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[[Image:dd245reubenjames.jpg|right|250px|thumb|USS Reuben James was the only loss from convoy HX-156]]
[[Image:dd245reubenjames.jpg|right|250px|thumb|USS Reuben James was the only loss from convoy HX-156]]
'''Convoy HX-156''' was the 156th of the numbered series of [[World War II]] [[HX convoys]] of merchant ships from [[Halifax Harbour|'''H'''alifa'''X''']] to [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127">Hague 2000 p.127</ref> Forty-three ships departed Halifax on 22 October 1941;<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/> and were met two days later by [[United States Navy]] Task Unit 4.1.3 consisting of [[Gleaves class destroyer]] ''[[USS Niblack (DD-424)|Niblack]]'', [[Clemson class destroyer]] ''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|Reuben James]]'', [[Wickes class destroyer]] ''[[USS Tarbell (DD-142)|Tarbell]]'', and [[Benson class destroyer]]s ''[[USS Benson (DD-421)|Benson]]'' and ''[[USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)|Hilary P. Jones]]''.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94">Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94</ref>
'''Convoy HX-156''' was the 156th of the numbered series of [[World War II]] [[HX convoys]] of merchant ships from [[Halifax Harbour|'''H'''alifa'''X''']] to [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127">Hague 2000 p.127</ref> Forty-three ships departed Halifax on 22 October 1941;<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/> and were met two days later by [[United States Navy]] Task Unit 4.1.3 consisting of [[Gleaves class destroyer]] ''[[USS Niblack (DD-424)|Niblack]]'', [[Clemson class destroyer]] ''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|Reuben James]]'', [[Wickes class destroyer]] ''[[USS Tarbell (DD-142)|Tarbell]]'', and [[Benson class destroyer]]s ''[[USS Benson (DD-421)|Benson]]'' and ''[[USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)|Hilary P. Jones]]''.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94">Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94</ref><br><br>
{{toclimt|2}}

