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Added Tim Tebow to list of Heisman winners who underperformed in the NFL.
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===2000s===
===2000s===


* Tim Tebow (2007) - First sophomore to win the Heisman and a runner-up as a junior and senior, Tebow was heralded by many as one of the greatest college football players of all time, after contributing to Florida's 2006 National Championship as a freshman and then leading his team to another one as a junior. After being drafted in the first round by the Denver Broncos, he was subsequently traded to the New York Jets and then released, briefly picked up by the New England Patriots and then cut prior to the start of the 2013 season.
* [[Troy Smith]] (2006) - Impressive playing statistics<ref>Troy Smith [http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/troy-smith-1.html] Sports-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11.</ref> led to a Heisman win, but a definitive 41-14 loss in [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|2007 championship game]] significantly dropped his worth in the eyes of NFL recruiters. He was eventually taken by the [[Baltimore Ravens|Ravens]] with the 174th overall position, last pick of the [[2007 NFL Draft|fifth round]] and only as a [[Compensatory_selection#Compensatory_picks|compensatory selection]]. His first professional start was in a Week 16 loss to the [[Seattle Seahawks|Seahawks]] at the end of the 2007 season.<ref>Seahawks beat slumping Ravens to lock up No. 3 seed [http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=271223026] ESPN NFL. December 23, 2007. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> He finished the season with one win, and was expected to be the starter in 2008, but became ill with [[Lemierre's syndrome]], a very rare disease - only 161 cases reported in the last century. During three seasons with Baltimore, Smith started only two games, and was only active for 14.<ref>Troy Smith [http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SmitTr02.htm] Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> He was cut from the team on September 4, 2010<ref>Ravens cut Troy Smith, Demetrius Williams [http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Ravens-cut-Troy-Smith-Demetrius-Williams.html] National Football Post. September 4, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> but picked up by San Francisco four days later.<ref>Troy Smith picked up by San Francisco 49ers [http://www.cleveland.com/ohio-sports-blog/index.ssf/2010/09/troy_smith_picked_up_by_san_fr.html] Cleveland.com. September 08, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> Following the 2010 season in which he put up only a 50.3% pass completion, he was not resigned by the [[San Francisco 49ers|49ers]]. He recently played for the [[Omaha Nighthawks]],<ref>Former OSU star vows to work for Nighthawks QB job [http://www.omaha.com/article/20110901/SPORTS/709019736/1142#former-osu-star-vows-to-work-for-nighthawks-qb-job] Omaha.com 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> competing for the quarterback position rather ironically with [[Eric Crouch]], another Heisman winner. He was recently signed by the [[Montreal Alouettes]] of the [[CFL]].
* [[Troy Smith]] (2006) - Impressive playing statistics<ref>Troy Smith [http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/troy-smith-1.html] Sports-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11.</ref> led to a Heisman win, but a definitive 41-14 loss in [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|2007 championship game]] significantly dropped his worth in the eyes of NFL recruiters. He was eventually taken by the [[Baltimore Ravens|Ravens]] with the 174th overall position, last pick of the [[2007 NFL Draft|fifth round]] and only as a [[Compensatory_selection#Compensatory_picks|compensatory selection]]. His first professional start was in a Week 16 loss to the [[Seattle Seahawks|Seahawks]] at the end of the 2007 season.<ref>Seahawks beat slumping Ravens to lock up No. 3 seed [http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=271223026] ESPN NFL. December 23, 2007. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> He finished the season with one win, and was expected to be the starter in 2008, but became ill with [[Lemierre's syndrome]], a very rare disease - only 161 cases reported in the last century. During three seasons with Baltimore, Smith started only two games, and was only active for 14.<ref>Troy Smith [http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/SmitTr02.htm] Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> He was cut from the team on September 4, 2010<ref>Ravens cut Troy Smith, Demetrius Williams [http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/Ravens-cut-Troy-Smith-Demetrius-Williams.html] National Football Post. September 4, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> but picked up by San Francisco four days later.<ref>Troy Smith picked up by San Francisco 49ers [http://www.cleveland.com/ohio-sports-blog/index.ssf/2010/09/troy_smith_picked_up_by_san_fr.html] Cleveland.com. September 08, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> Following the 2010 season in which he put up only a 50.3% pass completion, he was not resigned by the [[San Francisco 49ers|49ers]]. He recently played for the [[Omaha Nighthawks]],<ref>Former OSU star vows to work for Nighthawks QB job [http://www.omaha.com/article/20110901/SPORTS/709019736/1142#former-osu-star-vows-to-work-for-nighthawks-qb-job] Omaha.com 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11</ref> competing for the quarterback position rather ironically with [[Eric Crouch]], another Heisman winner. He was recently signed by the [[Montreal Alouettes]] of the [[CFL]].


