Kalkoti language: Difference between revisions
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'''Kalkoti''' is a [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] of the Kohistani group spoken in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. |
'''Kalkoti''' is a [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]] of the Kohistani group spoken in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. |
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==Phonology== |
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The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.<ref name=Henrick>{{Citation |
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|last= Henrik |first= Liljegren |
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|title= Notes on Kalkoti: A Shina Language with Strong Kohistani Influences |
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|journal= Linguistic Discovery Vol. 11, Issue 1 |
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|publisher= Dartmoth University |
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|year= 2013 |
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|url= http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/document/899 | page= 134-144 |
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}}</ref> |
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===Vowels=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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! |
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! [[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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! [[Close vowel|Close]] |
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| {{IPA|i iː}} |
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| {{IPA|u uː}} |
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|- |
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! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| {{IPA|eː}} |
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| {{IPA|oː}} |
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|- |
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! [[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| {{IPA|a aː}} |
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| {{IPA|ɑ~ɒ ɑ~ɒː}} |
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|} |
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Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.<ref name=Henrick/> |
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===Consonants=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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!colspan="2"| |
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! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] |
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! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
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! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
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! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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!colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPA|m}} |
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| {{IPA|n}} |
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| {{IPA|ɳ (?)}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA|ŋ (?)}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!rowspan="3"| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] |
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! <small>[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|p}} |
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| {{IPA|t}} |
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| {{IPA|ʈ (?)}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA|k}} |
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| {{IPA|q}} |
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| {{IPA|ʔ}} |
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|- |
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!<small> [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|pʰ}} |
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| {{IPA|tʰ}} |
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| {{IPA|ʈʰ (?)}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA|kʰ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! <small>[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|b}} |
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| {{IPA|d}} |
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| {{IPA|ɖ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPA|ɡ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!rowspan="3"| [[Affricate]] |
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! <small>[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small> |
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| |
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| {{IPA|ts}} |
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| {{IPA|tʂ}} |
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| {{IPA|tʃ}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! <small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small> |
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| |
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| |
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| {{IPA|tʂʰ (?)}} |
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| {{IPA|tʃʰ}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! <small>[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]</small> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| {{IPA|dʒ}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative]] |
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!<small> [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small> |
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| {{IPA|(f)}} |
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| {{IPA|s}} |
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| {{IPA|ʂ}} |
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| {{IPA|ʃ}} |
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| {{IPA|x}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!<small> [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]</small> |
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| |
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| {{IPA|z}} |
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| |
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| |
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| {{IPA|ɣ}} |
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|- |
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!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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| |
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| {{IPA|l}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!colspan="2"| [[Flap consonant|Flap]] |
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| |
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| {{IPA|ɾ}} |
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| {{IPA|ɽ (?)}} |
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| |
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|- |
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!colspan="2"| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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| |
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| {{IPA|j}} |
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| {{IPA|w}} |
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|} |
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The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring [[Palula_language|Palula]] language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phoneme {{IPA|ʔ}} is of unclear status and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti. |
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===Tone=== |
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Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to [[Shina_language|Shina's]] two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory. <ref name=Henrick/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 19:24, 5 October 2013
| Kalkoti | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Pakistan |
| Region | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Native speakers | 6,000 (2006)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xka |
Kalkoti is a Dardic language of the Kohistani group spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Phonology
The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.[2]
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː |
| Mid | eː | oː |
| Open | a aː | ɑ~ɒ ɑ~ɒː |
Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.[2]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ (?) | ŋ (?) | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ (?) | k | q | ʔ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ (?) | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | ||||
| aspirated | tʂʰ (?) | tʃʰ | ||||||
| voiced | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | ||
| voiced | z | ɣ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɽ (?) | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||
The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phoneme ʔ is of unclear status and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.
Tone
Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory. [2]
References
- ^ Kalkoti at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ a b c Henrik, Liljegren (2013), "Notes on Kalkoti: A Shina Language with Strong Kohistani Influences", Linguistic Discovery Vol. 11, Issue 1, Dartmoth University: 134-144
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