Mount Kilimanjaro: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Mountain |
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| Name = Mount Kilimanjaro |
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| Photo = Kilimanjaro01.jpg |
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| Caption = Kilimanjaro in 2004 |
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| Elevation = 5,895 metres (19,340 feet) |
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| Location = [[Tanzania]] |
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| Prominence =5,885 m <small>[[List_of_peaks_by_prominence|Ranked 4th]]</small> |
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| Coordinates = {{coor dm|03|04|S|37|21|E|type:mountain}} |
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| Type=[[Stratovolcano]] |
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| Age= |
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| Last eruption=None in recorded history |
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| First ascent = [[1889]] by Hans Meyer, [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], Johannes Kinyala Lauwo |
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| Easiest route =[[scrambling|scramble]] |
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}} |
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'''Kilimanjaro''' is a [[mountain]] in northeastern [[Tanzania]]. It includes the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest peak]] in [[Africa]] at 5,895 meters. It is a giant [[stratovolcano]], not currently active, with [[fumarole]]s that emit gas in the crater on the main summit of Kibo. Scientists concluded in [[2003]] that molten [[magma]] is just 400 meters below the summit [[Volcanic crater|crater]]. Although new activity is not expected, there are fears the volcano may collapse, causing a major eruption similar to [[Mount St. Helens]]. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the [[western breach]]. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago. |
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The highest point is Uhuru Peak on the volcano Kibo, [[1 E3 m|5,895 metres]]. As the highest point in Africa, Uhuru Peak is one of the [[Seven Summits]]. The summit was first reached by the Marangu army scout, Johannes Kinyala Lauwo who climbed it nine times before realising there was a crater. Lauwo served as a guide for the first ascent by nonindigenous climbers, [[Germany|German]] [[Hans Meyer]] and [[Austria]]n [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], on [[October 6]] [[1889]]. Two other peaks are also extinct volcanoes: Mawenzi (5,149 metres), the third highest peak in Africa (after [[Mount Kenya]]) and Shira (3,962 m). Johannes' Notch is named after Lauwo. In 1989 Lauwo was presented with a house at Ashira Marangu by the West German government in recognition of his role on the Meyer expedition. His relative, Trilas Lauwo (1952- ) was the first Tanzanian woman to reach the summit via the Mweka route in 1972. |
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An ascent of Mawenzi requires rock climbing and/or snow/ice climbing skills. The climb to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper [[acclimatization]] to prevent [[altitude sickness]]. The three easiest routes, Marangu, Rongai and Machame can be climbed by a person of good health, and require no [[mountaineering]] experience. Many who climb employ altitude-sickness medication and find this to be helpful in preventing the pounding headaches that plague many travellers. Those who travel on the Marangu route usually take 4-5 days to complete their climb. Huts with cooking facilites, bathrooms, and (sometimes) electricity are available at the end of each day's journey. The final part of the climb, from Kibo hut at 15,500 ft. to the summit, is generally undertaken at night, because the [[scree]] is frozen together, making the climb significantly easier. Gilman's Point, on the rim of the crater, but about 1½ hours hike from Uhuru, is attained at 5:00 - 6:00 am; those who have the strength to continue may then hike on to Uhuru in the growing sunlight and rising temperatures. Another route is the Western Breach, which is much more technical in nature. Annually, approximately 15,000 people attempt to climb the mountain, of whom 40% reach the summit. |
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[[Image:Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Glacier at the summit.]] |
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At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. [[AMSL]]. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain. One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this famous sign is a box containing a log that many climbers have signed. |
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Due to the equatorial location as well as huge height, climbers can experience almost every [[Köppen climate classification|climate type]] on earth during the journey to the top. |
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Kilimanjaro is also the highest point in the world to be covered by a [[GSM]] [[mobile phone]] network. The service is provided by [[Vodacom]]. |
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[[Image:JRO-climber.jpg|thumb|250px|Tanzania's Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs with a guide at the summit.]] |
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== Current conditions == |
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While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain are drawing global attention recently. The glaciers that have covered the top of the mountain for the past 11,700 years are [[retreat of glaciers since 1850|rapidly disappearing]]. Over the past century, the ice cap volume has dropped by more than 80%[http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/kilimanjaro_20021216/index.html]. In [[2002]], a study led by [[Ohio State University]] ice core [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimatologist]] [[Lonnie Thompson]] [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;298/5593/518] predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020 [http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm] [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5593/589]. In March [[2005]], it was reported that the peak was now almost bare, for the first time in 11,000 years [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,1437549,00.html]. A comparison of ice core records from Kilimanjaro suggests that conditions similar to those of today have not existed since then. The loss of the Kilimanjaro ice fields will carry significant [[climatology|climatological]] and hydrological implications for local populations who depend on water from the ice fields during the dry seasons and monsoon failures. |
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[[As of 2006|As of January 2006]], the Western Breach route has been closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide which killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. The rockslide is believed to have been caused by [[frost action]] in an area which is no longer permanently frozen. |
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After the Western Breach route was closed in January 2006, many expeditions that had intended to use this route have instead used the Lemosho/Barafu route. As the Western Breach route, this route starts to the west and goes up the Shira Ridge towards Lava Tower. Instead of going up to Arrow Glacier camp and the breach, however, this route goes around the southern edge of Kili towards Barafu camp. From Barafu Camp, around 15,200 altitude, a nightime summit attempt is usually attempted. |
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[[Image:Mount_Kilimanjaro_Tanzania-NASA.jpg|thumb|left|800px|Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.]] |
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<br style="clear:both;"> |
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==See also== |
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[[Image:Elephants Kili 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|View from Amboseli National Park]] |
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*[[Kilimanjaro National Park]] |
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*[[Chaga]] |
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*[[Pare]] |
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*[[Moshi]] |
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*[[Tanzania]] |
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==External links== |
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*{{cite web |
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| author=Charles A. Wood |
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| year= |
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| title=Kilimanjaro, Tanzania |
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| work=Volcano World, Department of Space Studies, University of North Dakota |
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| url=http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/img_kilimanjaro.html |
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| accessdate=February 25 |
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| accessyear=2006}} |
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*[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm Ohio State University study expedition to Kilimanjaro's glaciers] |
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*[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10856 NASA Earth Explorer page] |
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*[http://www.georgefisher.com/Personal/Kilimanjaro.htm Climbing Kilimanjaro] |
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*[http://www.thisisthelife.com/en/amazing-views/kilimanjaro-africa.htm View from the top of Kilimanjaro] |
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*[http://www.seabhcan.com/travel_stories/kili_files/pan.html 360 Panoramic View from the top, with Map] |
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*[http://home.mchsi.com/~bwerm/ Kilimanjaro Journal] |
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*[http://www.kilimanjaroblog.com/photos/v/Mount+Kilimanjaro+Photos/ Kilimanjaro Machame Route Photos] |
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*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1784320856605323476&q=kilimanjaro+climb&pr=goog-sl/ Video of Kilimanjaro AIDS climb via Arrow Glacier and Western Breach] |
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{{commons|Kilimanjaro}} |
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{{Seven Summits}} |
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[[Category:Mountains of Tanzania|Kilimanjaro]] |
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Tanzania|Kilimanjaro]] |
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[[Category:Great Rift Valley|Kilimanjaro]] |
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[[Category:Seven Summits|Kilimanjaro]] |
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[[Category:Stratovolcanoes|Kilimanjaro]] |
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[[ar:جبل كيليمانجارو]] |
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[[bs:Kilimandžaro]] |
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[[bg:Килиманджаро]] |
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[[zh:乞力马扎罗山]] |
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