Revision as of 04:47, 4 September 2013

The Heisman Curse is a term coined to reference a two-part assertion of a negative future for the winning player. The "curse" supposes that any college football player who wins the Heisman Trophy will lose his subsequent bowl game. Since 2000, only six Heisman winners (Carson Palmer, Matt Leinart, Mark Ingram, Cam Newton, Robert Griffin III, and Johnny Manziel) have gone on to win their following bowl game, with Leinart's win at the 2005 Orange Bowl being later revoked and removed from records due to multiple rule violations by USC.[1] The trend of post-award failure has garnered the attention of the mainstream media.[2] Additionally, the Heisman Curse asserts that in most cases a Heisman winner will have either a poor career in the NFL, or in fact not even see such a football career at all.

The "curse" does not imply that only Heisman winners have failed careers, only the irony behind college football's best underperforming after the award is given.[3] However, while there are numerous counts of players who underperformed after winning the award, an equal number of players have gone on to see great success,[4] evidence that the "curse" is more of an amusement than a reality.

While there is no scientific evidence that a curse actually exists, there have been observed trends regarding voter selections. Some see the trend running back decades to other players, but it has most famously been observed since the 1990s. The accepted logical explanation for the discrepancy between success and failure of Heisman winners is that the people who pick the Heisman are sportswriters and former Heisman winners. This might mean that they vote for a winner based on reputation, without seeing him or really studying him, basically a qualitative approach. On the other hand, the people who pick players for the NFL are talent evaluators. They study tape, they interview players and they put them through workouts where their strengths and weaknesses can be quantified.[5]

Heisman Trophy Winner Bowl Game Results Since 2000

Year Player Team Bowl Game Opponent Bowl Game Result
2012 Johnny Manziel #10 Texas A&M Aggies 2013 Cotton Bowl Classic #12 Oklahoma Sooners W, 41-13
2011 Robert Griffin III #12 Baylor Bears 2011 Alamo Bowl Washington Huskies W, 67-56
2010 Cam Newton #1 Auburn Tigers 2011 BCS National Championship Game #2 Oregon Ducks W, 22-19
2009 Mark Ingram #1 Alabama Crimson Tide 2010 BCS National Championship Game #2 Texas Longhorns W, 37-21
2008 Sam Bradford #1 Oklahoma Sooners 2009 BCS National Championship Game #2 Florida Gators L, 14-24
2007 Tim Tebow #9 Florida Gators 2008 Capital One Bowl Michigan Wolverines L, 35-41
2006 Troy Smith #1 Ohio State Buckeyes 2007 BCS National Championship Game #2 Florida Gators L, 14-41
2005 Reggie Bush USC Trojans† 2006 Rose Bowl (National Championship) #2 Texas Longhorns L, 38-41
2004 Matt Leinart #1 USC Trojans 2005 Orange Bowl (National Championship) #2 Oklahoma Sooners W, 55-19‡
2003 Jason White #1 Oklahoma Sooners 2004 Sugar Bowl (National Championship) #2 LSU Tigers L, 14-21
2002 Carson Palmer #5 USC Trojans 2003 Orange Bowl #3 Iowa Hawkeyes W, 38-17
2001 Eric Crouch #2 Nebraska Cornhuskers 2002 Rose Bowl (National Championship) #1 Miami Hurricanes L, 14-37
2000 Chris Weinke #2 Florida State Seminoles 2001 Orange Bowl (National Championship) #1 Oklahoma Sooners L, 2-13

†—Ranked #1 in the AP and Coaches Polls prior to university penalty and season revocation[6]
‡—USC's 2005 BCS Championship was revoked due to player ineligibility.[7]

