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On May 11, 2012, then [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] Mexican Presidential Candidate [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], visited the [[Universidad Iberoamericana|Ibero-American University]] to present his political platform to the students as part of the ''Buen Ciudadano Ibero''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/economia/2012/05/11/y-que-dijo-pena-en-la-ibero|title=¿Y qué dijo Peña Nieto en la Ibero?|accessdate=2012 |date=May 11, 2012 |work=CNN Expansión}}</ref>forum. At the end of his discussion, he was asked by a group of students a question regarding the [[2006 civil unrest in San Salvador Atenco]],in which then-governor of the [[State of Mexico]] Peña Nieto called in state police to break up a protest by local residents, with two protestors being killed.<ref name=atenco>{{cite news|last=Zapata|first=Belén|title=Atenco, el tema que 'encendió' a la Ibero y originó #YoSoy132|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/06/04/atenco-el-tema-que-encendio-a-la-ibero-y-origino-yosoy132|accessdate=29 June 2012|newspaper=CNNMéxico|date=4 June 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref>. His response was met with applause by his supporters, but was met with slogans against his campaign from students who disliked his response.<ref name="CNN">Cite web|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/05/11/la-visita-de-pena-nieto-divide-a-estudiantes-en-universidad-iberoamericana|title=La visita de Peña Nieto, motivo de abucheos de estudiantes en la Ibero|acessdate=June 2 2012|Last=Zapata|nombre=Belén|first=CNN México|idioma=español|cite=Al término de su discurso, los estudiantes permanecieron aglomerados a las afueras del auditorio en espera de la salida del abanderado del PRI y a gritarle "¡Fuera! ¡Fuera!" y "¡Asesino!"}}</ref>
On May 11, 2012, then [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] Mexican Presidential Candidate [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], visited the [[Universidad Iberoamericana|Ibero-American University]] to present his political platform to the students as part of the ''Buen Ciudadano Ibero''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnexpansion.com/economia/2012/05/11/y-que-dijo-pena-en-la-ibero|title=¿Y qué dijo Peña Nieto en la Ibero?|accessdate=2012 |date=May 11, 2012 |work=CNN Expansión}}</ref>forum. At the end of his discussion, he was asked by a group of students a question regarding the [[2006 civil unrest in San Salvador Atenco]],in which then-governor of the [[State of Mexico]] Peña Nieto called in state police to break up a protest by local residents, with two protestors being killed.<ref name=atenco>{{cite news|last=Zapata|first=Belén|title=Atenco, el tema que 'encendió' a la Ibero y originó #YoSoy132|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/06/04/atenco-el-tema-que-encendio-a-la-ibero-y-origino-yosoy132|accessdate=29 June 2012|newspaper=CNNMéxico|date=4 June 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref>. His response was met with applause by his supporters, but was met with slogans against his campaign from students who disliked his response.<ref name="CNN">Cite web|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/05/11/la-visita-de-pena-nieto-divide-a-estudiantes-en-universidad-iberoamericana|title=La visita de Peña Nieto, motivo de abucheos de estudiantes en la Ibero|acessdate=June 2 2012|Last=Zapata|nombre=Belén|first=CNN México|idioma=español|cite=Al término de su discurso, los estudiantes permanecieron aglomerados a las afueras del auditorio en espera de la salida del abanderado del PRI y a gritarle "¡Fuera! ¡Fuera!" y "¡Asesino!"}}</ref>


