List of ethnic riots: Difference between revisions
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*[[Acre, Israel]] (2008) - [[Sectarian violence]] erupted on 8 October 2008 turning into 5 days of violence after an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab Israeli]] citizen drove through a predominantly [[Jew]]ish neighbourhood during [[Yom Kippur]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/10/2008101121593495797.html Acre faces fourth night of riots], Al Jazeera English</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?bl&ex=1224043200&en=1694b9dd225b8c71&ei=5087%0A Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence], New York Times, October 12, 2008</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1222017521503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Police arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver], Jpost, October 12, 2008</ref> |
*[[Acre, Israel]] (2008) - [[Sectarian violence]] erupted on 8 October 2008 turning into 5 days of violence after an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab Israeli]] citizen drove through a predominantly [[Jew]]ish neighbourhood during [[Yom Kippur]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/10/2008101121593495797.html Acre faces fourth night of riots], Al Jazeera English</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?bl&ex=1224043200&en=1694b9dd225b8c71&ei=5087%0A Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence], New York Times, October 12, 2008</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1222017521503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Police arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver], Jpost, October 12, 2008</ref> |
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*[[Tel Aviv]] (2012) - [[Race riots]] by Jewish Israelis against black African immigrants took place in May 2012 after the rape of an elderly woman, and an under age Israeli girl by Sudanese men in front of her boyfriend. <ref>http://forward.com/articles/168576/anti-african-riots-erupt-over-tel-aviv-rape/</ref><ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/tel-aviv-race-riots-shock-israel/story-e6frg6so-1226366536966</ref><ref>http://www.jpost.com/National-News/South-Tel-Aviv-simmers-as-racial-tensions-linger</ref><ref>http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/24/deport-the-sudanese-violent-israeli-race-riots-draw-condemnation-empathy/</ref> |
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*[[Tel Aviv]] (2012) - [[Race riots]] by Jewish Israelis against black African immigrants took place in May 2012 after the Israeli government began planning for the immediate deportation of all African "illegal infiltrators." |
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<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/24/tel-aviv-protest-violence-immigration]</ref> |
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==Italy== |
==Italy== |
Revision as of 18:31, 23 June 2013
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2007) |
This is a list of ethnic/sectarian/race riots by country.
Angola
Australia
- Buckland Valley (1857) - Buckland Riot
- Burrangong (1860–1861) - Lambing Flat riots
- Broome (1905,1914,1920) - Broome riots
- Anti Greek riots Kalgoolie in Perth in 1915 and in Kalgoorlie in 1916
- Redfern (2004) - Redfern riots
- Palm Island (2004) - Palm Island death in custody riot
- Sydney (2005) - 2005 Cronulla riots
Belgium
- Brussels (2006) - 2006 Brussels riots
Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro (1823) - Anti-Portuguese riots[2]
- Salvador (1831) - Anti-Portuguese riots
Bulgaria
Burma
- Burma (1930) - Anti-Indian riots
- Mandalay (1997) - Anti-Muslim Riots
- Taungoo (2001) - Anti-Muslim Riots
Canada
- Toronto (August 2–5, 1918)[4] - Anti-Greek Riot.
- Toronto (August 16, 1933) - Christie Pits riot
- Vancouver (September 7, 1907) - anti-Asian riot
China
- Nanjing anti-African protests (1988) - Nanjing
- Ghulja Incident, Xinjiang, China (1997)[5]
- 2008 Tibetan unrest (2008) - Tibet, China
- 2008 Uyghur unrest
- June 2009 Shaoguan incident - Guangdong, China
- July 2009 Ürümqi riots - Xinjiang, China
Denmark
- St. Croix riot (1873) - St. Croix
- Jewish skirmishes (1820–22) - Various Danish and German cities and towns.
France
- 2005 civil unrest in France – mainly Paris, but also in other high-immigrant areas.
- Perpignan (2005) – Perpignan Riots[6] between North African and Roma communities after a man of North African descent was shot dead.
