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[[File:The Impact Of Wikipedia.webm|thumbtime=3:52|thumb|300px|Video which articulates the enthusiasm of the Wikipedia Community]]
[[File:The Impact Of Wikipedia.webm|thumbtime=3:52|thumb|300px|Video which articulates the enthusiasm of the Wikipedia Community]]


Various studies have been done with regard to the motivations of Wikipedia contributors. In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in [[wiki]] software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.<ref>Ciffolilli, Andrea. "[http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1108 Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia]," ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]'' December 2003.</ref> A paper written by Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman in 2005 called "Why Do People Continue To Defecate On Me? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing" discussed the possible motivations of Wikipedia contributors. It applied Latour and Woolgar's concept of the [[Laboratory Life#Cycles of Credit|cycle of credit]] to Wikipedia contributors, suggesting that the reason that people write for Wikipedia is to gain recognition within the community.<ref name="Forte and Bruckman">{{cite journal|last=Forte|first=Amy|coauthors=Bruckman, Andrea|title=Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing|journal=SIGGROUP 2005 Workshop: Sustaining community|year=2005|id={{citeseerx|10.1.1.120.7906}}|accessdate=9 August 2011}}</ref>
Various studies have been done with regard to the motivations of Wikipedia contributors. In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in [[wiki]] software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.<ref>Ciffolilli, Andrea. "[http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1108 Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia]," ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]'' December 2003.</ref> A paper written by Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman in 2005 called "Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing" discussed the possible motivations of Wikipedia contributors. It applied Latour and Woolgar's concept of the [[Laboratory Life#Cycles of Credit|cycle of credit]] to Wikipedia contributors, suggesting that the reason that people write for Wikipedia is to gain recognition within the community.<ref name="Forte and Bruckman">{{cite journal|last=Forte|first=Amy|coauthors=Bruckman, Andrea|title=Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing|journal=SIGGROUP 2005 Workshop: Sustaining community|year=2005|id={{citeseerx|10.1.1.120.7906}}|accessdate=9 August 2011}}</ref>


Oded Nov, in his 2007 paper "What Arouses Wikipedians", related the motivations of volunteers in general to the motivations of people who contribute to Wikipedia.<ref name=Nov>{{cite journal|last=Nov|first=Oded|title=What Motivates Wikipedians?|journal=Communications of the ACM|year=2007|volume=50|issue=11|pages=60–64|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1297797.1297798 |accessdate=11 August 2011|doi=10.1145/1297797.1297798}}</ref> Nov carried out a survey using the six motivations of volunteers, identified in an earlier paper.<ref name=Clary>{{cite journal|last=Clary|first=E|coauthors=Snyder, M., Ridge, R., Copeland, J., Stukas, A., Haugen, J. and Miene, P.|title=Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach|journal=J. Personality and Social Psychology|year=1998|volume=74|pages=1516–1530}}</ref> The six motivations he used were:
Oded Nov, in his 2007 paper "What Motivates Wikipedians", related the motivations of volunteers in general to the motivations of people who contribute to Wikipedia.<ref name=Nov>{{cite journal|last=Nov|first=Oded|title=What Motivates Wikipedians?|journal=Communications of the ACM|year=2007|volume=50|issue=11|pages=60–64|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1297797.1297798 |accessdate=11 August 2011|doi=10.1145/1297797.1297798}}</ref> Nov carried out a survey using the six motivations of volunteers, identified in an earlier paper.<ref name=Clary>{{cite journal|last=Clary|first=E|coauthors=Snyder, M., Ridge, R., Copeland, J., Stukas, A., Haugen, J. and Miene, P.|title=Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach|journal=J. Personality and Social Psychology|year=1998|volume=74|pages=1516–1530}}</ref> The six motivations he used were:


*'''Values''' – expressing values to do with altruism and helping others
*'''Values''' – expressing values to do with altruism and helping others

Revision as of 09:44, 20 November 2013

"Wikipedians" redirects here. You may be looking for Wikipedia:Wikipedians.
Wikipedia community

The Wikipedia community is the community of contributors to the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. These contributors are also known as "Wikipedians".

The overwhelming majority of them are volunteers. With the increased maturity and visibility of Wikipedia other categories of Wikipedians are recognized: paid contributors and students with assignments related to editing Wikipedia.

Size

Studies of the size of the community of Wikipedia showed an exponential growth rate of the number of Wikipedia contributors during the early years. By 2009, the growth of the community slowed down.[1] In November 2011, there were approximately 31.7 million registered user accounts across all language editions, of which only around 270,000 accounts were active on a monthly basis.[2] In April 2008, writer and lecturer Clay Shirky and computer scientist Martin Wattenberg estimated the total effort to create Wikipedia at roughly 100 million man-hours.[3] As of October 2013, the community of volunteers declined at least by a third since 2007 and is continuing to drop. Some 31,000 editors are still active on the project. Despite being fewer in number, these editors continue to increase the number and length of Wikipedia's articles. About half of the active editors spend at least one hour a day editing, and a fifth of them spend more than three hours.[4]

Motivation

Wikimania 2012 group photograph.
Video which articulates the enthusiasm of the Wikipedia Community