Heisman Winner Professional History

2000s

  • Tim Tebow (2007) - First sophomore to win the Heisman and a runner-up as a junior and senior, Tebow was heralded by many as one of the greatest college football players of all time, after contributing to Florida's 2006 National Championship as a freshman and then leading his team to another one as a junior. After being drafted in the first round by the Denver Broncos, he was subsequently traded to the New York Jets and then released, briefly picked up by the New England Patriots and then cut prior to the start of the 2013 season.
  • Troy Smith (2006) - Impressive playing statistics[8] led to a Heisman win, but a definitive 41-14 loss in 2007 championship game significantly dropped his worth in the eyes of NFL recruiters. He was eventually taken by the Ravens with the 174th overall position, last pick of the fifth round and only as a compensatory selection. His first professional start was in a Week 16 loss to the Seahawks at the end of the 2007 season.[9] He finished the season with one win, and was expected to be the starter in 2008, but became ill with Lemierre's syndrome, a very rare disease - only 161 cases reported in the last century. During three seasons with Baltimore, Smith started only two games, and was only active for 14.[10] He was cut from the team on September 4, 2010[11] but picked up by San Francisco four days later.[12] Following the 2010 season in which he put up only a 50.3% pass completion, he was not resigned by the 49ers. He recently played for the Omaha Nighthawks,[13] competing for the quarterback position rather ironically with Eric Crouch, another Heisman winner. He was recently signed by the Montreal Alouettes of the CFL.
  • Reggie Bush (2005-rescinded) - Bush has been inconsistent[14] ever since being drafted by the Saints in 2006. Plagued by injury, and the rescinding of his Heisman trophy due to multiple rules infractions by USC, the much-hyped running back is statistically one of the worst in the NFL.[15] He was traded to the Dolphins[16] in late July 2011, leaving New Orleans with an average of only 4.0 yards per carry. After 2 solid seasons in Miami, he signed with the Detroit Lions following the 2012 season.
  • Matt Leinart (2004) - Leinart was generally seen to have enormous potential as a quarterback coming out of USC, being selected by the Arizona Cardinals with the tenth pick in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft.[17] However, during four seasons with the Cardinals, he completed only 340 of 595 pass attempts over 17 starts,[18] including a marginal rookie year with a 4-7 record. He suffered a shoulder injury at the end of the 2006 season and broke his left clavicle (collarbone) against the St. Louis Rams in 2007, a season-ending injury.[19] He never returned to even inconsistent play, showing weakly in training camps and preseason games, being replaced by veteran backup Kurt Warner, who would hold on to the position.[20] Leinart was later cut from Arizona's roster on September 4, 2010 and has been used only as a backup quarterback with the Houston Texans since the 2010 season.[21] Leinart has since been released after try outs with multiple teams.
  • Jason White (2003) - Having played the quarterback position at the University of Oklahoma, White was considered an outstanding college athlete despite losing both the 2004 and 2005 BCS championship games. However, he was not courted by any team or taken at any position in the 2005 NFL Draft, with many experts citing durability issues and "marginal" physical skills.[22] As an undrafted free agent, he eventually signed with the Tennessee Titans in 2005 as a member of the practice squad.[23] Citing weak knees, he retired before the start of the season, never having touched the ball or seen a single down during his professional career. He now owns an "The Athlete's Foot" franchise and "A Store Divided", which sells Oklahoma and Oklahoma State merchandise.[24]
  • Eric Crouch (2001) - The 2001 Heisman Trophy winner played quarterback for the University of Nebraska, winning awards and great recognition for running a highly successful option offense, completing a respectable 105 of 189 passes. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams late in the third round with the 95th overall pick.[25][26] Despite having won the Heisman as a college quarterback, he was considered too small to play under center and his athleticism better suited to play the wideout position. A hard tackle in a 2002 preseason game sidelined him before he played in any professional game with the NFL. He announced his official retirement from football before seeing a single play.[27] He is mockingly credited as having had a "stellar" three-week career. He eventually came out of retirement to sign with Kansas City in 2005, only to be sent to play the safety position in NFL Europe with the Hamburg Sea Devils.[28] A brief stint as primarily a third- or fourth-string backup quarterback in the Heisman-friendly CFL began in 2006 and ended with a debilitating 2007 injury leading to his being released by the Toronto Argonauts.[29] He would not return to the league. Drafted in 2008 by Team Texas of the All-American Football League, his contract was released when the league postponed its inaugural season. He made a 2011 debut with the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League,[30] competing for the position with Troy Smith, another Heisman winner. He is currently best known as a distributor of playground equipment.[31]
  • Chris Weinke (2000) - After an unconventional six-year stint in minor league baseball, Weinke joined the Seminoles at the quarterback position.[32] He took the team to the National Championship game in 2000, the same year that he won the Heisman. He was drafted with a deep overall 106th pick in round four by the Carolina Panthers[33] He spent four non-consecutive playing seasons with the Panthers (2001–2006). After a dreadful 2001 season in which he started only one winning game,[34] his duties were relegated almost entirely as a backup quarterback for Jake Delhomme. After having only two winning starts over four seasons, the Heisman winner was released in 2007,[35] then signed by the San Francisco 49ers due to a series of injuries to their starting quarterbacks.[36] He started only one game with the team, a 20-7 loss to the Browns. The 49ers did not return him to the roster in 2008. Weinke is now the director of the IMG Madden Football Academy.