==The Action==
''[[German submarine U-552|U-552]]'' sighted the convoy at dawn on 31 October 1941, and torpedoed ''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|Reuben James]]'' as the destroyer approached to investigate the [[Huff-Duff]] bearing of the sighting report.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94">Morison 1975 p.94</ref> A [[torpedo]] struck the port side and detonated the forward [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]].<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/> The hull aft of the third stack remained afloat for 5 minutes; and 44 men were rescued from the crew of 159.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/> ''Reuben James'' was the first United States warship sunk during [[World War II]].<ref>Silverstone 1968 p.9</ref> ''U-552'' was driven off by the escort; but ''[[German submarine U-567|U-567]]'' found the convoy that afternoon. Task Unit 4.1.3 handed the convoy off to the British 6th Escort Group on 1 November 1941. ''U-552'' and ''U-567'' made two unsuccessful torpedo attacks on 1 November and maintained contact with the convoy through 3 November.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94"/> The convoy reached [[Liverpool]] on 5 November.<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/>
===31 October 1941===
{{GS|U-552||2}} sighted the convoy at dawn on 31 October 1941, and torpedoed ''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|Reuben James]]'' as the destroyer approached to investigate the [[Huff-Duff]] bearing of the sighting report.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94">Morison 1975 p.94</ref> A [[torpedo]] struck the port side and detonated the forward [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]].<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/> The hull aft of the third stack remained afloat for 5 minutes; and 44 men were rescued from the crew of 159.<ref name="Morison 1975 p.94"/><br><br>
''Reuben James'' was the first United States warship sunk during [[World War II]].<ref>Silverstone 1968 p.9</ref> ''U-552'' was driven off by the escort; but {{GS|U-567||2}} found the convoy that afternoon.
===1 November 1941===
Task Unit 4.1.3 handed the convoy off to the British 6th Escort Group on 1 November 1941.<br>
''U-552'' and ''U-567'' made two unsuccessful torpedo attacks on 1 November and maintained contact with the convoy through 3 November.<ref name="Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94"/> The convoy reached [[Liverpool]] on 5 November.<ref name="Hague 2000 p.127"/>
==Ships in the convoy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/hx/index.html|title=Convoy HX.156|publisher=Arnold Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref>==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" width="180px" |Name
! scope="col" width="150px" |Flag
! scope="col" width="30px" |Tonnage [[gross register tons|(GRT)]]
! scope="col" width="300px" |Notes
|-
|align="left"|''Alchiba'' (1920)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|4,427
|align="left"|Iceland
|-
|align="left"|''[[MV Ancylus|Ancylus]]'' (1935)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|8,017
|align="left"|Oil tanker. Onward To N Russia
|-
|align="left"|''Anna Knudsen'' (1931)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,057
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS MacKenzie (DD-175)|HMCS Annapolis (I04)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|Canada|1921}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 22 Oct - 24 Oct<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''Arabian Prince'' (1936)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|1,960
|align="left"|4 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''Athelvictor'' (1941)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|8,410
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Begonia (K66)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov<br>Corvette
|-
|align="left"|''Benmacdhui'' (1911)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,869
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Brabant'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|align="right"|2,483
|align="left"|2 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''Bralanta'' (1936)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,608
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''British Governor'' (1926)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,840
|align="left"|Scapa Flow
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Broke (D83)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov<br>Flotilla leader
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Edwards (DD-265)|HMS Buxton (H96)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Camellia (K31)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov<br>Corvette
|-
|align="left"|''Cape Breton'' (1940)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,044
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Charlbury'' (1940)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|4,836
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Chepo'' (1919)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="right"|5,707
|align="left"|Returned, See [[Convoy HX 158]]
|-
|align="left"|''Clan Macquarrie'' (1913)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,471
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Comanchee'' (1936)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,837
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Delilian'' (1923)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,423
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Edam'' (1921)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|8,871
|align="left"|27 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Norwegian Navy|HNoMS Eglantine]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov - 05 Nov
|-
|align="left"|''Eidanger'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,432
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''El Capitan'' (1917)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="right"|5,255
|align="left"|Onward To N Russia
|-
|align="left"|''El Estero'' (1920)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="right"|4,219
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Empire ships (Co–Cy)#Empire Confidence|Empire Confidence]]'' (1935)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|5,023
|align="left"|12 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''[[MV Empire Day|Empire Day]]'' (1941)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,242
|align="left"|[[CAM ship]]
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Empire ships (F)#Empire Foam|Empire Foam]]'' (1941)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,047
|align="left"|[[CAM ship]]
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Empire ships (R)#Empire Rainbow|Empire Rainbow]]'' (1941)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|6,942
|align="left"|[[CAM ship]]
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Empire ships (Ta–Te)#Empire Tern (I)|Empire Tern]]'' (1919)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|2,479
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Gallia'' (1939)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,974
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Ganymedes'' (1917)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|2,682
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Gudrun Maersk'' (1937)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|2,294
|align="left"|Iceland to Belfast
|-
|align="left"|''K G Meldahl'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|3,799
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[Naval trawler|HMS King Sol (FY235)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 01 Nov
|-
|align="left"|''Kollbjorg'' (1937)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|8,259
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Navy|HMS Larkpsur (K82)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 05 Nov
|-
|align="left"|''Leiv Eiriksson I'' (1936)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,952
|align="left"|Ex-Iceland
|-
|align="left"|''Leonatus'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|align="right"|2,242
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Lewant'' (1930)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
|align="right"|1,942
|align="left"|2 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''Maihar'' (1917)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,563
|align="left"|1 Passenger
|-
|align="left"|''Markhor'' (1929)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,917
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Mergus'' (1906)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|align="right"|1,368
|align="left"|Iceland to Clyde
|-
|align="left"|''[[List of Flower-class corvettes#Royal Norwegian Navy|HNoMS Montbretia]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 05 Nov
|-
|align="left"|''Munin'' (1899)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|1,285
|align="left"|Iceland To Clyde
|-
|align="left"|''Nestor'' (1913)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|14,629
|align="left"|197 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''Norefjord'' (1920)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|3,082
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''O A Knudsen'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|11,007
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''[[SS Polar Chief|Polar Chief]]'' (1897)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|8,040
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Prince De Liege'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|align="right"|2,588
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Prins Willem Van Oranje'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|1,303
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''San Alvaro'' (1935)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,385
|align="left"|4 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''San Arcadio'' (1935)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|7,419
|align="left"|1 Passenger
|-
|align="left"|''San Emiliano'' (1939)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|8,071
|align="left"|4 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''Sandanger'' (1938)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,432
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Skaraas'' (1936)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|9,826
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Sourabaya'' (1915)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|10,107
|align="left"|28 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''Stanlake'' (1923)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|1,742
|align="left"|Possibly joined this convoy
|-
|align="left"|''Svanholm'' (1922)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}
|align="right"|1,321
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|''Troubadour'' (1920)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|align="right"|5,808
|align="left"|6 Passengers
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Alchiba (AKA-6)]]'' (1939)
|align="left"|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|6,198
|align="left"|Reykjavik<br>Armed 'Attack cargo ship'
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Benson (DD-421)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Niblack (DD-424)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Reuben James (DD-245)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 03 Nov<br>Sunk by {{GS|U-552||2}} on 31 Oct 41 (prior to US declaration of war)
|-
|align="left"|''[[USS Tarbell (DD-142)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|United States|1912}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Verity (D63)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov<br>Destroyer
|-
|align="left"|''[[HMS Wolverine (D78)]]''
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="right"|
|align="left"|Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov<br>WW1-era Destroyer
|-
|}


