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Several countries have deployed or prepared chemical weapons in spite of the treaty. [[Spain]] and [[France]] in [[Chemical weapons in the Rif War|the Rif War]] before it came into effect 1928. [[Italy]] against [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|1935]] (mustard gas), [[Japan]] against [[China]] [[Second Sino-Japanese War|1938-41]], [[Iraq]] against [[Iran]] and [[Halabja poison gas attack|Kurds]] [[Iran–Iraq War|1980-88]] ([[mustard gas]], [[sarin]], [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]] etc.).
Several countries have deployed or prepared chemical weapons in spite of the treaty. [[Spain]] and [[France]] in [[Chemical weapons in the Rif War|the Rif War]] before it came into effect 1928. [[Italy]] against [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|1935]] (mustard gas), [[Japan]] against [[China]] [[Second Sino-Japanese War|1938-41]], [[Iraq]] against [[Iran]] and [[Halabja poison gas attack|Kurds]] [[Iran–Iraq War|1980-88]] ([[mustard gas]], [[sarin]], [[VX (nerve agent)|VX]] etc.).


In the [[Second World War]], the [[USA]], [[Chemical weapons and the United Kingdom|Great Britain]] and [[sarin#History|Germany]] prepared the resources to deploy chemical weapons, stockpiling tons of them, but refrained from their use due to the [[balance of terror]], the probability of horrific retaliation. [[Great Britain]] collaborated with USA in the development of the weapons. [[Soviet Union]] kept their development secret but they did have the facilities to produce chemical weapons.
In the [[Second World War]], the [[USA]], [[Chemical weapons and the United Kingdom|Great Britain]] and [[sarin#History|Germany]] prepared the resources to deploy chemical weapons, stockpiling tons of them, but refrained from their use due to the [[balance of terror]]: the probability of horrific retaliation. [[Great Britain]] collaborated with USA in the development of the weapons. [[Soviet Union]] kept their development secret but they did have the facilities to produce chemical weapons.
After the war thousands of tons of shells and containers with tabun and sarin and other chemical weapons were disposed of at sea by [[Allies of World War II|the allies]].
After the war thousands of tons of shells and containers with tabun and sarin and other chemical weapons were disposed of at sea by [[Allies of World War II|the allies]].


Revision as of 06:58, 16 August 2013

For other uses, see Geneva Protocol (disambiguation).

Geneva Protocol
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
Drafted17 June 1925[1]
Signed17 June 1925[1]
LocationGeneva[1]
Effective8 February 1928[1]
ConditionRatification by 65 states[2]
Signatories38[1]
Parties138[3]
DepositaryGovernment of France[1]
Full text
Geneva Protocol to Hague Convention at Wikisource

The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the first use of chemical and biological weapons. It was signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925 and entered into force on 8 February 1928. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 7 September 1929.[4] The Geneva Protocol is a protocol to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

It prohibits the use of chemical weapons and biological weapons, but has nothing to say about production, storage or transfer. Later treaties did cover these aspects—the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying to other parties and that these obligations would cease to apply if the prohibited weapons were used against them.

History

In the 19th century Great Britain used chemical weapons at war [citation needed] and others planned to use it. In the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 the use of dangerous chemical agents were outlawed. In spite of this, chemical warfare was done in large scale in the First World War. Already in 1914 France used teargas. The first large scale application was by the German Empire in Ypres, Kingdom of Belgium in 1915, when chlorine gas was released as a defensive measure at a Canadian led attack leaving lots of wounded and a few killed. After the introduction, most warfaring countries engaged in a chemical arms race, including Great Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, USA and Italy. It resulted in a vast range of horrific chemicals affecting lungs, skin, or eyes, and some were intended to be lethal on the battle field, like hydrogen cyanide, and efficient methods of deploying agents were invented. At least 124 000 tons was produced during the war. In 1918 about one grenade out of three was filled with dangerous chemical agents. As protective equipment developed, also the technology to destroy such equipment became a part of the race of armament. About 1% of the fatalities and 4% of woundings of the Great War can be attributed to the use of gas, but the terror inflicted on the soldiers was an even bigger effect.

