ Chenab Gandhi

References

  • Habib, Irfan (1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930–31". Social Scientist. 25 (9–10). Social Scientist: 43. doi:10.2307/3517680. JSTOR 3517680. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): pp. 53–71. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Caroe, Olaf. 1984. The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577221-0
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1969). My life and struggle: Autobiography of Badshah Khan (as narrated to K.B. Narang). Translated by Helen Bouman. Hind Pocket Books, New Delhi.
  • Rajmohan Gandhi (2004). Ghaffar Khan: non-violent Badshah of the Pakhtuns. Viking, New Delhi. ISBN 0-670-05765-7.
  • Eknath Easwaran (1999). Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Ghaffar Khan, a man to match his mountains. Nilgiri Press, Tomales, CA. ISBN 1-888314-00-1
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: A True Servant of Humanity by Girdhari Lal Puri pp 188–190.
  • Mukulika Banerjee (2000). Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North West Frontier. School of American Research Press. ISBN 0-933452-68-3
  • Pilgrimage for Peace: Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi Among N.W.F. Pathans, Pyarelal, Ahmedabad, Navajivan Publishing House, 1950.
  • Tah Da Qam Da Zrah Da Raza, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mardan [Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa] Ulasi Adabi Tolanah, 1990.
  • Thrown to the Wolves: Abdul Ghaffar, Pyarelal, Calcutta, Eastlight Book House, 1966.

Photographs

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan&oldid=554212517"