Video of the event was recorded by various students and uploaded onto social media, but the major television channels of Mexico and national newspapers reported that the protest was not by students of the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n2538119.htm|title=Intentan boicotear en la Ibero a Peña Nieto|accessdate=June 2 2012|name=Organización Editorial Mexicana|date=May 11, 2012|web=El Sol de México|language=español|cite=En la Universidad Iberoamericana, estudiantes sin conocer la situación de San Salvador Atenco, ni los feminicidios en el Estado de México y con una actitud violenta en contra del candidato de la coalición Compromiso por México, Enrique Peña Nieto, intentaron boicotear su participación en un foro organizado por esta casa de estudios.}}</ref>angered many of the Ibero-American University students, prompting 131 of them to publish a video on YouTube in which they identify themselves with their University ID card.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7XbocXsFkI |title=131 Alumnos de la Ibero responden |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> The [[viral video|video went viral]], and protests spread across various campuses. People showed their support of the 131 students' message by stating, mainly on Twitter, that they were the 132nd student—"I am 132"— thus giving birth to the Yo Soy 132 movement.
Video of the event was recorded by various students and uploaded onto social media, but the major television channels of Mexico and national newspapers reported that the protest was not by students of the university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n2538119.htm|title=Intentan boicotear en la Ibero a Peña Nieto|accessdate=June 2 2012|author=Organización Editorial Mexicana|date=May 11, 2012|web=El Sol de México|language=español|cite=En la Universidad Iberoamericana, estudiantes sin conocer la situación de San Salvador Atenco, ni los feminicidios en el Estado de México y con una actitud violenta en contra del candidato de la coalición Compromiso por México, Enrique Peña Nieto, intentaron boicotear su participación en un foro organizado por esta casa de estudios.}}</ref>angered many of the Ibero-American University students, prompting 131 of them to publish a video on YouTube in which they identify themselves with their University ID card.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7XbocXsFkI |title=131 Alumnos de la Ibero responden |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> The [[viral video|video went viral]], and protests spread across various campuses. People showed their support of the 131 students' message by stating, mainly on Twitter, that they were the 132nd student—"I am 132"— thus giving birth to the Yo Soy 132 movement.


The protests then turned mainly against the media [[duopoly]] Televisa and TV Azteca and accused them of poor and biased coverage of the protests. While many independent electronic media outlets covered the events, their audience is relatively small, as only 31% of Mexicans have in home Internet access.<ref>http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=it_net_user_p2&idim=country:MEX&dl=en&hl=en&q=internet+users+mexico</ref>
The protests then turned mainly against the media [[duopoly]] Televisa and TV Azteca and accused them of poor and biased coverage of the protests. While many independent electronic media outlets covered the events, their audience is relatively small, as only 31% of Mexicans have in home Internet access.<ref>http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=it_net_user_p2&idim=country:MEX&dl=en&hl=en&q=internet+users+mexico</ref>

Revision as of 03:27, 10 November 2013

Yo Soy 132
Part of the Mexican general election, 2012, Impact of the Arab Spring
Poster stating #YoSoy132 against EPN:its not hate nor intolerance against his name, but rather being full of indignation as to what he represents
Date15 May 2012 (2012-05-15)  — ongoing
Location
 Mexico
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
  • National broadcast of second presidential debate
  • Hosting a third debate between three of the four candidates

Yo Soy 132 is a social movement composed for the most part of Mexican university students from private and public universities, residents of Mexico, and supporters from 50 cities around the world.[1] It began as opposition to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) candidate Enrique Peña Nieto and the Mexican media's allegedly biased coverage of the 2012 general election.[2] The name Yo Soy 132, Spanish for "I Am 132", originated in an expression of solidarity with the protest's initiators.

Origins

Mexican President Peña Nieto .
Mexican President Peña Nieto Yo Soy 132.

On May 11, 2012, then Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican Presidential Candidate Enrique Peña Nieto, visited the Ibero-American University to present his political platform to the students as part of the Buen Ciudadano Ibero[3]forum. At the end of his discussion, he was asked by a group of students a question regarding the 2006 civil unrest in San Salvador Atenco,in which then-governor of the State of Mexico Peña Nieto called in state police to break up a protest by local residents, with two protestors being killed.[4]. His response was met with applause by his supporters, but was met with slogans against his campaign from students who disliked his response.[5]

Video of the event was recorded by various students and uploaded onto social media, but the major television channels of Mexico and national newspapers reported that the protest was not by students of the university.[6]angered many of the Ibero-American University students, prompting 131 of them to publish a video on YouTube in which they identify themselves with their University ID card.[7] The video went viral, and protests spread across various campuses. People showed their support of the 131 students' message by stating, mainly on Twitter, that they were the 132nd student—"I am 132"— thus giving birth to the Yo Soy 132 movement.