- Avignon (September 2009) – between Turkish and Moroccan youths (one young of African descent was dead)
Indonesia
- Indonesia (1965) - Anti-Chinese riots[7]
- Jakarta, Surakarta (1998) - Anti-Chinese riots[8]
Israel
- Acre, Israel (2008) - Sectarian violence erupted on 8 October 2008 turning into 5 days of violence after an Arab Israeli citizen drove through a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood during Yom Kippur.[9][10][11]
- Tel Aviv (2012) - Race riots by Jewish Israelis against black African immigrants took place in May 2012 after the rape of an elderly woman, and an under age Israeli girl by Sudanese men in front of her boyfriend. [12][13][14][15]
Italy
Côte d’Ivoire
Lesotho
Malaysia
- Kuala Lumpur (1969) - May 13 Incident
Mauritania
- Mauritania (1989) - Mauritania–Senegal Border War. Race riots erupt in Mauritania between Arabs and black Mauritanians[21]
Netherlands
- Utrecht (2007) - Utrecht Riots[22]
- Amsterdam (2007) - Moroccan-Dutch youth sectarian violence[23]
New Zealand
- Wellington (1943) - Battle of Manners Street was a conflict involving American servicemen versus New Zealand servicemen and civilians outside the Allied Services Club in Manners Street.
Pakistan
Poland
- Przytyk pogrom (1936) - anti-Jewish riots in Przytyk, on March 9, 1936
- Kraków pogrom (1945) - anti-Jewish riots that occurred on August 11, 1945, in the city of Kraków
- Kielce pogrom (1946) - an outbreak of violence against the Jewish community of Kielce, Poland on July 4, 1946
- Mława pogrom (1991) - a series of violent incidents in June 1991, when a crowd attacked Roma residents of the Polish town of Mława
Rhodesia
- Kananga (1925) - Kananga Riot of 1925
Russia
- Kondopoga (2006) - Anti-immigrant riots in Kondopoga, Karelia, Russia
- Moscow (2010) - Anti-immigrant riots on the Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, Russia
Singapore
- Singapore (1950) - Maria Hertogh riots
- Singapore (1964) - 1964 race riots in Singapore
- Singapore (1969) - 1969 Race Riots of Singapore
Solomon Islands
- Honiara (2006) - Anti-Chinese riots[24]
South Africa
- Durban (1949) - Anti-Indian riots, an inter-racial conflict between Zulus and Indians in Durban.[25]
- Durban (1985) - Anti-Indian riots[26]
- Port Elizabeth, South Africa (2007) - Anti-Somali riot[27]
Soviet Union
- Sumgait Massacre (1988) - anti-Armenian riots in Azerbaijan SSR during February 1988
- Uzbek SSR (1989) - After bloody riots against the Meskhetian Turks in Central Asia's Fergana Valley, nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan[28]
- Dushanbe riots (1990) - anti-Armenian unrest in Dushanbe, the capital of the Tajik SSR, from February 12–14, 1990.
- Osh riots (1990) - an ethnic conflict between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks that took place in June 1990 in the Kyrgyz SSR
Spain
- Almeria (2000) - Spain's race riots[29]
- Madrid (2007) - Madrid Riots[30]
- Roquetas de Mar, Almeria (2008) - Riot between Senegalese and Roma (Gypsy) families[31]
Sri Lanka
- Sinhal Muslin riots of 1915 - Nationwide
- Gal Oya riots - 1956, Ampara District, Sri Lanka.
- 1958 riots in Ceylon - Nationwide
- 1977 riots in Sri Lanka - Nationwide
- Burning of Jaffna library - Jaffna
- Black July - Nationwide
- 2000 Bundarawela riots — Mawanella
- 2006 riots — Trincomalee, Galle
Tanzania
- Zanzibar (1964) - The Zanzibar Revolution of January 12, 1964 put an end to the local Arab dynasty. Thousands of Arabs were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island[32][33]
Tonga
- Nukuʻalofa (2006) - Anti-Chinese riots[34]
Turkey
- Istanbul (1955) - Istanbul Riots, also known as Istanbul Pogrom.
- Altınova (2008) - Kurdish-owned homes and shops were attacked and Kurds stoned.[35]
United Kingdom
- South Shields (February 1919) - South Shields
- Cardiff (June 1919) - Cardiff riots 1919
- Liverpool (June 1919) - Liverpool riot 1919
- London (April 1919) - Stepney
- London (May 1919) - St Anne Street
- London (June 1919) - Cable Street
- London (June 1919) - Poplar
- Liverpool (August 1948) - Liverpool riot 1948
- Nottingham (August 1958) - Nottingham riot 1958
- London (1958) - 1958 Notting Hill race riots
- Leeds (1975) - 1975 Chapeltown riot
- London (1976) - Notting Hill
- London (23 April 1979) - Southall race riot
- Bristol (1980) - 1980 St. Pauls riot
- London (April 1981) - 1981 Brixton riot
- Liverpool (July 1981) - 1981 Toxteth riots
- Birmingham (July 1981, 1985) - 1985 Handsworth riots
- Leeds (1981) - 1981 Chapeltown Caribbean riot
- Manchester (1981) - Moss Side
- London (1985) - Peckham riot
- London (September 1985) - 1985 Brixton riot
- London (October 1985) - Broadwater Farm riot
- Leeds (1987) - 1987 Chapeltown riot
- Dewsbury (1989) - 1989 Dewsbury riot
- North Shields (1991) - Benwell and The Meadow Well riots
- Oldham (May 2001) - 2001 Oldham riots
- Burnley (June 2001) - Burnley Riots
- Bradford (July 2001) - 2001 Bradford riots
- Stoke-on-Trent (July 2001)
- Birmingham (2005) - 2005 Birmingham riots
- Windsor (2006) - 2006 Windsor ethnic violence[36]
United States
Nativist Period 1700s-1860
- 1824: Providence, Rhode Island Hard Scrabble Riots
- 1829: Cincinnati riots of 1829 Rioting against African Americans results in over a thousand leaving for Canada.