1990s

  • Ron Dayne (1999) - The University of Wisconsin running back earned a Heisman trophy with numerous records, including the NCAA record for career rushing yards (6,397),[37] a record which still stands. Taken high in the 2000 NFL Draft at the 11th pick by the Giants, he would go on to play as "Thunder and Lightning" with Tiki Barber all the way through Super Bowl XXXV (34-7 loss to the Ravens). He would never recapture this success, with difficulty losing weight possibly being the reason for his falling further down the depth chart.[38] After being released by the Giants, he was picked up by Denver for the 2005 season where he briefly appeared to be on a comeback to former glory.[39] However, he was cut on September 3, 2006 after only one season, though his contract was immediately picked up by the Texans.[40] He started eight games for the Texans, but while he continues to be officially listed as a free agent, he has not played in the NFL since the 2007 season. He is considered to be one of the worst draft picks in Giants history[41]
  • Rashaan Salaam (1994) - Salaam was expected to have an enormous impact in the NFL at the running back position, having put up impressive numbers at UC Boulder. His career got off to a rocky start with a lengthy contract holdout[42] after having been selected by the Bears with the 21st pick in the first round of the draft. Despite impressive total rushing yards in his rookie season, fumbles and injury led to him being cut in 1998.[43] After one completely inactive season, Salaam was picked up in 1999 by three separate teams; Oakland, Cleveland and the Green Bay Packers. Despite being on the roster of three teams, he only played in two games during the season, both of which came while he was with the Browns. Admitted habitual marijuana use[44] kept other teams from showing interest. In 2001, Salaam played in the XFL for the Memphis Maniax, and though he was the leading rusher for the team, injuries prevented him from putting up bigger numbers. The Lions chose not to sign him after he tried out for the team when the XFL folded after their inaugural year. The 49ers signed him[45] in May for the 2003 season, but cut him in August before the start of the season.[46] Signed by the Toronto Argonauts in 2004,[47] he was later suspended and cut due to continuing problems with marijuana use,[48] ending his originally promising career anticlimactically in the CFL.
  • Charlie Ward (1993) - Playing both football and basketball at Florida State, Ward excelled and was awarded the Heisman. He stated publicly that he wouldn't enter the NFL if not selected as a first-round pick in the 1994 NFL Draft,[49] a position that he felt he deserved. By declaring this, no team felt it wise to even consider him for the NFL,[50] as he'd already been picked as a first-round, 26th overall choice by the New York Knicks in the NBA's 1994 Draft.[51] The feeling was that Ward was trying to leverage one sport against another.
  • Gino Torretta (1992) - A California native, Torretta attended the University of Miami, leading two championship teams,[52] including one to a co-national championship in 1991. Despite his success, his actual numbers were not impressive, including a career pass completion of only 56%.[53] He was taken with the 192nd overall pick, late in the seventh round by the Vikings.[54] He didn't see a single down with Minnesota in 1993, and though the Lions picked up his contract in 1994, he played as only a seldom-used backup quarterback. The 49ers signed him to their roster in 1995 after he was released by Detroit,[55] though he continued to find use only in a backup roll. Torretta was transferred to play with the Rhein Fire, but was once again cut, only to be picked up by Seattle. He retired in 1998 after once more not being played, this time by the Colts. The only game that he played during his five-year career came with Seattle, in a match against the Oakland Raiders[56] As of October 2, 2011, Torretta is serving as Head, Marketing Team for Gabelli Asset Management Inc.[57] and has as regular broadcast show from 10am to noon on Sportsradio 560 WQAM.
  • Andre Ware (1989) - After three years at the University of Houston, Ware declared for the 1990 Draft, skipping his senior year with the Cougars. Taken seventh by the Lions in the first round, he was expected to be a franchise quarterback for the team. Instead, over four seasons he was active in only 14 games, starting 6 of them and marking a career with the Lions with a total 51.6% pass completion rate.[58] He was signed by the LA Raiders and Jacksonville Jaguars for the 1994 and 1995 seasons respectively, but was inactive and did not play for either team.[59] Ware went on to play in the CFL[60] with the BC Lions in 1996 and the Argonauts in 1997. An eventual attempt to return to the NFL was made in 1999 when he was signed by Oakland, but ended up playing in NFL Europe with the Berlin Thunder. He is now an occasional announcer with ESPN as well as the radio color analyst for the Houston Texans, and considered by some to be the biggest Heisman bust in NFL history.[61]

