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'''Americans''', or '''American people''', are [[Citizenship in the United States|citizens]], or natives, of the [[United States|United States of America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/american |title=American |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |quote=3 : a citizen of the United States }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/American?q=American |title=American |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=American English |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |quote=1 a native or citizen of the United States. }}</ref> The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their [[nationality]] with [[ethnicity]], but with [[citizenship]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shklar |first=Judith N. |title=American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion |series=The Tanner Lectures on Human Values |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8n829DOw1PMC&lpg=PA4&dq=American%20nationality%20citizenship&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=American%20nationality%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |year=1991 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674022164 |pages=3–4 }}<br/>{{cite journal |last1=Slotkin |first1=Richard |year=2001 |title=Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality |journal=American Literary History |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=469–498 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi= |url=http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=div2facpubs |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |quote=But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging. }}<br/>{{cite book |last=Eder |first=Klaus |last2=Giesen |first2=Bernhard |title=European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lL-FiY6xhfUC&lpg=PA26&dq=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199241200 |pages=25–26 |quote=In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior. }}<br/>{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=William |last2=Novak |first2=Michael |last3=Gleason |first3=Philip |title=Concepts of Ethnicity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&lpg=PA62&vq=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62#v=snippet&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674157262 |page=62 |quote=To be or to become an American, a person did not ahve to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. }}</ref> With the exception of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population, all Americans or their [[Immigration to the United States|ancestors immigrated]] within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref>
'''Americans''', or '''American people''', are [[Citizenship in the United States|citizens]], or natives, of Americas (continent of North and South America).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/american |title=American |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |quote=3 : a citizen of the United States }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/American?q=American |title=American |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=American English |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |quote=1 a native or citizen of the United States. }}</ref> The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their [[nationality]] with [[ethnicity]], but with [[citizenship]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shklar |first=Judith N. |title=American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion |series=The Tanner Lectures on Human Values |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8n829DOw1PMC&lpg=PA4&dq=American%20nationality%20citizenship&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=American%20nationality%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |year=1991 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674022164 |pages=3–4 }}<br/>{{cite journal |last1=Slotkin |first1=Richard |year=2001 |title=Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality |journal=American Literary History |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=469–498 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi= |url=http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=div2facpubs |accessdate=December 17, 2012 |quote=But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging. }}<br/>{{cite book |last=Eder |first=Klaus |last2=Giesen |first2=Bernhard |title=European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lL-FiY6xhfUC&lpg=PA26&dq=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199241200 |pages=25–26 |quote=In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior. }}<br/>{{cite book |last=Petersen |first=William |last2=Novak |first2=Michael |last3=Gleason |first3=Philip |title=Concepts of Ethnicity |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&lpg=PA62&vq=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62#v=snippet&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&f=false |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674157262 |page=62 |quote=To be or to become an American, a person did not ahve to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. }}</ref> With the exception of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population, all Americans or their [[Immigration to the United States|ancestors immigrated]] within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref>


Despite its multi-ethnic composition,<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> the culture held in common by most Americans is referred to as [[mainstream]] [[Culture of the United States|American culture]], a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the traditions of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]]an immigrants.<ref name="DD"/> It also includes influences of [[African-American culture]].<ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> Westward expansion integrated the [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] and [[Cajun]]s of Louisiana and the [[Hispanos]] of the Southwest and brought close contact with the [[culture of Mexico]]. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from [[History of Asian American immigration|Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] has also had impact. A cultural [[melting pot]], or pluralistic [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.<ref name="DD"/>
Despite its multi-ethnic composition,<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> the culture held in common by most Americans is referred to as [[mainstream]] [[Culture of the United States|American culture]], a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the traditions of [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Western Europe]]an immigrants.<ref name="DD"/> It also includes influences of [[African-American culture]].<ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> Westward expansion integrated the [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] and [[Cajun]]s of Louisiana and the [[Hispanos]] of the Southwest and brought close contact with the [[culture of Mexico]]. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from [[History of Asian American immigration|Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] has also had impact. A cultural [[melting pot]], or pluralistic [[Salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.<ref name="DD"/>