==Notes==
==Notes==

{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


== References ==
== References ==

* {{cite book| title=The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 |author=Hague, Arnold |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-55750-019-3}}
* {{cite book| title=The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 |author=Hague, Arnold |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-55750-019-3}}
* {{cite book| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 |author=Morison, Samuel Eliot |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1975}}
* {{cite book| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 |author=Morison, Samuel Eliot |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1975}}

Revision as of 17:34, 20 October 2013

USS Reuben James was the only loss from convoy HX-156

Convoy HX-156 was the 156th of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from HalifaX to Liverpool.[1] Forty-three ships departed Halifax on 22 October 1941;[1] and were met two days later by United States Navy Task Unit 4.1.3 consisting of Gleaves class destroyer Niblack, Clemson class destroyer Reuben James, Wickes class destroyer Tarbell, and Benson class destroyers Benson and Hilary P. Jones.[2]

Template:Toclimt

The Action

31 October 1941

U-552 sighted the convoy at dawn on 31 October 1941, and torpedoed Reuben James as the destroyer approached to investigate the Huff-Duff bearing of the sighting report.[3] A torpedo struck the port side and detonated the forward magazine.[3] The hull aft of the third stack remained afloat for 5 minutes; and 44 men were rescued from the crew of 159.[3]

Reuben James was the first United States warship sunk during World War II.[4] U-552 was driven off by the escort; but U-567 found the convoy that afternoon.

1 November 1941

Task Unit 4.1.3 handed the convoy off to the British 6th Escort Group on 1 November 1941.
U-552 and U-567 made two unsuccessful torpedo attacks on 1 November and maintained contact with the convoy through 3 November.[2] The convoy reached Liverpool on 5 November.[1]

Ships in the convoy[5]