The protests then turned mainly against the media duopoly Televisa and TV Azteca and accused them of poor and biased coverage of the protests. While many independent electronic media outlets covered the events, their audience is relatively small, as only 31% of Mexicans have in home Internet access.[8] Protests Yo Soy 132 protest in Mexico City on May 19, 2012 File:Llegada al Monumento a la Patria; Merida, MarchaYoSoy132.ogv Protest in Monumento a la Patria; Mérida, Yucatán Yo Soy 132 protest in Mexico City on June 10, 2012

Protests

Yo Soy 132 protest in Mexico City on May 19, 2012
thumb
Yo Soy 132 protest in Mexico City on June 10, 2012

On May 19, 2012, mass protests against Televisa and Peña Nieto were held in the country's major cities, led by students from many different colleges. A mass demonstration organized by the ITAM college was held outside Televisa headquarters.[9] The protest included a large Mariachi group who performed Las Golondrinas – a Mexican song used historically to say goodbye.[10]

On May 23, 2012, another protest against Televisa was organized by students from public and private colleges. This led the network to give widespread coverage of protests and to announce that the second presidential debate would broadcast on Televisa's main national TV channel Canal de las Estrellas. TV Azteca likewise responded by announcing the network's intention to broadcast the debate nationally.

On June 10, 2012, another country-wide protest against Peña Nieto was held on the same day as the broadcast of the second presidential debate.[11] The date also commemorates the 1971 Corpus Christi massacre, when student protests were violently oppressed.[12][13]

The success of the movement in prompting thousands of students to organize has made analysts ask whether the movement will be problematic for the next government.[14] Nonetheless, the leaders of the student movement said that if Peña Nieto wins the 1 July elections fairly, they will not stage any more protests.[14] The leader said that they will "respect [Mexico's] democracy and its institutions," but if there is evidence of fraud, the protests will continue.[14]

Goals

On June 5, 2012, students gathered in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the country's largest public university, to discuss common objectives. They agreed that the movement should aspire to go beyond the general election and become a national force.[15]

Manifesto

On May 23, 2012, the movement released its manifesto. An excerpt from it states:

"First – we are a nonpartisan movement of citizens. As such, we do not express support of any candidate or political party, but rather respect the plurality and diversity of this movement's participants. Our wishes and demands are centered on the defense of Mexicans' freedom of expression and their right for information, in that these two elements are essential to forming an aware and participating citizenry. For the same reasons, we support informed and well-thought out voting. We believe that under the present political circumstances, abstaining or making a null vote is ineffective in promoting the edification of our democracy. We are a movement committed to the country's democratization, and as such, we hold that a necessary condition for this goal is the democratization of the media. This commitment derives from the current state of the national press, and from the concentration of the media outlets in few hands".

"Second – YoSoy132 is an inclusive movement which does not represent one single university. Its representation depends only on the persons who join this cause and form connections among the university committees".[15]

General Principles

On August 10, 2012, the YoSoy132 International group has published a translation of the General Principles [16][17][18]

"We declare our movement as":[19]

  • nonpartisan-understood as having the absence of organic links with any political party-
  • peaceful- understood as the absolute rejection to the use or expression of violence as a means to achieve our objectives-,
  • student based- understood as the foundation of our movement and a catalyst for social change-,
  • secular- understood as having our movement totally unrelated to any faith doctrine and/or religious institution -,
  • plural- understood by the inclusion of all individuals in any place of the country who share the principles and boundaries contained herein, recognizing the bonds of shared solidarity and unity in the struggle along with other movements without recognizing the movement as a substitute-,
  • of social character- understanding this as the guideline to vindicate our society as the main beneficiary of the actions taken by the movement-,
  • political in nature- because the movement is interested in all public affairs and aims to create spaces that will enable more active citizen participation without limiting this responsibility to the existing so-called political class that claims to be the only interpreter of the country’s political affairs-,
  • of a humanistic character-understanding this as the search for ways to reassess and develop to the fullest the potential of all people, not only those focused towards the massive consumption of consumer goods, therefore promoting the ethical nature of humankind-,
  • autonomous- because it recognizes and values the organization and internal decisions within each university as their free and democratic expressions-,
  • committed and responsible- understanding the unique courage of building something for our country and recognizing the consequences of our conviction assumed in a shared way among its members-,
  • democratic – understanding this as the attempt of creation and decision making in a community context, starting with an equitable and symmetrical dialogue in the access of information, advocating for a participatory democracy that goes beyond the representative model we now have, and aiming towards the improvement of our country's culture.