See also

References

  1. ^ USC hit hard by NCAA sanctions. [1] Rivals.com. June 10, 2010. Retrieved on 10/1/11
  2. ^ "Heisman Curse? Hardly." [2]. Tidesports.com. December 26, 2009. Retrieved on 10/1/11.
  3. ^ Page 2 - The List: Biggest Heisman Flops [3] ESPN. 2007. Retrieved 10/2/11
  4. ^ Heisman Trophy Studs & Duds [4] Bullz-Eye Sports. November 30, 2007. Retrieved 10/2/11
  5. ^ Heisman's Career Curse [5] Forbes.com. December 11, 2009. 10/1/11.
  6. ^ NCAA delivers postseason football ban. [6] ESPN LA. June 11, 2010. Retrieved 10/1/11
  7. ^ USC doesn't need trophy to be champs [7] ESPN LA. June 6, 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  8. ^ Troy Smith [8] Sports-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11.
  9. ^ Seahawks beat slumping Ravens to lock up No. 3 seed [9] ESPN NFL. December 23, 2007. Retrieved 10/2/11
  10. ^ Troy Smith [10] Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  11. ^ Ravens cut Troy Smith, Demetrius Williams [11] National Football Post. September 4, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11
  12. ^ Troy Smith picked up by San Francisco 49ers [12] Cleveland.com. September 08, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11
  13. ^ Former OSU star vows to work for Nighthawks QB job [13] Omaha.com 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  14. ^ Reggie Bush [14] Pro-Football-Reference. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  15. ^ Reggie Bush: Statistically One of the Worst Running Backs in the NFL [15] Bleacher Report. August 8, 2008. Retrieved 10/2/11
  16. ^ Reggie Bush traded to Miami Dolphins (updated)[16] The Washington Post. July 28, 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  17. ^ 2006 NFL Draft [17] 2009. Retrieved 10/2/11
  18. ^ Arizona Cardinals: Player Roster. [18] Arizona Cardinals. 2010. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  19. ^ Leinart out indefinitely with fractured left collarbone. [19] ESPN NFL. October 7, 2007. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  20. ^ The Kurt Warner/Matt Leinart "Sham" of a QB Competition: Part II [20] Bleacher Report. August 16, 2008. Retrieved 10/1/11
  21. ^ Matt Leinart agrees to join Texans. [21] September 7, 2010. ESPN. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  22. ^ 2005 NFL Draft-Jason White [22] Sports Illustrated. 2007. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  23. ^ Former Sooner Jason White looks back [23] ESPN College Football. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  24. ^ Sports Casual: Where are they now? Jason White [24] Sports Casual Blog. September 17, 2010. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  25. ^ Heisman winner Crouch to Rams. [25] CNNSI.com. April 21, 2002. Retrieved 10/1/11
  26. ^ Finding Eric Crouch: Heisman hero, pro washout, businessman [26] Dr. Saturday. August 30, 2010. Retrieved 10/1/11
  27. ^ Dan Patrick:Checking in with Eric Crouch. [27] October 10, 2001. ESPN. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  28. ^ Eric Crouch: Destined for Greatness? [28] Oursportscentral.com. March 29, 2005. Retrieved 10/1/11
  29. ^ CFL Heisman. [29] CFL Scrapbook. Retrieved 10/1/11
  30. ^ Why I’m not giving up on Eric Crouch.[30] Just Sayin' – PIGSKINU. 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  31. ^ Crouch Creations [31] Eric Crouch. 2008. Retrieved 10/1/11
