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'''Burgàs''' or '''Bourgàs''' ({{lang-bg|Бургас}}, {{IPA-bg|burˈɡas|pron}}, {{lang-el|Πύργος}}) is [[List of cities and towns in Bulgaria|the second-largest city]] on the [[Bulgarian Black Sea Coast]] and the fourth-largest in [[Bulgaria]] after [[Sofia]], [[Plovdiv]] and [[Varna]], with a population of 200,271 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census.<ref name="cities census 2011">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 National Statistical Institute - Main Towns Census 2011]</ref> It is the capital of [[Burgas Province]] and an important industrial, transport, cultural and tourist centre.
'''Burgàs''' or '''Bourgàs''' ({{lang-bg|Бургас}}, {{IPA-bg|burˈɡas|pron}}) is [[List of cities and towns in Bulgaria|the second-largest city]] on the [[Bulgarian Black Sea Coast]] and the fourth-largest in [[Bulgaria]] after [[Sofia]], [[Plovdiv]] and [[Varna]], with a population of 200,271 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census.<ref name="cities census 2011">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=45 National Statistical Institute - Main Towns Census 2011]</ref> It is the capital of [[Burgas Province]] and an important industrial, transport, cultural and tourist centre.


The city is surrounded by the [[Burgas Lakes]] and located at the westernmost point of the [[Black Sea]], at the large [[Burgas Bay]]. The [[LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas]] is the largest [[oil refinery]] in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise. The [[Port of Burgas]] is the largest port in Bulgaria, and [[Burgas Airport]] is the second-most important in the country. Burgas is the center of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry.<ref name="USNI">Norman Polmar: ''The Naval Institute guide to the Soviet Navy'', 5. Ausgabe, United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Press, 1991, p.447</ref>
The city is surrounded by the [[Burgas Lakes]] and located at the westernmost point of the [[Black Sea]], at the large [[Burgas Bay]]. The [[LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas]] is the largest [[oil refinery]] in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise. The [[Port of Burgas]] is the largest port in Bulgaria, and [[Burgas Airport]] is the second-most important in the country. Burgas is the center of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry.<ref name="USNI">Norman Polmar: ''The Naval Institute guide to the Soviet Navy'', 5. Ausgabe, United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Press, 1991, p.447</ref>

Revision as of 17:23, 25 May 2013

This article is about the city. For other uses, see Burgas (disambiguation).
Burgas
Бургас
Top:View of Slaveikov district in Night, 2nd left:Marine Casino Center in Burgas Sea Garden, 2nd middle:A fountain in Tsaritsa Ioanna Square, 2nd right:View of Clock in Transportana shopping area, 3rd left:Panteona Complex Building, 3rd upper middle:Bogorids Street, 3rd lower middle:St.Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, 3rd right:Burgas Art Gallery, 4th:View of Burgas Sand Sculptures event in Sea Garden, Bottom:The Pier at the Burgas Central Beach
Top:View of Slaveikov district in Night, 2nd left:Marine Casino Center in Burgas Sea Garden, 2nd middle:A fountain in Tsaritsa Ioanna Square, 2nd right:View of Clock in Transportana shopping area, 3rd left:Panteona Complex Building, 3rd upper middle:Bogorids Street, 3rd lower middle:St.Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, 3rd right:Burgas Art Gallery, 4th:View of Burgas Sand Sculptures event in Sea Garden, Bottom:The Pier at the Burgas Central Beach
Flag of Burgas
Flag
Coat of arms of Burgas
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
The city of sea and lakes
The city of the dreams
CountryBulgaria
Province (Oblast)Burgas
MunicipalityBurgas
Government
 • MayorDimitar Nikolov
Area
 • City
253.644 km2 (97.932 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
Population
 (Census February 2011)[1]
 • City
Increase 200,271 (within city limits)
 • Urban
Increase 212,902 (municipality)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code
8000-8034
Area code+359 056
Vehicle registrationA
WebsiteOfficial website

Burgàs or Bourgàs (Template:Lang-bg, pronounced [burˈɡas]) is the second-largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv and Varna, with a population of 200,271 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census.[1] It is the capital of Burgas Province and an important industrial, transport, cultural and tourist centre.