The Treaty of Versailles included some provisions that banned Germany from either manufacturing or importing chemical weapons. Similar treaties banned the First Austrian Republic, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Hungary from chemical weapons, all belonging to the losing side, the Central powers. Russian bolsheviks and Britain continued the use of chemical weapons in the Russian Civil War and the Britons probably in the Middle East 1920.

Three years after World War I, the Allies wanted to reaffirm the Treaty of Versailles, and in 1922 the United States introduced the treaty on the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, known as the Washington Treaty.[5] The four of the war victors, United States, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan, gave consent for ratification but it failed to enter into force as the French Third Republic objected to the submarine provisions of the treaty and thus the treaty failed.[5]

At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the French suggested a protocol for non-use of poisonous gases. The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. It was signed on 17 June.[6]

Trespasses

Several countries have deployed or prepared chemical weapons in spite of the treaty. Spain and France in the Rif War before it came into effect 1928. Italy against Abyssinia 1935 (mustard gas), Japan against China 1938-41, Iraq against Iran and Kurds 1980-88 (mustard gas, sarin, VX etc.).

In the Second World War, the USA, Great Britain and Germany prepared the resources to deploy chemical weapons, stockpiling tons of them, but refrained from their use due to the balance of terror: the probability of horrific retaliation. Great Britain collaborated with USA in the development of the weapons. Soviet Union kept their development secret but they did have the facilities to produce chemical weapons. After the war thousands of tons of shells and containers with tabun and sarin and other chemical weapons were disposed of at sea by the allies.

Historical assessment

Eric Croddy, assessing the Protocol in 2005, took the view that the historic record showed it had been largely ineffectual. Specifically it did not prohibit:[6]

  • use against not-ratifying parties
  • retalliation using such weapons, so effectively making it a no-first-use agreement
  • use within a state’s own borders in a civil conflict
  • research and development of such weapons, or stockpiling them

Despite the U.S. having been a proponent of the protocol, the U.S. military and American Chemical Society lobbied against it, causing the U.S. Senate not to ratify the protocol for 50 years.[6]

State parties

Parties to the Geneva Protocol
  Parties with no reservations
  Parties with withdrawn reservations
  Parties with implicit reservations
  Parties with unwithdrawn reservations limiting the applicability of provisions of the Protocol
  Non-parties

To become party to the Protocol, states must deposit an instrument with the government of France (the depositary power). Thirty-eight states originally signed the Protocol. France was the first signatory to ratify the Protocol on 10 May 1926. El Salvador, the final signatory to ratify the Protocol, did so on 26 February 2008. As of May 2013, 138 states have ratified, acceded to, or succeeded to the Protocol,[3] most recently Moldova on 4 November 2010.

Reservations

A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying to other parties to the Protocol and that these obligations would cease to apply with respect to any state, or it's allies, which used the prohibited weapons. Several Arab states also declared that their ratification did not constitute recognition of, or diplomatic relations with, Israel, or that the provision of the Protocol were not binding with respect to Israel. Subsequently, numerous states, including the former Czechoslovakia prior to its dissolution, have withdrawn their reservations and are now fully bound by the provisions of the Protocol.

According to the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation." While some states have explicitly either retained or renounced their reservations inherited on succession, states which have not clarified their position on their inherited reservations are listed as "implicit" reservations.