Debates between candidates

On June 1, 2012, members of the Yo Soy 132 movement demanded from the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) that the second debate between the four candidates be broadcast nationally, and that a third debate be scheduled for June 22, 2012. The proposed third debate is meant to cover a broader scope of issues. While the IFE has declined both requests, Mexico's two national television networks have announced that they will broadcast the second debate.[20][21] On June 7, 2012, the three candidates besides Peña Nieto agreed to participate in a debate organized by the movement.[22][23][24] Peña Nieto, the main target of the Yo Soy 132 movement, declined the invitation because he said that the movement had "adopted a political position against [him] and [his] policies," therefore not guaranteeing a neutral debate.[25] In a letter written to the leaders of the movement, the candidate thanked the organizers for the invitation and lamented the fact that the movement had made the decision to come out against him.[25]

The topics of the debate ranged from indigenous peoples' rights to the future of Pemex and the country's media.[25] The debate experienced some technical problems on YouTube, but it was also aired in several other websites and in a couple of radio stations.[25]

GeneraciónMX

On June 11, 2012, a group of protesters who named themselves GeneraciónMX claimed they were part of Yo Soy 132 and announced their departure, claiming that they perceived that the movement favored the leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution and its candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[26] The leaders of the movement, however, stated that they are nonpartisan, although López Obrador has championed their cause and El Universal published a photo of his son with a T-shirt of Yo Soy 132.[27] Moreover, the protestors of GeneraciónMX stated that the leftist participants of Yo Soy 132 treated the movement as their own, and that the assembly meeting lasted for over eight hours but did not lead to any plans.[28] One member of GeneraciónMX stated: "we complain about the damned politicians but we are just like them. We look like the Chamber of Deputies."[28] Through a YouTube video titled I am no longer 132, the new movement expressed its intent to remain nonpartisan. Its stated goals are democratization of the media, political reform, environmental protection, and calling politicians' attention to the agenda of Mexican youth.[26] Social network users and hacktivist group Anonymous have argued that GeneraciónMX and its members are linked to the PRI.[29][30]

On June 12, 2012, Rodrigo Ocampo, spokesperson of GenerationMX, reiterated in a press conference that they believed #yosoy132 had lost its course and had been hijacked by leftist parties. He denied any ties with the PRI party and his current employer COPARMEX, claiming his involvement was done on his free time. He also declared that GenerationMX had about 17 members, many of whom had received anonymous threats demanding them to take their YouTube videos off-line. Also declared that other members decided not to come forward or comment on the allegations of leftist involvement for fear of further threats.[31]

On June 12, 2012, Mexican members of Yo Soy 132 who live abroad said that they received email threats to revoke their passports, from a person who identified as a member of GeneraciónMX. The threats included personal information about the emigrants, and alleged that they had abandoned their country, and so their country should abandon them.[32]