The city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes and located at the westernmost point of the Black Sea, at the large Burgas Bay. The LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas is the largest oil refinery in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise. The Port of Burgas is the largest port in Bulgaria, and Burgas Airport is the second-most important in the country. Burgas is the center of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry.[2]

Toponymy

Burgas as seen from space

There are several possible origins for the name of the city, which is similar to Burgos, a city in Spain. When the city was founded, the inhabitants of the surrounding country got into the fortified village, named "pyrgos" (Template:Lang-el) or "burgos" as meaning "tower" or "fortress" (see: Burgus).[3] By another theory, the city's name comes from Latin, or a Gothic name meaning signified consolidated walled villages (Gothic "baurgs").[4]

Geography

Topography

Burgas is situated in the westernmost point of the bay of the same name and in the eastern part of the Burgas Plain, in the east of the Upper Thracian Plain. Burgas is located 389 kilometres (242 mi) from Sofia, 272 km from Plovdiv, and 335 km (208 mi) from Istanbul. To the west, south and north, the city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes: Burgas, Atanasovsko and Mandrensko, which are home to several hundred bird species. Pan-European corridor 8 passes through the city,[5] the European routes E87 and E773, and the longest national rout I/6.

The St. Anastasia Island is a part of the city.

Climate

Burgas has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with considerable maritime and continental influences.

Climate data for Burgas, Bulgaria
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2) 		23
(73) 		27.5
(81.5) 		32
(90) 		33
(91) 		42.8
(109.0) 		41.3
(106.3) 		42
(108) 		38
(100) 		34
(93) 		26.6
(79.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		42.8
(109.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		19.8
(67.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		17.8
(64.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.5
(50.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		12.3
(54.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1
(30) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1
(34) 		8.9
(48.0)
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0) 		−14
(7) 		−15
(5) 		−6
(21) 		0
(32) 		6
(43) 		10
(50) 		10
(50) 		1
(34) 		−4
(25) 		−9
(16) 		−13
(9) 		−17.8
(0.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.3
(1.74) 		37
(1.5) 		48.2
(1.90) 		69.8
(2.75) 		49.9
(1.96) 		62.1
(2.44) 		47.6
(1.87) 		28.4
(1.12) 		45.5
(1.79) 		52.2
(2.06) 		67.9
(2.67) 		45.1
(1.78) 		598
(23.5)
Average precipitation days 10.8 8.3 8.6 7.3 5.9 4.4 3 2.2 4.9 7.9 7 10.5 80.8
Average relative humidity (%) 80.2 77.6 75.3 76.4 76 73.4 70.9 71.4 72.2 77.1 79.2 80.6 75.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.5 89.6 127.1 177 248 273 328.6 303.8 243 164.3 99 62 2,192.9
Source: Climatebase.ru[6]

Flora and fauna

Usungeren Protected Area
Lake Burgas

The Burgas Wetlands are highly recognized for their significance to biodiversity and as a resource pool for various products utilized by people.

Lake Burgas is Bulgaria's largest lake and situated in the middle of the city. It is important for migrating birds. Over 250 species of birds inhabit the lake area, 61 of which are endangered in Bulgaria and 9 globally, attracting keen birdwatchers from all over the world; the lakes are also home to important fish and invertebrates. In the site have been recorded several IUCN red-listed species of animals - 5 invertebrates, 4 fish, 4 amphibians, 3 reptiles, 5 birds and 3 mammals. Situated along the second largest migration path of birds in Europe, the Via Pontica, the site is an important stopover and staging site for a large number of waterbirds, raptors and passerines. Yearly during migration and wintering more than 20,000 (up to 100,000) waterbirds congregate there.[7]

The Atanasovo Lake is one of the two saltwater lakes in the Black Sea region and contains rare and representative examples of wetland habitats. It is a hot spot for biodiversity, with many red-listed species of plants and animals. It is a well-known bottleneck site for migratory birds, with around 60,000 raptors and 240,000 storks, pelicans and cranes passing over the site and often landing in large numbers for staging. The highest numbers in Europe of migrating White Pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus), Dalmatian Pelicans (Pelecanus crispus), Marsh Harriers (Circus aeruginosus) and Red-footed Falcons (Falco vespertinus) have been recorded here.[7]

Protected areas

Administrative division

Burgas is divided into the following neighbourhoods:

With a decision from the Counsel of Ministers in 2009, the villages of Banevo and Vetren were incorporated into Burgas.