Party[3][1][7][8][9][10][11] Signed[12] Deposited Reservations[13][14][1][7][8][15][16][17][18] Notes
 Afghanistan 9 December 1986 —
 Albania 20 December 1989 —
 Algeria 27 January 1992
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [19]
 Angola 8 November 1990
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [20]
 Antigua and Barbuda 1 January 1989
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Argentina 12 May 1969 —
 Australia 24 May 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1986.
 Austria 17 June 1925 9 May 1928 —
 Bahrain 9 December 1988
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]
[Reservation 3]		 [21]
 Bangladesh 20 May 1989
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [22]
 Barbados 16 July 1976
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrew the reservations made by the United Kingdom on their succession to the Protocol.[23]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Belgium 17 June 1925 4 December 1928
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1997.[24]
 Benin 9 December 1986 —
 Bhutan 19 February 1979 —
 Bolivia 14 January 1985 —
 Brazil 17 June 1925 28 August 1970 —
 Bulgaria 17 June 1925 7 March 1934
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1991.[25]
 Burkina Faso 3 March 1971 —
 Cambodia 15 March 1983 [Reservation 2] The Protocol was ratified by the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea in exile in 1983. 13 states (including the depositary France) objected to their ratification, and considered it legally invalid. In 1993, the Kingdom of Cambodia stated in a note verbale that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the Protocol.[26]
 Cameroon 20 July 1989 —
 Canada 17 June 1925 6 May 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1991 as regards bacteriological agents, and completely withdrawn in 1999.[27]
 Cape Verde 15 October 1991 —
 Central African Republic 31 July 1970 —
 Chile 17 June 1925 2 July 1935
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1991.[28]
 China 24 August 1929
[Reservation 2] Made on succession.
Ratified by the Republic of China in 1929, the People's Republic of China succeeded to the Protocol in 1952.[29]
 Costa Rica 13 February 2009 —
 Côte d'Ivoire 27 July 1970 —
 Croatia 18 December 2006 —
 Cuba 24 June 1966 —
 Cyprus 12 December 1966
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Czech Republic[Note 2] 17 September 1993 — Succeeded from Czechoslovakia.
 Denmark 17 June 1925 5 May 1930 —
 Dominican Republic 8 December 1970 —
 Ecuador 16 September 1970 —
 Egypt 17 June 1925 6 December 1928 —
 El Salvador 17 June 1925 26 February 2008 —
 Equatorial Guinea 20 May 1989 —
 Estonia 17 June 1925 28 August 1931
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1999.[30]
 Ethiopia 17 June 1925 7 October 1935 —
 Fiji 21 March 1973
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Retained the United Kingdom's reservations on their succession to the Protocol.[31]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Finland 17 June 1925 26 June 1929 —
 France 17 June 1925 10 May 1926
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1996.[32]
 Gambia 5 November 1966
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Germany 17 June 1925 25 April 1929 —
 Ghana 3 May 1967 —
 Greece 17 June 1925 30 May 1931 —
 Grenada 20 May 1989
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Guatemala 3 May 1983 —
 Guinea-Bissau 20 May 1989 —
 Holy See 18 October 1966 —
 Hungary 11 October 1952 —
 Iceland 2 November 1967 —
 India 17 June 1925 9 April 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [33]
 Indonesia 21 January 1971
[Reservation 4] Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the Netherlands.
 Iran 5 November 1929 —
 Iraq 8 September 1931
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [34]
 Ireland 29 August 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1972.[35]
 Israel 20 February 1969
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [36]
 Italy 17 June 1925 3 April 1928 —
 Jamaica 28 July 1970
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Japan 17 June 1925 21 May 1970 —
 Jordan 20 January 1977
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]
[Reservation 3]
[Reservation 5]		 [37]
 Kenya 6 July 1970 —
 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 4 January 1989
[Reservation 2] [38]
 Korea, Republic of 4 January 1989
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Reservation 2 withdrawn in 2002 as regards biological agents covered by the BWC.
 Kuwait 15 December 1971
[Reservation 2]
[Reservation 3]		 [39]
 Laos 20 May 1989 —
 Latvia 17 June 1925 3 June 1931 —
 Lebanon 17 April 1969 —
 Lesotho 10 March 1972
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Liberia 17 June 1927 —
 Libya 29 December 1971
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]
[Reservation 3]		 [40]
 Liechtenstein 6 September 1991 —
 Lithuania 17 June 1925 15 June 1933 —
 Luxembourg 17 June 1925 1 September 1936 —
 Madagascar 2 August 1967 —
 Malawi 14 September 1970 —
 Malaysia 10 December 1970 —
 Maldives 27 December 1966 —
 Malta 15 October 1970
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Mauritius 8 January 1971
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Mexico 28 May 1932 —
 Moldova 4 November 2010 —
 Monaco 6 January 1967 —
 Mongolia 6 December 1968
[Reservation 2] Withdrawn in 1990.[41]
 Morocco 13 October 1970 —
   Nepal 9 May 1969 —
 Netherlands 17 June 1925 31 October 1930