  32. ^ Player Bio: Chris Weinke [32] Seminoles.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11
  33. ^ 2001 NFL Draft [33] About.com. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  34. ^ Boxscore Finder [34] Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  35. ^ Former Heisman winner released by Carolina [35] ESPN NFL. March 6, 2007. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  36. ^ 49ers join Panthers as only teams to start four QBs this season [36] ESPN NFL. December 28, 2007. Retrieved 10/1/11
  37. ^ NCAA All-Time Leading Rushers [37] About.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  38. ^ Dayne Weight Off Giant Minds Carrying Fewer Pounds [38] NYDaily ews.com. April 14, 2000. Retrieved 10/2/11
  39. ^ Faceoff - RB Ron Dayne, Denver Broncos [39] Footballguys.com. Retrieved 10/2/11
  40. ^ Desperate At RB Texans Sign Ron Dayne to a 1 year contract [40] Boxden.com. September 3, 2006. Retrieved 10/2/11
  41. ^ Dayne among worst picks for Giants [41] ESPN New York. April 25, 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  42. ^ Tension Rising as Salaam Holdout Goes On [42] Highbeam.com. July 27, 1995. Retrieved 10/2/11
  43. ^ Salaam Next No. 1 Pick To Be Cut By The Bears?[43] Chicago Tribune. June 24, 1998. Retrieved 10/2/11
  44. ^ Salaam Has Been Down Williams' Path Before [44] LA Times. July 30, 2004. Retrieved 10/2/11
  45. ^ Salaam signs with 49ers [45] Buffs TV. May 29, 2003. Retrieved 10/2/11
  46. ^ NFL Football: 49ers cut Rashaan Salaam.[46] High Beam Research. August 24, 2003. Retrieved 10/2/11
  47. ^ Toronto Argonauts sign Heisman winner Rashaan Salaam [47] OurSports Central. February 20, 2004. Retrieved 10/2/11
  48. ^ History Shows the Heisman Means Nothing [48] Bleacher Report. December 9, 2008. Retrieved 10/2/11
  49. ^ CHARLIE STILL WARD-ING OFF NFL TALK [49] Daily News Sports. December 10, 1995. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  50. ^ Analysis : Sorry, Charlie: NFL Snubs Ward : NFL draft: Teams say Heisman Trophy winner couldn't make up his mind what sport to play, so he goes undrafted. [50] Los Angeles Times. April 26, 1995. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  51. ^ Heisman Trophy Winners [51] Heisman Trophy.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  52. ^ 2009 College Football Hall of Fame [52] Collegefootballpro.com. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  53. ^ Gino Torretta [53] SR/College Football. 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  54. ^ Path to Primetime. [54] NFL.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11
  55. ^ SPORTS PEOPLE: PRO FOOTBALL;Torretta Is Signed by the 49ers [55] The New York Times. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  56. ^ Torretta Rallies Seattle to Win Over Mistake-Prone Oakland [56] Los Angeles Times. December 23, 1996. Retrieved 10/1/11.
  57. ^ Executive Profile:Gino Torretta [57] Businessweek.com. October 2, 2011. Retrieved 10/1/11
  58. ^ Andre Ware [58] Pro-Football-Reference.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  59. ^ Gale Contemporary Black Biography:Andre Ware [59] Answers.com. 2011. Retrieved 10/2/11
  60. ^ CFL Heisman Trophy [60] CFL-scrapbook. Retrieved 10/2/11
  61. ^ Biggest Bust in NFL History [61] Bleacherreport.com. February 21, 2010. Retrieved 10/2/11
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