Currently a new city plan is being considered which will open the city to the sea and includes several residential neighbourhoods and a new highway junction.

History

Alexander Severus coin from the Colonia Flavia Deultemsium

Classical antiquity

The Thracians built the first settlements in the area now known as Burgas: the mineral baths of Aqua Calidae and the fortress Tyrsis. Under Darius I became part of the Achaemenid Empire, before the Odrysian kingdom was built. Greeks from Apollonia built in area of Sladkite kladenzi (today Pobeda-neighbourhood) a marketplace for trade with the Tracians kings.

During the rule of the Ancient Romans, near Burgas, Colonia Flavia Deultemsium (or Dibaltum, or Develtum) was established as a military colony for veterans by Vespasian. The Romans built the Colonia on the main road Via Pontica. It was the second most important city in the province Haemimontus.

In 376 the Goths destroyed an elite roman company near Develtum.[8]

Bulgarian and Byzantine Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, there were some important settlements in the area: the fortress Skafida, Poros, Rusokastron, (Battle of Rusokastro), the Baths of the Byzantine, Bulgarian and Ottoman Emperors Aqua Calidae and the a small fortress called Pyrgos was erected where Burgas is today and was most probably used as a watchtower. Under Byzantine Empire became an important city on the coast of Black Sea. The Bulgarian ruler Krum built with the Erkesiya a 140 km longer border wall from the Black Sea (near Gorno Ezerovo) to the Mariza River.

1206 the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders (see Fourth Crusade) destroyed Aquae Calidae, who was now known as the Thermopolis at this time, The Baths was later rebuilt by the Byzantines and Bulgarians again. Poros 1270 was mentioned in a document of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[9] Close to Poros in 1304 took place the Battle of Skafida, when the Bulgarian Tsar Todor Svetoslav defeated the Byzantines and conquered the southern Black Sea coast.

At the beginning of the 13th century the region was sacked by the Catalan Company. In the 13th century Burgas is mentioned by the Byzantine poet Manuel Philes in his works as Burgas.[9]

Ottoman rule

Detail of an 18th century map of the Black Sea by Nicolaes Witsen, showing Burgas and its surrounding areas

It was only in the 17th century that a settlement renamed to Ahelo-Pirgas grew in the modern area of the city. It was later renamed to Burgas again and had only about 3,000 inhabitants. In the early 19th century Burgas was depopulated after raids by kurzdhali bandits. By the mid-19th century it had recovered its economic prominence through the growth of craftsmanship and the export of grain.[10] The city was a small town in İslimye (Sliven) sanjak in at first Rumelia Eyalet, after that in the Silistra Eyalet and Edirne Eyalet before the liberation in 1878.

In the 17th and 18th centuries Burgas became an important port for cereal and possesses its own grain measure, the Burgas-Kile. The town was the regional centre of trade an administrative centre of the Burgas Kaaza.[11][12][13] In 1865 the port of Burgas was after Trapezunt the second most important Ottoman port in the Black Sea. Burgas was at this time the major centre on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast.[14][15]

After the liberation until 1945

Alexandrovska Street in 1906

It was a department centre in Eastern Rumelia before incorporated in the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885. From the late 19th century Burgas became an important economic and industry center. The first development plan of the city was adopted in 1891 and the city's layout and appearance changed, especially through the newly constructed public buildings.[16] In 1888, the city library was founded, in 1891 the sea garden was created and in 1897 the Cathedral of the Holy brothers Cyril and Methodius was built. In 1895 Georgi Ivanov opened the first Printing house in Burgas, followed by the house of Christo Velchev in 1897, which changed in 1900 his name in Velchevi Brothers Printing house.[17]

