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==Reception==
==Reception==
This painting exemplifies Lichtenstein's use of the background/foreground shift and ironic colloquialisms in critical commands.<ref>{{cite book|author=Waldman|page=97|title=<nowiki></nowiki>}}</ref> Although most of Lichtenstein's war imagery depicts American war themes, this depicts "a scarred German submarine captain at a battle station".<ref>{{cite book|title=Roy Lichtenstein|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]]|editor=Coplans, John|chapter=|date=1972|page=40}}</ref> The manner of depiction with the commander's face pressed against the [[periscope]] reflects fusions of industrial art of the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name=TPTLmF>{{cite book|title=Roy Lichtenstein|author=Hendrickson, Janis|publisher=[[Benedikt Taschen]]|date=1993|isbn=3-8228-9633-0|page=38|chapter=The Pictures That Lichtenstein Made Famous, or The Pictures That Made Lichtenstein Famous}}</ref> The ironic aspect of this in 1963 is in part due to its temporal displacement referring back to World War II during the much later period of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pollack and After: The Critical Debate|edition=second|editor=Frascina, Francis|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-22867-0|date=2000|page=141}}</ref> The styling of the balloon content, especially that of the large font characters, is complemented by or complementary to the other traditional visual content of the painting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pop Art: A Critical History|editor=Madoff, Steven Henry|isbn=0-520-21018-2|date=1997|page=205|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|chapter=Focus: The Major Artists}}</ref> Lichtenstein's alterations heightened the sense of urgency in the image, however, they also offset that menace by forming a detached work.<ref name=PAES/> A November 1963 ''Art Magazine'' review stated that this was one of the "broad and powerful paintings" of the 1963 exhibition at Castelli's Gallery.<ref name=RLOF4/>
This painting exemplifies Lichtenstein's use of the background/foreground shift and ironic colloquialisms in critical commands.<ref>{{cite book|author=Waldman|page=97|title=<nowiki></nowiki>}}</ref> Although most of Lichtenstein's war imagery depicts American war themes, this depicts "a scarred German submarine captain at a battle station".<ref>{{cite book|title=Roy Lichtenstein|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]]|editor=Coplans, John|isbn=0713907614|chapter=|date=1972|page=40}}</ref> The manner of depiction with the commander's face pressed against the [[periscope]] reflects fusions of industrial art of the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name=TPTLmF>{{cite book|title=Roy Lichtenstein|author=Hendrickson, Janis|publisher=[[Benedikt Taschen]]|date=1993|isbn=3-8228-9633-0|page=38|chapter=The Pictures That Lichtenstein Made Famous, or The Pictures That Made Lichtenstein Famous}}</ref> The ironic aspect of this in 1963 is in part due to its temporal displacement referring back to World War II during the much later period of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Pollack and After: The Critical Debate|edition=second|editor=Frascina, Francis|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-22867-0|date=2000|page=141}}</ref> The styling of the balloon content, especially that of the large font characters, is complemented by or complementary to the other traditional visual content of the painting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pop Art: A Critical History|editor=Madoff, Steven Henry|isbn=0-520-21018-2|date=1997|page=205|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|chapter=Focus: The Major Artists}}</ref> Lichtenstein's alterations heightened the sense of urgency in the image, however, they also offset that menace by forming a detached work.<ref name=PAES/> A November 1963 ''Art Magazine'' review stated that this was one of the "broad and powerful paintings" of the 1963 exhibition at Castelli's Gallery.<ref name=RLOF4/>


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 05:10, 3 August 2013

Torpedo...Los!
ArtistRoy Lichtenstein
Year1963
TypePop art
LocationPrivate collection

Torpedo...Los! (sometimes Torpedo...LOS!) is a 1963 pop art oil on canvas painting by Roy Lichtenstein. When it was last sold in 1989, The New York Times described the work as "a comic-strip image of sea warfare".[1] It formerly held the record for the highest auction price for a Lichtenstein work.

Like many of Lichtenstein's works its title comes from the speech balloon in the painting. The work was included in Lichtenstein's second solo exhibition. The source of the image is a comic book from D.C. Comics. Lichtenstein has made significant alterations to the original image to change the focus and perspective in addition to significant alteration of the narrative element of the work. The work plays on the background-foreground relationship and the theme of vision that appears in many of Lichtenstein's works.

Background

The source of Torpedo...Los! is "Battle of the Ghost Ships?" in D.C. Comics' Our Fighting Forces (October 1962).

The source of the image is "Battle of the Ghost Ships?" in D.C. Comics' Our Fighting Forces (October 1962), although the content of the speech balloon is different (this is edition number 72 according to some sources and 71 (a) according to others).[2][3] According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website, Torpedo...Los! was part of Lichtenstein's second solo exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery of September 28 – October 24, 1963, that included Drowning Girl, Baseball Manager, In the Car, Conversation, and Whaam!.[4][5] Marketing materials for the show included the lithograph artwork, Crak!.[6][7]

On November 7, 1989, Torpedo...Los! sold at Christie's for $5.5 million (US$13.5 million in 2025 dollars[8]) to Zurich dealer Thomas Ammann, which was a record for a work of art by Lichtenstein.[1] The sale was described as the "highpoint" of a night in which Christie's achieved more than double the total sales prices of any other contemporary art auction up to that date.[9] The seller of the work was Beatrice C. Mayer, the widow of Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago founder and board member Robert B. Mayer as well as daughter of Sara Lee Corporation founder Nathan Cummings.[10][11] Prior to the sale the work was part of the Robert B. Mayer Memorial Loan Program and was exhibited at colleges and museums.[10] Torpedo...Los! was expected to sell for $3 to 4 million at the time.[10] In 1991, Mayer became one of the key benefactors of the new Museum of Contemporary Art Building.[12]