Revision as of 21:07, 4 June 2013

For other uses, see American (disambiguation), and American (word) for analysis and history of the meanings in various contexts.
Americans
Flag of the United States of America
Regions with significant populations
United States of America        337,339,000[1]
current population estimates
United Mexican States738,100–1,000,000[2][3]
Canada316,350–1,000,000[4][5]
Republic of the Philippines300,000[6]
State of Israel200,000[7][8]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland139,000-197,143[9][10]
Republic of Liberia160,000[11]
Republic of Costa Rica130,000[12]
Republic of Korea120,000-158,000[13]
French Republic100,000[14]
Federal Republic of Germany99,600[15]
People's Republic of China71,493[16]
Federative Republic of Brazil70,000[17]
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China60,000[18]
Republic of India60,000[19]
Commonwealth of Australia56,276[20]
Japan51,321[21]
Italian Republic50,000[22]
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia40,000[23]
Argentine Republic37,000[24]
Kingdom of Norway33,509[25]
Commonwealth of the Bahamas30,000[26]
Lebanese Republic25,000[27]
Republic of Panama25,000[28]
New Zealand17,751[29]
Republic of Honduras15,000[30]
Republic of Chile12,000[31]
Republic of China10,645[32]
Bermuda8,000[33]
State of Kuwait8,000[34]
Languages
Primarily English, but also Spanish and others
Religion
Christian (Protestantism, Catholicism and Mormonism)[35]
Unaffiliated (Agnosticism and Atheism)[35]
Various non-christian religions (Judaism, and others)[35]

Americans, or American people, are citizens, or natives, of Americas (continent of North and South America).[37][38] The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship.[39] With the exception of the Native American population, all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.[40]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[41][42] the culture held in common by most Americans is referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European immigrants.[41] It also includes influences of African-American culture.[43] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[41]

In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as three to seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[44][45][46]

Racial and ethnic groups

Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States
See also: Demographics of the United States

The United States is a diverse country, racially and ethnically.[47] Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races; a race called "Some other race" is also used in the census and other surveys, but is not official.[48][49][50] The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that composes the largest minority group in the nation.[48][49][51]

White and European Americans

Main articles: European American, White American, White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Arab American, and Jewish American

People of European descent or whites constitute the majority of the 308 million (308,745,538) people living in the United States, with 231,040,398 or 74.8% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.[52][53] They are people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[52] Of those reporting to be White American, 7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial; with largest combination being White and Black.[53] Additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos.[53] White Americans are the majority in forty-six of the fifty states, with the exception of Hawaii.[54] Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in forty-six states; the four minority-majority states are California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii.[52] In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority.[52] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans, is Maine.[55]

The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are Europeans who have origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations which have a large European diaspora.[56]

The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States.[57] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.[58] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents.

In 2009, German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), and English Americans (9.0%) were the three largest self-reported ancestry groups in the United States forming 37.4% of the population.[59]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[60] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[61] and median personal income[62] of any racial demographic in the nation.

Population by ancestry group[63][64]
Rank Ancestry group Percentage
Of total estimated population 		Pop. estimates Albert EinsteinJohn Fitzgerald "Jack" KennedyGeorge Washington
John BasiloneStephen Gary "Steve" WozniakPaul Revere
Samuel "Sam" HoustonThomas Alva EdisonNorma Jeane Mortenson
1 German 15.68% 48,503,828
2 Irish 11.37% 35,186,074
3 English 8.52% 26,349,212
4 American 6.75% 20,875,080
5 Italian 5.65% 17,488,984
6 Polish 3.12% 9,660,864
7 French (except Basque) 2.87% 8,891,224
8 Scottish 1.79% 5,562,022
9 Dutch 1.51% 4,687,636
10 Norwegian 1.45% 4,491,712
White and European American (total) 231,040,398
2010 United States Census[53]
2009-2011 American Community Survey Albert Einstein (Jewish/German), John F. Kennedy (Irish), George Washington (English)
John Basilone (Italian), Steve Wozniak (Polish), Paul Revere (French)
Sam Houston (Scottish), Thomas Edison (Dutch), Marilyn Monroe (Norwegian)

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race) make up the largest ethnic minority in the United States and form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, making up 16.3% of the population, according to the 2010 United States Census.[65][66]

Hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race.[67][68][69][70]

People of Spanish or Hispanic descent have lived in what is now the United States since the founding of St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Hispanics have served with distinction in the United States military since the American Revolution when General Bernardo de Gálvez provided arms and rations to the Continental Army and afterwards engaged in military campaigns against the British.[71]