A 1913 plan of the city

The opening of the railway line to Plovdiv on 27 May 1890 and the deep water port in 1903 were important stages of this boom and led to the rapid industrialization of the city.[18][19] In the period after 151 factories were founded. Among them were the Sugar refinery founded by Avram Chaliovski, the Great Bulgarian Mills of Ivan Chadzipetrov and the oil and soap factory Kambana.[16] In 1900 the mineral springs by the ancient Aquae Calidae were included in the urban area. In 1903, the new building of the Burgas Central railway station opened.[20][21]

Founded in 1924 in Burgas Deweko (now HemusMark AD) was the first pencil factory in Southeastern Europe and became in 1937 official supplier to the Bulgarian Monarchy.[22] 1925 opened in Burgas a specialized high school for mechanics and technologies. The following year, a large covered market was opened.[16] Because of the cold wave in winter 1928/29 the Black Sea iced in late January and early February, so that the island of Sveta Anastasia could be reached on foot.[23] 1934, Burgas already had 34 260 inhabitants.

Communism

During World War II on 9 September 1944 Red Army troops occupied the city and soon the whole country.[24] In the following People's Courts, especially members of the wealthy families of the intelligentsia and members of the Bar Association were convicted. The two Chambers of the People's Courts met in Burgas in the former building of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Burgas (now the seat of the Governor of the Province Burgas).[25]

After the Communists took power in 1945, the German and Italian School and the People's University was closed[26] and over 160 factories and businesses (including the large companies Great Bulgarian Mills, Veriga, Plug, Dab, etc.), shops, baths and other private property were nationalized. The nationalization and inability to lead by the new rulers led the companies to the collapse of the food supply and the shortage of goods of daily life in the city.[citation needed] The political repression against the population of Burgas continued for the next few years. Access to universities and other higher education in the Bulgarian capital was refused for the young people of Burgas and some of them were interned in prison and labor camps.[25]

The Neftokhim refinery, one of the major Bulgarian industrial capacities, built during the Socialist era

The Haganah organized after the end of the Second World War several convoys for the European survivors of the Holocaust, which expired on Burgas ships towards Palestine. These convoys approximately 12,000 people emigrated, including the Jewish population of the city.[27][28] In the following years the city centre of Burgas, unlike many other Bulgarian cities, was not much affected by Communist-type urbanization and has kept much of its 19th- and early-20th-century architecture. A number of oil and chemical companies were gradually built.

The terrorists of the Movement 2 June, Till Meyer, Gabriele Rollnik, Gudrun Stürmer und Angelika Goder was arrested on 21 June 1978 in Burgas by West German officials and then brought into the Federal Republic.[29]

Today

Today the local port is the largest in Bulgaria adding significantly to the regional economy. Burgas also holds annual national exhibitions and international festivals and has a vibrant student population of over 6,000 that add to the city's appeal. The historical society also maintains an open-air museum at Beglik Tash and Develtum.

Several countries have consulates in Burgas, among them Greece, Turkey, Belarus, Romania, Russia and Ukraine.

Burgas Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the city of Burgas.

2012 terrorist attack

On 18 July 2012 a terrorist attack was carried out by a suicide bomber on a passenger bus transporting Israeli tourists at the Burgas Airport. The bus was carrying forty-two Israelis, mainly youths, from the airport to their hotels, after arriving on a flight from Tel Aviv. The explosion killed five Israelis as well as the Bulgarian bus driver[6] and injured thirty-two Israelis, resulting in international condemnation of the bombing. On 20 July, The New York Times reported that United States officials identified the suicide bomber as a member of Hezbollah.[citation needed]

Population

Demographics

During the first decade after the liberation of Bulgaria, in the 1880s the population of Burgas numbered about 6,000 inhabitants.[30] Since then it started growing decade by decade, mostly because of the migrants from the rural areas and the surrounding smaller towns, reaching its peak in the period 1988-1991 exceeding 200,000.[31]