Description

Measuring 68 by 80 inches (172.7 cm × 203.2 cm), Torpedo...Los! is an oil on canvas painting.[3] By enlarging the face of the captain relative to the entire field, Lichtenstein makes him more prominent than in the source.[2] He retained the source's "clumsiness" in how the secondary figure is presented and replaced the dialogue with a much shorter "cryptic command".[2] The original source had dialog related to the repeated torpedoing of the same ship, but Lichtenstein cut the entire speech balloon down to two words. He moved the captain's scar from his nose to his cheek and he made the captain appear more aggressive by depicting him with his mouth wide open, also opting to leave the eye which was not looking through the telescope open. He also made the ship appear to be more technologically sophisticated with a variety of changes.[13] The scar was actually most readily apparent in panels other than the source from the same story.[14]

This work exemplifies Lichtenstein's theme relating to vision. Lichtenstein uses a "mechanical viewing device" to present his depiction of technically aided vision.[15][16] The depicted mechanical device, a periscope in this case, forces the vision into a monocular format.[17] In some of his works such as this, monocularity is a strong theme that is directly embodied although only by allusion.[18] Michael Lobel notes that "...his work proposes a dialectical tension between monocular and binocular modes of vision, a tension that operates on the level of gender as well."[19] The work is regarded as one in which Lichtenstein over-exaggerated comic book sound effects in common pop art style.[20]

Reception

This painting exemplifies Lichtenstein's use of the background/foreground shift and ironic colloquialisms in critical commands.[21] Although most of Lichtenstein's war imagery depicts American war themes, this depicts "a scarred German submarine captain at a battle station".[22] The manner of depiction with the commander's face pressed against the periscope reflects fusions of industrial art of the 1920s and 1930s.[23] The ironic aspect of this in 1963 is in part due to its temporal displacement referring back to World War II during the much later period of the Cold War.[24] The styling of the balloon content, especially that of the large font characters, is complemented by or complementary to the other traditional visual content of the painting.[25] Lichtenstein's alterations heightened the sense of urgency in the image, however, they also offset that menace by forming a detached work.[13] A November 1963 Art Magazine review stated that this was one of the "broad and powerful paintings" of the 1963 exhibition at Castelli's Gallery.[5]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Reif, Rita (1989-11-09). "A de Kooning Work Sets A Record at $20.7 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  2. ^ a b c Waldman. . pp. 96–97, 104.
  3. ^ a b "Torpedo...LOS!". Lichtenstein Foundation. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  4. ^ "Chronology". Lichtenstein Foundation. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
  5. ^ a b Judd, Donald. "Reviews 1962–64". In Bader (ed.). pp. 2–4. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ "Search Result: CRAK!". LichtensteinFoundation.org. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  7. ^ Lobel, Michael (2009). "Technology Envisioned: Lichtenstein's Monocularity". In Bader, Graham (ed.). Roy Lichtenstein. MIT Press. pp. 118–20. ISBN 978-0-262-01258-4.
  8. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  9. ^ Reif, Rita (1989-12-06). "Art Prices Are Still Astonishing, But Fever Seems to Be Cooling". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  10. ^ a b c Reif, Rita (1989-11-03). "Auctions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
  11. ^ Gillespie, Mary (1991-01-29). "Donors cite need for new art museum". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  12. ^ Gillespie, Mary (1991-01-29). "Trustees endow success of a new art museum". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
  13. ^ a b Shanes, Eric (2009). "The Plates". Pop Art. Parkstone Press International. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-84484-619-1.
  14. ^ Lobel, Michael. "Technology Envisioned: Lichtenstein's Monocularity". In Bader (ed.). p. 117. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ Lobel, Michael (2003). "Pop according To Lichtenstein". In Holm, Michael Juul, Poul Erik Tøjner and Martin Caiger-Smith (ed.). Roy Lichtenstein: All About Art. Louisiana Museum of Modern Art. p. 85. ISBN 87-90029-85-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  16. ^ Lobel, Michael. "Technology Envisioned: Lichtenstein's Monocularity". In Bader (ed.). p. 120. Like Torpedo...LOS! and CRAK!, each of these works contains the image of a mechanical aid to vision. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ Lobel, Michael. "Technology Envisioned: Lichtenstein's Monocularity". In Bader (ed.). p. 119. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ Lobel, Michael. "Technology Envisioned: Lichtenstein's Monocularity". In Bader (ed.). p. 116. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ^ Lobel, Michael. "Technology Envisioned: Lichtenstein's Monocularity". In Bader (ed.). p. 118. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ^ Brooker, Will (2001). Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 182. ISBN 0826413439. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
  21. ^ Waldman. . p. 97.
  22. ^ Coplans, John, ed. (1972). Roy Lichtenstein. Praeger Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 0713907614.
  23. ^ Hendrickson, Janis (1993). "The Pictures That Lichtenstein Made Famous, or The Pictures That Made Lichtenstein Famous". Roy Lichtenstein. Benedikt Taschen. p. 38. ISBN 3-8228-9633-0.
  24. ^ Frascina, Francis, ed. (2000). Pollack and After: The Critical Debate (second ed.). Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 0-415-22867-0.
  25. ^ Madoff, Steven Henry, ed. (1997). "Pop Art: A Critical History". University of California Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-520-21018-2. {{cite web}}: |chapter= ignored (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

References

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