Patriotism: Difference between revisions
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Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a [[national religion]] (a [[civil religion]] or even a [[theocracy]]). This is the opposite of the [[separation of church and state]] demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar forces. |
Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a [[national religion]] (a [[civil religion]] or even a [[theocracy]]). This is the opposite of the [[separation of church and state]] demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar forces. |
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Others, such as [[Michael Billig]] or [[Jean Bethke Elshtain]] argue that the difference is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the labeller.<ref>Billig, Michael. ''[[Banal Nationalism]].'' London: Sage Publishers, 1995, p. 56-58.</ref> |
Others, such as [[Michael Billig]] or [[Jean Bethke Elshtain]] argue that the difference is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the labeller.<ref>Billig, Michael. ''[[Banal Nationalism]].'' London: Sage Publishers, 1995, p. 56-58.</ref> |
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===Patriotism and Marxism=== |
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[[Marxists]] had various stances regarding patriotism. On the other hand, Karl Marx famously stated that "The working men have no country",<ref>http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm</ref> further elaborating that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause them [national differences] to vanish still faster". The same view is promoted by contemporary [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], like [[Alan Woods (political theorist)|Alan Woods]] who is "in favour of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth".<ref>http://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm</ref> |
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On the other hand, [[Stalinism|Stalinists]] and [[Maoism|Maoists]] are usually in favor of [[socialist patriotism]] based on the theory of [[socialism in one country]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Motyl|first=Alexander J.|authorlink=Alexander J. Motyl|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|location=|isbn=0-12-227230-7|ref=harv}}</ref> |
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===Region-specific issues=== |
===Region-specific issues=== |
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Revision as of 14:39, 14 October 2013
 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January 2012) |
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Patriotism is a cultural attachment to one's homeland, excluding differences caused by the dependencies of the term's meaning upon context, geography and philosophy. In a generalized sense applicable to all countries and peoples, patriotism is a devotion to one's country. [citation needed]
It is a related sentiment to nationalism.[1][2][3]
The English term patriot is first attested in the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris),"fatherland".[4] The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.[5]
History
The general notion of civic virtue and group dedication has been attested in culture globally throughout the historical period.
Enlightenment England and France
In classical 18th century patriotism, loyalty to the State was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church, and it was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools as their patrie was heaven, so that they could not inspire love of the homeland in their studs. One of the most influential proponents of this classical notion of patriotism was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[1]
Conversely, in 1774, Samuel Johnson published The Patriot, a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel."[6] James Boswell, who reported this comment in his Life of Johnson, does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking the false use of the term "patriotism" by contemporaries such as John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favour of what he considered "true" patriotism.[7] However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely-held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself.
Philosophical issues
Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion (a civil religion or even a theocracy). This is the opposite of the separation of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar forces. Others, such as Michael Billig or Jean Bethke Elshtain argue that the difference is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the labeller.[8]
Patriotism and Marxism
Marxists had various stances regarding patriotism. On the other hand, Karl Marx famously stated that "The working men have no country",[9] further elaborating that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause them [national differences] to vanish still faster". The same view is promoted by contemporary Trotskyists, like Alan Woods who is "in favour of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth".[10]
On the other hand, Stalinists and Maoists are usually in favor of socialist patriotism based on the theory of socialism in one country.[11]
Region-specific issues
- In the European Union, thinkers such as Habermas have advocated a Euro-patriotism, but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the nation-state and often coincides with Euroscepticism.
Surveys
| Country | 1995-97 |
|---|---|
| Venezuela | 3.73 |
| USA | 3.72 |
| South Africa | 3.72 |
| India | 3.70 |
| Peru | 3.68 |
| Slovenia | 3.64 |
| Poland | 3.55 |
| Australia | 3.54 |
| Spain | 3.38 |
| Argentina | 3.29 |
| Sweden | 3.13 |
| Moldova | 2.98 |
| Japan | 2.85 |
| Russia | 2.69 |
| Switzerland | 2.59 |
| Lithuania | 2.47 |
| Latvia | 2.10 |
| Germany | 1.37 |
| Average | 3.12 |
Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism for various reasons, such as the Correlates of War project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time dependent. For example, patriotism in Germany before the Great War (WWI) ranked at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of patriotism surveys.
The Patriotism Score tables here are from the World Values Survey and refer to the average answer for high income residents of a country to the question: "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?" It ranges from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud).[12] The higher value for Germany in 1990-92 likely reflects a temporary effect from reunification occurring then.
| Country | Score 1990-92 |
|---|---|
| Ireland | 3.74 |
| USA | 3.73 |
| India | 3.67 |
| South Africa | 3.55 |
| Canada | 3.53 |
| Spain | 3.46 |
| United Kingdom | 3.38 |
| Denmark | 3.27 |
| Italy | 3.25 |
| Sweden | 3.22 |
| France | 3.18 |
| Finland | 3.17 |
| Belgium | 3.07 |
| Netherlands | 2.93 |
| Germany | 2.75 |
| Average | 3.26 |
See also
References
- ^ a b Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment By Harvey Chisick
- ^ "Nationalism" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ "Patriotism" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ πατριώτης, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ OED
- ^ Boswell, James (1986), Hibbert, Christopher (ed.), The Life of Samuel Johnson, New York: Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-043116-0.
- ^ Griffin, Dustin (2005), Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00959-6
- ^ Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publishers, 1995, p. 56-58.
- ^ http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm
- ^ http://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm
- ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Patriotism in Your Portfolio" Adair Morse, UofC 2008 Journal of Financial Markets, 2010. Volume 14 (2), pg 411-440.
Further reading
- Charles Blattberg, From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-829688-6.
- Craig Calhoun, Is it Time to Be Postnational?, in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights, (eds.) Stephen May, Tariq Modood and Judith Squires. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. pp 231–256. Online at [1].
- Paul Gomberg, “Patriotism is Like Racism,” in Igor Primoratz, ed., Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002, pp. 105–112. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
- Jürgen Habermas, “Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity,” in Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg, MIT Press, 1996.
- Johan Huizinga, “Patriotism and Nationalism in European History”. In Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Transl. by James S. Holmes and Hans van Marle. New York: Meridian Books, 1959.
- Alasdair MacIntyre, 'Is Patriotism a Virtue?', in: R. Beiner (ed.), Theorizing Citizenship, 1995, State University of New York Press, pp. 209 – 228.
- Joshua Cohen and Martha C. Nussbaum, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Beacon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8070-4313-3.
- George Orwell, “Notes on Nationalism,” in England Your England and Other Essays, Secker and Warburg, 1953.
- Igor Primoratz, ed., Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
- Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub, Patriotism, Wadsworth Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-8304-1410-X.
- Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-829358-5.