Burgas
Year 1887 1910 1934 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 2005 2009 2011 2021
Population 5,749 14,897 36,230 44,449 72,526 106,185 144,755 182,856 195,986 192,390 189,245 193,765 200,271 ??
Highest number 211,587 in 1991
Sources: National Statistical Institute,[1][31][32] citypopulation.de,[33] pop-stat.mashke.org,[34] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences[30]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18875,749—    
191014,897+159.1%
193436,230+143.2%
194644,449+22.7%
195672,526+63.2%
1965106,185+46.4%
1975144,755+36.3%
1985182,856+26.3%
1992195,986+7.2%
2001192,390−1.8%
2011200,271+4.1%

Ethnic linguistic and religious composition

According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:[35][36]

  • Bulgarians: 171,898 (93.2%)
  • Turks: 3,800 (2.1%)
  • Gypsies: 3,422 (1.9%)
  • Others: 1,330 (0.7%)
  • Indefinable: 666 (0.4%)
    • Undeclared: 19,155 (9.6%)

Total: 200,271

Government and politics

Twin cities

Economy

Burgas is an important industrial center. The most notable industrial enterprise is LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas - the largest oil refinery in South-eastern Europe and the largest manufacturing plant in the Balkans.

Education

  • Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov University
  • Bourgas Free University

Culture

Main sights

  • Burgas Regional Historical Museum
  • Ethnographic Museum
  • Archeological Museum
  • Museum of Nature and Science
  • Roman City of Develtum
  • The Roman and medieval Baths of Aquae Calidae
  • The Poros Fortness
  • The Rusokastro Fortness
  • The Erkesiya-Border wall
  • City Gallery
  • Theatre Adriana Budevska
  • City Beach
  • Pantheon
  • The Burgas pier
  • Sea Casino
  • Navel of Burgas
  • The building of Regional Customs Burgas
  • Burgas Central railway station
Opera House

The modern building of the Burgas Opera House is home to the city’s two major musical institutions; the Burgas State Opera and the Philharmonic Society of Burgas.

Sea Garden

A municipal park built in 1910 for the residents of Burgas by the city’s chief gardener, Georgi Duhtev.

Churches and monasteries

Bulgarian Orthodox Churches
  • Saints Cyril and Methodius Orthodox Cathedral
  • Holy Theotokos Orthodox Church
  • Saint John of Rila (Ivan Rilski) Orthodox Church
  • Holy Trinity Orthodox Church
  • Saint Demetrius Orthodox Church
  • Saint Athanasius Orthodox Church
  • Saint Nicholas Orthodox Church
  • Saint Poimen of Zographou Orthodox Church
  • Holy Theotokos Monastery
  • Saint Anastasia Monastery on the St. Anastasia Island
Armenian Orthodox Church

Armenian Apostolic and Orthodox Church Surp Hach (Church of the Holy Cross) was built in 1853 an is one of the oldest in the city and has been named as one of the city’s monuments of culture. With stained glass windows and intricate decoration inside, the picturesque church was built in 1855.

Catholic Churches

Regular events

  • April
    • International Audition for performances of German and Austrian music
  • May
    • Burgas Sailing Week
    • Petja Dubarowa-Contest
    • Erata na Wodoleja-Theatre Festival
  • July
    • Three Week Festival of Opera and Classical Music
    • Burgas Marathon swimming
  • August
  • December
    • Every 6 December Burgas pays respect to its patron saint, St. Nicholas, also the patron saint of fishermen.
    • WDSF Burgas Cup