[Reservation 4] Withdrawn in 1995.[42]
 New Zealand 24 May 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1989.[43]
 Nicaragua 17 June 1925 5 October 1990 —
 Niger 5 April 1967
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from France.
 Nigeria 15 October 1968
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [44]
 Norway 17 June 1925 27 July 1932 —
 Pakistan 15 April 1960
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from India.
 Panama 4 December 1970 —
 Papua New Guinea 2 September 1980
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Retained Australia's reservations on their succession to the Protocol.[45]
Succeeded from Australia.
 Paraguay 22 October 1933 —
 Peru 13 August 1985 —
 Philippines 8 June 1973 —
 Poland 17 June 1925 4 February 1929 —
 Portugal 17 June 1925 1 July 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 2002.[46]
 Qatar 18 October 1976 —
 Romania 17 June 1925 23 August 1929
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1991.[47]
 Russia 5 April 1928
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 2001.[48]
Ratified as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 Rwanda 11 May 1964
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from Belgium.
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 15 November 1989
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Saint Lucia 21 December 1988
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 24 March 1999
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Saudi Arabia 27 January 1971 —
 Senegal 15 June 1977 —
 Serbia 3 June 2006
[Reservation 2] Implicit on succession.[Note 1] Announced their withdrawal of the reservation in 2010, but has not notified the depositary.[49]
Succeeded from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had ratified the treaty as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
 Sierra Leone 20 March 1967 —
 Slovakia[Note 2] 22 September 1993[Note 3] — Succeeded from Czechoslovakia.
 Slovenia 8 April 2008 —
 Solomon Islands 1 June 1981
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Retained the United Kingdom's reservations on their succession to the Protocol.[51]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 South Africa 24 May 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1996.[52]
 Spain 17 June 1925 22 August 1929
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Withdrawn in 1992.[53]
 Sri Lanka 20 January 1954 —
 Sudan 17 December 1980 —
 Swaziland 23 July 1991 —
 Sweden 17 June 1925 25 April 1930 —
  Switzerland 17 June 1925 12 July 1932 —
 Syria 17 December 1968
[Reservation 3] [54]
 Tanzania 22 April 1963 —
 Thailand 17 June 1925 6 June 1931 —[Note 4]
 Togo 5 April 1971 —
 Tonga 19 July 1971
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Trinidad and Tobago 30 November 1970
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 Tunisia 12 July 1967 —
 Turkey 17 June 1925 5 October 1929 —
 Uganda 24 May 1965 —
 Ukraine 7 August 2003
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Implicit on succession.[Note 1]
Succeeded from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 United Kingdom 17 June 1925 9 April 1930
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 Reservation 2 withdrawn in 1991 as regards biological agents covered by the BWC, and reservations completely withdrawn in 2002.[56]
 United States of America 17 June 1925 10 April 1975
[Reservation 4] [57]
 Uruguay 17 June 1925 12 April 1977 —
 Venezuela 17 June 1925 8 February 1928 —
 Viet Nam 15 December 1980
[Reservation 1]
[Reservation 2]		 [58]
 Yemen 17 March 1971
[Reservation 3] Made in a second instrument of accession submitted on 16 September 1973.[Note 5]
Ratified as the Yemen Arab Republic. Also ratified by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 20 October 1986, prior to Yemeni unification in 1990.[59]
  Parties with no reservations
  Parties with withdrawn reservations
  Parties with implicit reservations
  Parties with unwithdrawn reservations limiting the applicability of provisions of the Protocol
Reservations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Binding only with regards to states which have ratified or acceded to the protocol.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Ceases to be binding in regards to any state, and its allies, which does not observe the prohibitions of the protocol.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Does not constitute recognition of, or diplomatic relations with, Israel.
  4. ^ a b c Ceases to be binding as to the use of chemical weapons in regards to any enemy state which does not observe the prohibitions of the protocol.
  5. ^ Not binding with respect to Israel.
Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s According to the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation." Any state which has not clarified their position on reservations inherited on succession are listed as "implicit" reservations.
  2. ^ a b Not listed by the depositary.[1]
  3. ^ Listed as 28 October 1997 by the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs.[50]
  4. ^ Some sources list two reservations by Thailand, but neither the instrument of accession,[1] nor the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs list,[55] makes any mention of a reservation.
  5. ^ According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, states may make a reservation when "signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty".