Population by national origin[72][73]
Rank National origin Percentage
Of total population 		Pop. Cesar ChavezHumbert Roque VersaceFélix Ismael Rodríguez Mendigutia
Anita PageAl HorfordDaphne Zuniga
1 Mexican 10.29% 31,798,258
2 Puerto Rican 1.49% 4,623,716
3 Cuban 0.57% 1,785,547
4 Salvadoran 0.53% 1,648,968
5 Dominican 0.45% 1,414,703
6 Guatemalan 0.33% 1,044,209
All other 2.64% 8,162,193
Hispanic and Latino American (total) 16.34% 50,477,594
2010 United States Census Cesar Chavez (Mexican), Humbert Roque Versace (Puerto Rican), Félix Rodríguez (Cuban)
Anita Page (Salvadoran), Al Horford (Dominican), Daphne Zuniga (Guatemalan)

Black and African Americans

Main articles: African American and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[74] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the racial category include those who self-identify as African American, Sub-Saharan Africans, and Afro-Caribbeans.[75] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 blacks in the United States, which represented 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which represented 12.1% of the population.[76] This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans,[75] making up 14% of the total population of the United States.[77] African Americans make up the second largest race in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race);[65] the majority of the population (55%) live in the South, while compared to 2000 Census there is a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[77]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captive Africans who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States, although some are—or are descended from—immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations.[78] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[79] More recent immigrants from Africa may, or may not, self-identify as "African-American";[80][81] and may experience conflict with American-born African-Americans.[82][83][84][85]

The first African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.[86] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);[87] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.[88] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,[89][90] while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.[91] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason-Dixon Line) had abolished slavery.[92] However, slavery would persist until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the thirteenth amendment.[93] Following the end of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,[94] African Americans became subject to Jim Crow laws,[95] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the Civil Rights Movement.[96]

Population by Ancestry Group[64]
Rank Ancestry Group Percentage
Of total estimated population 		Pop. Estimates Dred ScottFrederick Augustus Washington BaileyMartin Luther King, Jr.
Colin Luther PowellWilliam Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du BoisLevardis Robert Martyn Burton, Jr.
Kareem Abdul-JabbarJohn Arthur JohnsonShirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm
1 Jamaican 0.31% 986,897
2 Haitian 0.28% 873,003
3 Nigerian 0.08% 259,934
4 Trinidadian and Tobagonian 0.06% 193,233
5 Ghanaian 0.03% 94,405
6 Barbadian 0.01% 59,236
Subsaharan African (total) 0.92% 2,864,067
West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups) 0.85% 2,633,149
Black and African Americans (total) 42,020,743
2010 United States Census[75]
2009-2011 American Community Survey Dred Scott, Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King, Jr.
Colin Powell (Jamaican), W. E. B. Du Bois (Haitian & Ghanaian), LeVar Burton (Nigerian)
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Trinidadian and Tobagonian), Jack Johnson (Ghanaian), Shirley Chisholm (Barbadian)

Asian Americans

Main articles: Asian American and Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 17.3 million in 2010, or 5.6% of the U.S. population.[97][98] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state;[99] in Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[99] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[100]

They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, Mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[101] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[102][103] For better or worse, the group has been called a model minority.[104][105][106]

While Asian American have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[107][108][109] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[109] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[110] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[111][112]

Asian ancestries[97]
Rank Ancestry Percentage
Of total population 		Pop. Anna May WongJose CalugasKalpana Chawla
Margaret Denise QuigleySeo Jae-pilEllison Onizuka
1 Chinese 1.2% 3,797,379
2 Filipino 1.1% 3,417,285
3 Indian 1.0% 3,188,538
4 Vietnamese 0.5% 1,737,665
5 Korean 0.5% 1,707,027
6 Japanese 0.4% 1,304,599
Other Asian 0.9% 2,799,448
Asian American (total) 5.6% 17,320,856
2010 United States Census Anna May Wong (Chinese), Jose Calugas (Filipino), Kalpana Chawla (Indian)
Maggie Q (Vietnamese), Seo Jae-pil (Korean), Ellison Onizuka (Japanese)

Two or more races

Main article: Multiracial American

The U.S. has a growing multiracial identity movement. Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[98] by the 2010 census the Multiracial increased to 9,009,073, or 2.9% of the total population.[113] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "Some other race") and ethnicities.[114] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[113] Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, is biracial with his mother being of English and Irish descent and his father being of Kenyan birth;[115][116] however, Obama only self-identifies as being African American.[117][118]

American Indians and Alaska Natives

Main article: Native Americans in the United States
See also: Blood quantum laws and Bureau of Indian Affairs