Professional sports

Paragliding over the Sea Garden in the City Centre

Notable natives

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Template:Bg icon National Statistical Institute - Main Towns Census 2011
  2. ^ Norman Polmar: The Naval Institute guide to the Soviet Navy, 5. Ausgabe, United States Naval Institute, Naval Institute Press, 1991, p.447
  3. ^ Ward, Philip. Bulgaria, a travel guide. Pelican. p. 168.
  4. ^ Wright, Joseph, 1892, A Primer of the Gothic Language, glossary & section 182.
  5. ^ Pan-European corridors
  6. ^ "Climatological Normals for Burgas, Bulgaria (1953-2011)". Climatebase. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Ramsar Convention". Ramsar.org. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  8. ^ Herwig Wolfram: Die Goten: von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts : Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, Verlag C.H.Beck, 2001, S. 130
  9. ^ a b Ivan Karayotov, Stoyan Raychevski, Mitko Ivanov: История на Бургас. От древността до средата на ХХ век., Tafprint OOD, Plovdiv, 2011, ISBN 978-954-92689-1-1, S. 60–65
  10. ^ Burgas, Bulgaria (Eyewitness Travel), Jonathan Bousfield and Matt Willis, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, England, 2008, p. 210.
  11. ^ Etudes historiques. A l’occasion du XIII Congrés international des sciences historiques - Moscou, août 1970. Acad. Bulg. des sciences, 1970, p. 243 and p. 252.
  12. ^ Claude Charles De Peyssonnel: Traité sur le commerce de la Mer Noire, Band 2, Cuchet, 1787, p. 151
  13. ^ Karayotov/Raychevski/Ivanov, p. 301
  14. ^ Karayotov/Raychevski/Ivanov, p. 112–113
  15. ^ Wael B. Hallaq, Donald Presgrave Little: Islamic studies presented to Charles J. Adams, BRILL, 1991, S. 211
  16. ^ a b c Regionalmuseum Burgas. "History of Burgas" (pdf) (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 26 January 2012., Regionalmuseum Burgas. "History of Burgas". Retrieved 26 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |kommentar= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Karayotov/Raychevski/Ivanov, p. 220–228
  18. ^ Article: Bulgaria in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
  19. ^ R. J. Crampton: A concise history of Bulgaria, Verlag Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 121
  20. ^ Karayotov/Raychevski/Ivanov, p. 210–220
  21. ^ Nikolova/Panaiotov: p. 300
  22. ^ "History of HemusMark AD" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  23. ^ Karayotov/Raychevski/Ivanov, p. 236
  24. ^ Portal decommunization. "Chronology of the Bulgarian Communism (bulg. Хронология 1944–1947)" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2 August 2012. 9 септември 1944. В условията на започнала съветска окупация....Съветските войски завземат Шумен, Разград и Бургас.
  25. ^ a b Karayotov/Raychevski/Ivanov, p. 246-250
  26. ^ Burneva/Murdsheva: Deutsch als Fremdsprache(n) an bulgarischen Hochschulen in Hiltraud Casper-Hehne: Die Neustrukturierung von Studiengängen "Deutsch als Fremdsprache": Probleme und Perspektiven ; Fachtagung 17. - 19. November an der Universität Hannover, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2006, p. 238
  27. ^ Gaby Coldewey: Zwischen Pruth und Jordan: Lebenserinnerungen Czernowitzer Juden. Böhlau Verlag, Köln/Weimar 2003, p. 105.
  28. ^ Idith Zertal: From catastrophe to power: Holocaust survivors and the emergence of Israel, University of California Press, 1998, pp. 118-120, 139, 208, 298
  29. ^ Eckhart Dietrich: Angriffe auf den Rechtsstaat: die Baader/Meinhof-Bande, die Bewegung 2. Juni, die Revolutionären Zellen und die Stasi im Operationsgebiet Westberlin (aus Originalurteilen mit Erklärungen und Anmerkungen), 2009, p. 84
  30. ^ a b Template:Bg icon Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
  31. ^ a b Template:Bg icon National Statistical Institute - Towns population 1956-1992
  32. ^ Template:En icon Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - towns in 2009
  33. ^ Template:En icon Citypopulation.de
  34. ^ "Pop-stat.mashke.org". Pop-stat.mashke.org. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  35. ^ Template:Bg icon Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age; National Statistical Institute
  36. ^ Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification, by 01.02.2011; Bulgarian National Statistical Institute Template:Bg icon
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