- 1829: Charlestown Anti-Catholic Riots
- 1831: Providence, Rhode Island
- 1834: Massachusetts Convent Burning
- 1834: Philadelphia pro-slavery riots[37]
- 1835: Five Points Riot
- 1835: Washington, D.C.[38][39]
- 1836: Cincinnati riots of 1836. Several anti-abolitionist riots took place
- 1841: Cincinnati, Ohio White Irish-descendant and Irish immigrant dock workers rioted against Black dock workers. When the Black dock workers banded together to defend their community from the approaching Whites, the White rioters retreated and then commandeered a 6-pound cannon and shot it through the streets of Cincinnati.
- 1844: Philadelphia Nativist Riots (May 6–8/July 5–8)
- 1851: Hoboken Anti-German Riot
- 1855: Louisville Anti-German Riots
Civil War Period 1861-1865
- 1863: New York City Draft Riot
- 1863: Detroit Race Riot
Reconstruction Period: 1865 - 1877
- 1866: New Orleans Riot
- 1866: Memphis, Tennessee
- 1868: Pulaski Riot
- 1868: Opelousas, Louisiana
- 1868: Camilla, Georgia
- 1870: Eutaw, Alabama
- 1870: Laurens, South Carolina
- 1870: New York City Orange Riot
- 1871: Second New York City Orange Riot
- 1871: Los Angeles Anti-Chinese Riot
- 1871: Meridian, Mississippi
- 1891: New Orleans Anti-Italian Riot
- 1873: Colfax massacre
- 1874: Vicksburg, Mississippi
- 1874: New Orleans, Louisiana {Liberty place riot see[40]}
- 1874: Coushatta, Louisiana
- 1875: Yazoo City, Mississippi
- 1875: Clinton, Mississippi
- 1876: Hamburg Massacre
- 1876: Ellenton, South Carolina
Jim Crow Period: 1878 - 1914
- 1885: Anti-Chinese riot in Rock Springs, Wyoming Territory
- 1886: Seattle riot of 1886[41]
- 1898: Wilmington Insurrection of 1898[42]
- 1898: Lake City, South Carolina
- 1898: Greenwood County, South Carolina
- 1900: Robert Charles Riots
- 1900: New York City, New York
- 1906: Atlanta Race Riot[43]
- 1906: Brownsville, Texas
- 1907: Onancock, Virginia
- 1908: Springfield Race Riot of 1908[44]
- 1909: Omaha, Nebraska anti-Greek riot
- 1910: Nationwide riots following the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries in Reno, Nevada on July 4
War and Inter-War Period: 1914 - 1945
- 1917: East St. Louis Riot[45]
- 1917: Chester, Pennsylvania
- 1917: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1917: Houston Riot
- Red Summer of 1919
- 1919: Washington, D.C.