According to the 2010 Census, there are 5.2 million people who are American Indian or Alaska Native alone, or in combination with one or more races; they make up 1.7% of the total population.[119] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[119] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[119] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[119] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[120] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[121]

Native Americans, whose ancestry are indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000-45,000 years ago.[122] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.[123] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[124] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.[125] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;[126] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists,[127][128][129] as well as between tribes;[130][131] displacement from their lands;[132] internal warfare,[133] enslavement;[134] and intermarriage.[135][136]

Population by selected tribal groups[119][137]
Rank National origin Percentage
Of total population 		Pop. Florence Owens ThompsonNavajo Code TalkersPushmataha
Charles Albert "Chief" BenderSitting BullGeronimo
1 Cherokee 0.26% 819,105
2 Navajo 0.1% 332,129
3 Choctaw 0.06% 195,764
4 Mexican American Indian 0.05% 175,494
5 Chippewa 0.05% 170,742
6 Sioux 0.05% 170,110
All other 1.08% 3,357,235
American Indian (total) 1.69% 5,220,579
2010 United States Census Florence Owens Thompson (Cherokee), Code talkers (Navajo), Pushmataha (Choctaw)
Chief Bender (Chippewa), Sitting Bull (Sioux), Geronimo (Apache)

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

Main article: Pacific Islands American

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands."[138] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[139] As of the 2010 United States Census there are 1.2 million who reside in the United States, and make up 0.4% of the nation's total population, of whom 56% are multiracial.[140] 14% of the population have at least a bachelors degree,[140] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.[140] As compared to the 2000 United States Census this population grew by 40%;[138] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000.[138] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,[140] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.[138]

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[138]
Rank Ancestry Percentage Pop. Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola KahanamokuDwayne Douglas Johnson
Sonny SandovalSione Sonasi "Bo" Po'uha
1 Hawaiian 0.17% 527,077
2 Samoan 0.05% 184,440
3 Chamorro 0.04% 147,798
4 Tongan 0.01% 57,183
Other Pacific Islanders 0.09% 308,697
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total) 0.39% 1,225,195
2010 United States Census Duke Kahanamoku (Hawaiian), Dwayne Johnson (Samoan)
Sonny Sandoval (Chamorro), Sione Pouha (Tongan)

National personification

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson. The female personification is "Columbia".

A national personification is an anthropomorphization of a nation or its people; it can appear in both editorial cartoons and propaganda.

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond.

Language

Main articles: Languages of the United States, English language, American English, and English-only movement
Languages (2007)[141]
English (only) 225.5 million
Spanish, incl. Creole 34.5 million
Chinese 2.5 million
French, incl. Creole 2.0 million
Tagalog 1.5 million
Vietnamese 1.2 million
German 1.1 million
Korean 1.1 million

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[141][142] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[143] Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[144]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[145] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[146] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States
Religion in the United States
Religion Percent
Total Christians
 
 78.4%
Protestant
 
 51.3%
Roman Catholic
 
 23.9%
Mormon
 
 1.7%
Jehovah's Witnesses
 
 0.7%
Orthodox
 
 0.6%
other Christian
 
 0.3%
Total Other Religions
 
 4.7%
Jewish
 
 1.7%
Buddhist
 
 0.7%
Muslim
 
 0.6%
Hindu
 
 0.4%
Other faiths
 
 1.2%
Total Unaffiliated
 
 16.1%
Agnostic
 
 2.4%
Atheist
 
 1.6%
Nothing in particular
 
 12.1%
Pew Research Center, 2008[35]

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level, compared to other developed countries, and diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed nations, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.[147] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[148]

The majority of Americans (76%) identify themselves as Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations, accounting for 51% and 25% of the population respectively.[149] Non-Christian religions (including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism), collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.[149][150][151] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.[149] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.[149][152]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the nineteenth century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[153] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[154]

Culture

Main article: Culture of the United States
American Shepherd with his horse and dog.

The development of the culture of the United States of America has been marked by a tension between two strong sources of inspiration: European ideals, especially British; and domestic originality, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[155][156] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American.

American culture encompasses traditions, ideals, customs, beliefs, values, arts, folklore and innovations developed both domestically and imported via colonization and immigration. Prevalent ideas and ideals which evolved domestically such as important national holidays, uniquely American sports, proud military tradition, and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.

See also

American diaspora

References

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