Name Flag Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Alchiba (1920)  Netherlands 4,427 Iceland
Ancylus (1935)  United Kingdom 8,017 Oil tanker. Onward To N Russia
Anna Knudsen (1931)  Norway 9,057
HMCS Annapolis (I04)  Royal Canadian Navy Escort 22 Oct - 24 Oct
Destroyer
Arabian Prince (1936)  United Kingdom 1,960 4 Passengers
Athelvictor (1941)  United Kingdom 8,410
HMS Begonia (K66)  Royal Navy Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov
Corvette
Benmacdhui (1911)  United Kingdom 6,869
Brabant (1938)  Belgium 2,483 2 Passengers
Bralanta (1936)  Norway 9,608
British Governor (1926)  United Kingdom 6,840 Scapa Flow
HMS Broke (D83)  Royal Navy Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov
Flotilla leader
HMS Buxton (H96)  Royal Navy Escort 01 Nov - 04 Nov
Destroyer
HMS Camellia (K31)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov
Corvette
Cape Breton (1940)  United Kingdom 6,044
Charlbury (1940)  United Kingdom 4,836
Chepo (1919)  Panama 5,707 Returned, See Convoy HX 158
Clan Macquarrie (1913)  United Kingdom 6,471
Comanchee (1936)  United Kingdom 6,837
Delilian (1923)  United Kingdom 6,423
Edam (1921)  Netherlands 8,871 27 Passengers
HNoMS Eglantine  Royal Norwegian Navy Escort 01 Nov - 05 Nov
Eidanger (1938)  Norway 9,432
El Capitan (1917)  Panama 5,255 Onward To N Russia
El Estero (1920)  Panama 4,219
Empire Confidence (1935)  United Kingdom 5,023 12 Passengers
Empire Day (1941)  United Kingdom 7,242 CAM ship
Empire Foam (1941)  United Kingdom 7,047 CAM ship
Empire Rainbow (1941)  United Kingdom 6,942 CAM ship
Empire Tern (1919)  United Kingdom 2,479
Gallia (1939)  Norway 9,974
Ganymedes (1917)  Netherlands 2,682
Gudrun Maersk (1937)  United Kingdom 2,294 Iceland to Belfast
K G Meldahl (1938)  Norway 3,799
HMS King Sol (FY235)  Royal Navy Escort 01 Nov
Kollbjorg (1937)  Norway 8,259
HMS Larkpsur (K82)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct - 05 Nov
Leiv Eiriksson I (1936)  Norway 9,952 Ex-Iceland
Leonatus (1938)  Panama 2,242
Lewant (1930)  Poland 1,942 2 Passengers
Maihar (1917)  United Kingdom 7,563 1 Passenger
Markhor (1929)  United Kingdom 7,917
Mergus (1906)  Sweden 1,368 Iceland to Clyde
HNoMS Montbretia  Royal Norwegian Navy Escort 31 Oct - 05 Nov
Munin (1899)  Norway 1,285 Iceland To Clyde
Nestor (1913)  United Kingdom 14,629 197 Passengers
Norefjord (1920)  Norway 3,082
O A Knudsen (1938)  Norway 11,007
Polar Chief (1897)  United Kingdom 8,040
Prince De Liege (1938)  Belgium 2,588
Prins Willem Van Oranje (1938)  Netherlands 1,303
San Alvaro (1935)  United Kingdom 7,385 4 Passengers
San Arcadio (1935)  United Kingdom 7,419 1 Passenger
San Emiliano (1939)  United Kingdom 8,071 4 Passengers
Sandanger (1938)  Norway 9,432
Skaraas (1936)  Norway 9,826
Sourabaya (1915)  United Kingdom 10,107 28 Passengers
Stanlake (1923)  United Kingdom 1,742 Possibly joined this convoy
Svanholm (1922)  United Kingdom 1,321
Troubadour (1920)  Norway 5,808 6 Passengers
USS Alchiba (AKA-6) (1939)  United States 6,198 Reykjavik
Armed 'Attack cargo ship'
USS Benson (DD-421)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov
Destroyer
USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov
Destroyer
USS Niblack (DD-424)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov
Destroyer
USS Reuben James (DD-245)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct - 03 Nov
Sunk by U-552 on 31 Oct 41 (prior to US declaration of war)
USS Tarbell (DD-142)  United States Navy Escort 24 Oct - 01 Nov
Destroyer
HMS Verity (D63)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov
Destroyer
HMS Wolverine (D78)  Royal Navy Escort 31 Oct - 04 Nov
WW1-era Destroyer

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Hague 2000 p.127
  2. ^ a b Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.94
  3. ^ a b c Morison 1975 p.94
  4. ^ Silverstone 1968 p.9
  5. ^ "Convoy HX.156". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 20 October 2013.

References

  • Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1975). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Rohwer, J. and Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1968). U.S. Warships of World War II. Doubleday and Company.
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