Non-signatory states

The remaining UN member states, which have not acceded or succeeded to the Protocol, are:

Chemical weapons prohibitions

Date Name Effect
1675 Strasbourg Agreement The first international agreement limiting the use of chemical weapons, in this case, poison bullets.
1874 Brussels Convention on the Law and Customs of War Prohibited the employment of poison or poisoned weapons, and the use of arms, projectiles or material to cause unnecessary suffering.
1899 1st Peace Conference at the Hague European Nations prohibited "the use of projectiles whose sole purpose is the release of asphyxiating or harmful gases".
1907 2nd Peace Conference at the Hague The Conference added the use of poisons or poisoned weapons.
1919 Treaty of Versailles Prohibited poison gas in Germany (Added by E.Arms).
1922 Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare Failed because France objected to clauses relating to submarine warfare.
1925 Geneva Protocol Prohibited the "use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods".
1972 Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention No verification mechanism, negotiations for a protocol to make up this lack halted by USA in 2001.
1993 Chemical Weapons Convention Signed Comprehensive bans on development, production, stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons, with destruction timelines.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Protocole concernant la prohibition d'emploi à la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques ou similaires et de moyens bactériologiques, fait à Genève le 17 juin 1925" (in French). Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of France. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  2. ^ Chemical Weapons Convention, Article 21.
  3. ^ a b c "Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  4. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 94, pp. 66-74.
  5. ^ a b "Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare. Washington, 6 February 1922". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  6. ^ a b c Eric A. Croddy, James J. Wirtz (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology and History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–142. ISBN 978-1851094905. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)". United States Department of State. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Geneva, 17 June 1925". ICRC. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  9. ^ "States parties to the Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare, Done at Geneva June 17, 1925". University of Illinois at Chicago. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  10. ^ "Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  11. ^ "Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  12. ^ "No. 2138 - Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Signed at Geneva, June 17, 1925" (PDF). League of Nations Treaty Series - Publication of Treaties and International Engagements registered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations. XCIV (1, 2, 3 and 4). League of Nations: 65–74. 1929. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  13. ^ "Geneva Protocol reservations". SIPRI. Archived from the original on 2009. Retrieved 2013-07-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  14. ^ "High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol". SIPRI. Archived from the original on 2009. Retrieved 2013-08-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  15. ^ Schindler, Dietrich; Toman, Jiří (1988). "The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions, and Other Documents". Brill Publishers. pp. 115–127. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  16. ^ Bunn, George (1969). "Banning Poison Gas and Germ Warfare: Should the United States Agree" (PDF). Wisconsin Law Review. 1969: 375–420. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Geneva Protocol reservations" (PDF). Biological Weapons Convention Review Conference. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  18. ^ Papanicolopulu, Irini; Scovazzi, Tullio, eds. (2006). "Quale diritto nei conflitti armati?" (in Italian). Giuffrè Editore. pp. 231–237. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  19. ^ "Algeria: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  20. ^ "Angola: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  21. ^ "Bahrain: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  22. ^ "Bangladesh: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  23. ^ "Barbados: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  24. ^ "Belgium: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  25. ^ "Bulgaria: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  26. ^ "Cambodia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  27. ^ "Canada: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  28. ^ "Chile: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  29. ^ "China: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  30. ^ "Estonia: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  31. ^ "Fiji: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  32. ^ "France: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  33. ^ "India: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  34. ^ "Iraq: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  35. ^ "Ireland: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  36. ^ "Israel: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  37. ^ "Jordan: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  38. ^ "Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  39. ^ "Kuwait: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  40. ^ "Libya: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  41. ^ "Mongolia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  42. ^ "Netherlands: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
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  53. ^ "Spain: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol". United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
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