- 1919: Chicago Race Riot of 1919[46]
- 1919: Omaha Race Riot of 1919
- 1919: Charleston, South Carolina
- 1919: Longview, Texas
- 1919: Knoxville Riot of 1919
- 1919: Elaine Race Riot
- 1921: Tulsa race riot (Tulsa, Oklahoma)[47]
- 1923: Rosewood massacre (Rosewood, Florida)[48]
- 1927: Yakima Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[49]
- 1928: Wenatchee Valley Anti-Filipino Riot[49]
- 1929: Exeter Anti-Filipino Riot[50]
- 1930: Watsonville Anti-Filipino Riots, which inspired race riots in San Francisco, Salinas and San Jose and attacks elsewhere.[50]
- 1935: Harlem Riot of 1935
- 1943: Detroit Race Riot[51]
- 1943: Beaumont Race Riot of 1943
- 1943: Harlem Riot of 1943
- 1943: Zoot Suit Riots
Postwar era: 1946 - 1954
- 1946: Columbia, Tennessee Riot
- 1949: Peekskill Riots
- 1951: Cicero Race Riot in Illinois
Civil Rights and Black Power Movement's Period: 1955 - 1977
- 1958: Battle of Hayes Pond (Maxton, North Carolina)
- 1963: Cambridge riot of 1963 (Cambridge, Maryland)
- 1964: Harlem Riot of 1964 (Harlem neighborhood, Manhattan, New York City)
- 1964: Rochester riot (Rochester, New York)
- 1964: Philadelphia 1964 race riot (North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- 1965: Watts Riots (Watts neighborhood, Los Angeles, California)
- 1966: Division Street Riots (Humboldt Park neighborhood, Chicago, Illinois)
- 1966: Hough Riots (Hough community, Cleveland, Ohio)
- 1966: North Omaha, Nebraska (North Omaha community, Omaha, Nebraska)
- Long Hot Summer of 1967
- 1967: Tampa Riots, (Tampa, Florida)
- 1967: Texas Southern University Riot (Houston, Texas)
- 1967: 1967 Detroit riot (Detroit, Michigan)
- 1967: Buffalo riot (Buffalo, New York)
- 1967: Milwaukee Riot (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
- 1967: Minneapolis North Side Riots (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
- 1967: 1967 Newark riots (Newark, New Jersey)
- 1967: Plainfield riots (Plainfield, New Jersey)
- Protests of 1968
- 1968: Orangeburg massacre (Orangeburg, South Carolina)
- 1968: Nationwide riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
- 1968: Baltimore riot of 1968 (Baltimore, Maryland)
- 1968: Chicago (April 1968) (Chicago, Illinois)
- 1968: Louisville riots of 1968 (Louisville, Kentucky)
- 1968: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots (Washington, D.C.)
- 1969: 1969 York Race Riot (York, Pennsylvania)
- 1970: May 11th Race Riot (Augusta, Georgia)
- 1970: Jackson State killings (Jackson, Mississippi)
- 1971: Camden Riots (Camden, New Jersey)
- 1972-1977: Escambia High School riots (Pensacola, Florida)
- 1975: Chaffey High School Race Riot enhanced by local sniper (Ontario, California)
- 1978: Houston's Moody Park on the first anniversary of Joe Campos Torres death.
Modern
- 1980: Miami Riots (Miami, Florida)
- 1980: Chattanooga Riot (Chattanooga, Tennessee)
- 1984: Lawrence, Massachusetts Race Riot: A small scale riot centered at the intersection of Haverhill and railroad streets between working class whites and Hispanics; several buildings were destroyed by Molotov cocktails; August 8, 1984.[52]
- 1991: Crown Heights riot (Crown Heights neighborhood, Brooklyn, New York City)
- 1992: Los Angeles Riots (Los Angeles, California): In a reaction to the acquittal of all four LAPD officers involved in the videotaped beating of Rodney King and the murder of Latasha Harlins; riots broke out mainly involving black youths in the black neighborhoods and shop owners in Korean neighborhoods, but overall riotiing was mainly to get out the frustrations of the racial groups over the racial tensions that were building in the South Central neighborhood for years[citation needed].
- 1996: St. Petersburg Riots (St. Petersburg, Florida): After Officer Jim Knight stopped 18 yr. old Tyron Lewis for speeding, his car lurched forward causing Knight to fire his weapon, fatally wounding the black teenager. Riots broke out and lasted for about 2 days.
- 2001: Cincinnati riots (Cincinnati, Ohio): In a reaction to the acquittal of Steven Roach after the fatal shooting of an unarmed young black male, Timothy Thomas, during a foot pursuit, riots broke out over the span of a few days.
- 2003: Benton Harbor riots (Benton Harbor, Michigan)
- 2005: 2005 Toledo Riot (Toledo, Ohio): A race riot that broke out after the Neo-Nazi protest marched through a black neighborhood.
- 2006: Fontana High School riot (Fontana, California): Riot involving about 500 Latino and black students[53]
- 2006: Prison Race Riots (California): A war between Latino and black prison gangs set off a series of riots across California[54][55]
- 2008: Locke High School riot[56] (Los Angeles, California)
- 2009: 2009 Oakland Riots (Oakland, California): Peaceful protests turned into rioting after the fatal shooting of an unarmed black man, Oscar Grant, by a BART transit policeman.