References

  1. ^ ""#YoSoy132 presume contar con 52 asambleas internacionales"". August 1, 2012.
  2. ^ "Youth protest former Mexican ruling party's rise". Buenos Aires Herald. Editorial Amfin S.A. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  3. ^ "¿Y qué dijo Peña Nieto en la Ibero?". CNN Expansión. May 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ Zapata, Belén (June 4, 2012). "Atenco, el tema que 'encendió' a la Ibero y originó #YoSoy132". CNNMéxico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  5. ^ Cite web|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/05/11/la-visita-de-pena-nieto-divide-a-estudiantes-en-universidad-iberoamericana%7Ctitle=La visita de Peña Nieto, motivo de abucheos de estudiantes en la Ibero|acessdate=June 2 2012|Last=Zapata|nombre=Belén|first=CNN México|idioma=español|cite=Al término de su discurso, los estudiantes permanecieron aglomerados a las afueras del auditorio en espera de la salida del abanderado del PRI y a gritarle "¡Fuera! ¡Fuera!" y "¡Asesino!"}}
  6. ^ Organización Editorial Mexicana (May 11, 2012). "Intentan boicotear en la Ibero a Peña Nieto" (in español). Retrieved June 2 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |cite= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |web= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ "131 Alumnos de la Ibero responden". YouTube. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  8. ^ http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=it_net_user_p2&idim=country:MEX&dl=en&hl=en&q=internet+users+mexico
  9. ^ "Miles de ciudadanos se manifiestan en la marcha Anti-Peña Nieto - México: Voto 2012 - Nacional - CNNMéxico.com" (in Spanish). CNN en Español. Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  10. ^ "Jóvenes realizan protesta con mariachis frente a Televisa". Milenio. Grupo Multimedios. June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  11. ^ "Realizan marchas anti-Peña Nieto en todo México" (in Spanish). Vanguardia.com. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  12. ^ "#YoSoy132 conmemora el Halconazo". El Informador (in Spanish). Unión Editorialista, S.A. de C.V. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  13. ^ "Marchan para conmemorar 'Halconazo'" (in Spanish). Noticieros Televisa. Televisa. June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Graham, Dave (June 19, 2012). "Mexican students won't protest if frontrunner wins vote fairly". Reuters. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  15. ^ a b ""Yo soy 132": Declaratoria y pliego petitorio" (in Spanish). Animal Político. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  16. ^ "Conferencia de Prensa de la Asamblea General 18 de junio de 2012". Retrieved 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  17. ^ "Conferencia de prensa de la asamblea general". Retrieved 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. ^ "Principios Generales del Movimiento". Retrieved 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  19. ^ "General Principles, english translation by YoSoy132International group" (PDF). August 10.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference plenglish1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ "El movimiento "Yo Soy 132" exige un tercer debate" (in Spanish). Organizacion Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  22. ^ "Peña Nieto shies away from a third debate". Latin News. Intelligence Research Ltd. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  23. ^ "Los candidatos debatirán con el movimiento "Yo soy 132", salvo Peña". El Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). Grupo Megamedia. June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  24. ^ "Candidato del PRI será el único que no participará en debate presidencial organizado por movimiento estudiantil". Diario electrónico (in Spanish). University of Chile. June 8, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  25. ^ a b c d "Mexico election: Protest group 'I am 132' holds debate". BBC News. June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  26. ^ a b Ascensión, Arturo (June 11, 2012). "Jóvenes rompen con #YoSoy132 y forman el grupo GeneraciónMX". CNNMéxico. Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  27. ^ Graham, Dave (June 10, 2010). "Final Mexican debate to test Pena Nieto's mettle". Reuters. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  28. ^ a b Flores, Adriana (June 12, 2012). "Surge Generación MX; abandona #YoSoy132". Milenio. Grupo Multimedios. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  29. ^ Lucas, Nicolás (June 12, 2012). "Denuncian que #GeneracionMx es cercano al PRI y Coparmex". El Financiero (in Spanish). El Financiero Comercial S.A. de C.V. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  30. ^ Milenio TV. Grupo Multimedios (June 12, 2012). "Integrante de #GeneraciónMX también aparece en video de apoyo a EPN" (in Spanish). YouTube. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  31. ^ Rea, Daniela (12 de junio de 2012). "E-mail Presentan en solitario a #GeneraciónMX" (in Spanish). Terra News. Retrieved 2012-06-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ Proal, Juan Pablo (June 12, 2012). "Amenaza Generación MX a #Yosoy132: les quitaremos su pasaporte". Proceso (in Spanish). Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
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