See also
- List of riots
- Ethnic cleansing
- Pogrom
- Violence
- Hep-Hep riots
- Sinophobia
- Xenophobia in South Africa
- Riots and pogroms in Sri Lanka
Revolution '67 - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
External links
- Revolution '67 Film website - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
References
- ^ How China's taking over Africa, and why the West should be VERY worried
- ^ Rebelions in Bahia
- ^ Roma riots stir unease in Bulgaria
- ^ YFile: York's Daily Bulletin. 1918 anti-Greek riot a dark episode in Toronto’s history. Friday October 22, 2004.
- ^ Xinjiang, China's Restive Northwest
- ^ 'Race killing' sparks French riot
- ^ Indonesia Turns Its Chinese Into Scapegoats, New York Times
- ^ Anti-Chinese riots continue in Indonesia, CNN
- ^ Acre faces fourth night of riots, Al Jazeera English
- ^ Israeli City Divided by Sectarian Violence, New York Times, October 12, 2008
- ^ Police arrest Acre Yom Kippur driver, Jpost, October 12, 2008
- ^ http://forward.com/articles/168576/anti-african-riots-erupt-over-tel-aviv-rape/
- ^ http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/tel-aviv-race-riots-shock-israel/story-e6frg6so-1226366536966
- ^ http://www.jpost.com/National-News/South-Tel-Aviv-simmers-as-racial-tensions-linger
- ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/24/deport-the-sudanese-violent-israeli-race-riots-draw-condemnation-empathy/
- ^ Milan police in Chinatown clash
- ^ Milan Chinese riot over traffic fine
- ^ Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast
- ^ France's 'Little Iraq'
- ^ LESOTHO: Anti-Chinese resentment flares
- ^ Timeline: Mauritania
- ^ Ethnic Riots after Dutchman is Killed by Police
- ^ Moroccan-Dutch youth riot in Amsterdam following fatal incident
- ^ "The Pacific Proxy: China vs Taiwan", Graeme Dobell, ABC Radio Australia, February 7, 2007
- ^ The Durban Riot 1949
- ^ Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister, TheIndianStar.com
- ^ 27 held after anti-Somali riot: South Africa
- ^ Focus on Mesketian Turks
- ^ Spain struggles with race riots
- ^ Spanish youth clash with immigrant gangs
- ^ African immigrants riot in Spain, BBC NEWS
- ^ Country Histories - Empire's Children
- ^ Heartman, Adam (2006-09-26). "A Homemade Genocide". Who's Fault Is It?.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Chinese stores looted in Tonga riots", People's Daily, November 17, 2006
- ^ Race riot rocks town, Turkish Daily News, October 4, 2008
- ^ Race clashes hit Windsor
- ^ Evan Carton, Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America, at 59 (Free Press 2006); see also http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/policing.cfm
- ^ August 'Snow-Storm' Brought Devastation To D.C.. NPR. July 5, 2012.
- ^ Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key, and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835. 2012 book by Jefferson Morley.
- ^ [1]
- ^ No deaths were reported, but all Chinese and most other Asians were expelled from Seattle and Tacoma. Schwantes, Carlos A. "Protest in a Promised Land: Unemployment, Disinheritance, and the Origin of Labor Militancy in the Pacific Northwest, 1885-1886." Western Historical Quarterly. 13:4 (October 1982).
- ^ Thirty African Americans died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Ten African Americans and two Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Two African Americans and four Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979; Roberta Senechal, "Springfield Race Riot of 1908," Illinois History Teacher, Summer/Fall 1996.
- ^ According to federal, state and local government investigators, only 39 African Americans died. But civilian investigations shortly after the riot indicate that between 100 and 200 African Americans died. The riot was notable for its brutality, including scalping, gouging out of eyes, and children acting as murderers. Elliott M. Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, Southern Illinois University Press, 1964.
- ^ Twenty-three African Americans and 15 Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Officially, only 39 African Americans died. But more recent estimates are that between 150 an 200 African Americans and 50 Caucasians died, and some sources put the number of black dead at 300. James S. Hirsch, Riot and Remembrance: America's Worst Race Riot and Its Legacy, Mariner Books, 2003. ISBN 0-618-34076-9; Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ Officially, six African Americans and two Caucasians died. However, there is disagreement about the number of dead, and some estimates place the number of black dead between 40 and 150. Michael D'Orso, Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, Putnam Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57297-256-4.
- ^ a b "IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Racial Riots". Office of Multicultural Student Services. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ Twenty-five African Americans and nine Caucasians died. Robert A. Gibson, The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950, Yale University, 1979.
- ^ http://openvault.wgbh.org/ton/mla000400/index.html
- ^ San Bernardino County Sun - Fontana students blame riot on simmering racial tension
- ^ More Injuries as Race Riots Disrupt Jails in Los Angeles
- ^ Race riot put down at California state prison
- ^ Locke High School locked down after huge brawl, Los Angeles Times