Various studies have been done with regard to the motivations of Wikipedia contributors. In a 2003 study of Wikipedia as a community, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.[5] A paper written by Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman in 2005 called "Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing" discussed the possible motivations of Wikipedia contributors. It applied Latour and Woolgar's concept of the cycle of credit to Wikipedia contributors, suggesting that the reason that people write for Wikipedia is to gain recognition within the community.[6]

Oded Nov, in his 2007 paper "What Motivates Wikipedians", related the motivations of volunteers in general to the motivations of people who contribute to Wikipedia.[7] Nov carried out a survey using the six motivations of volunteers, identified in an earlier paper.[8] The six motivations he used were:

  • Values – expressing values to do with altruism and helping others
  • Social – engaging with friends, taking part in activities viewed favourably by others
  • Understanding – expanding knowledge through activities
  • Career – gaining work experience and skills
  • Protective – e.g. reducing guilt over personal privilege
  • Enhancement – demonstrating knowledge to others

To these six motivations he also added:

  • Ideology – expressing support for what is perceived to be the underlying ideology of the activity (e.g. the belief that knowledge should be free)
  • Fun – enjoying the activity

The survey found that the most commonly indicated motives were "fun," "ideology," and "values," whereas the least frequently indicated motives were "career," "social," and "protective."[7]

The Wikimedia Foundation has carried out several surveys of Wikipedia contributors and users. In 2008 the Wikimedia Foundation, alongside the Collaborative Creativity Group at UNU-Merit launched a survey of readers and editors of Wikipedia. It was the most comprehensive survey of Wikipedia ever conducted.[9] The results of the survey were published two years later on March 24, 2010.[10] The Wikimedia Foundation began a process in 2011 of semi-annual surveys in order to understand Wikipedia editors more and better cater to their needs.[11][12]

"Motivations of Wikipedia content contributors", a paper by Heng-Li Yang and Cheng-Yu Lai, hypothesised that because contributing to Wikipedia is voluntary, an individual's enjoyment of participating would be the highest motivator.[13] However, their study showed that although people might initially start editing Wikipedia out of enjoyment, the most likely motivation for continuing to participate is self-concept based motivations such as "I like to share knowledge which gives me a sense of personal achievement."[13]

Editors of Wikipedia have occasionally given personal testimonials of why they contribute to Wikipedia. A common theme of these testimonials is the enjoyment that editors seem to get from contributing to Wikipedia and being part of the Wikipedia community. Also mentioned is the potential addictive quality of editing Wikipedia. Gina Trapani of Lifehacker said "it turns out editing an article isn't scary at all. It's easy, surprisingly satisfying and can become obsessively addictive."[14] Jimmy Wales has also commented on the addictive quality of Wikipedia, saying "The main thing about Wikipedia [...] is that it’s fun and addictive".[15] Wikipedians sometimes award one another barnstars for good work. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work. The barnstar phenomenon has been analyzed by researchers seeking to determine what implications it might have for other communities engaged in large-scale collaborations.[16]

Media

"Wikipedia Signpost" redirects here. You may be looking for Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost.

Wikipedia has spawned several community news publications. An online newsletter, The Signpost, has been published weekly since 10 January 2005. Professional cartoonist Greg Williams created a webcomic called "WikiWorld" which ran in The Signpost from 2006 to 2008. A podcast called Wikipedia Weekly was active from 2006 to 2009 while a series of Skype conference calls titled Not The Wikipedia Weekly ran from 2008 to 2009. Some topic-specific communities within Wikipedia called "WikiProjects" have also distributed newsletters and other correspondence.

Oxford Dictionary added word "Wikipedian" in August 2012.[17]

Socializing

Wiknic 2011 in Pittsburgh

Offline activities are organized by the Wikimedia Foundation or the community of Wikipedia. A WikiMeet is an organized face-to-face meeting of Wikipedia members, sometimes small and informal, sometimes large and formal.

Wikimania

Main article: Wikimania

Wikimania is an annual international conference for users of the wiki projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation (such as Wikipedia and other sister projects). Topics of presentations and discussions include Wikimedia Foundation projects, other wikis, open source software, free knowledge and free content, and the different social and technical aspects which relate to these topics.

Wiknics

The annual Great American Wikinic is a social gathering that takes place, in major cities of the United States, each year during the summer, usually just prior to the 4th of July. The Wiknic concept allows "Wikipedians", to bring together picnic food and to interact in a personal way.[18]

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of Wikipedia § Criticism of the community

Wikipedia has been subject to several criticisms.[19][20] For example, the Seigenthaler and Essjay incidents caused criticism of Wikipedia's reliability and usefulness as a reference.[21][22][23] The complaints related to the community include the effects of users' anonymity, the attitudes towards newcomers, the abuse of privileges by administrators, biases in the social structure of the community, in particular, gender bias and lack of female contributors,[24] and the role of the project's co-founder Jimmy Wales, in the community.[25] Sue Gardner, executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation, described Wikipedians as being like a "crusty old desk guy who knows the style guide backwards." [26]

Wikipedia relies on the efforts of its community members to remove vandalism from articles. According to Theresa Knott, a Wikipedian, "Vandalism would be difficult to police if there were more vandals, but the ratio of vandal editors to non-vandals is too low."[27] Every year, on or around April Fools' Day, the Wikipedia community prepares itself for the massive vandalism that is expected to take place because of the day's celebrations, which lasts for 48 hours instead of 24 due to its worldwide audience.[28]

Jimmy Wales stated, "We need to maintain and improve our quality standards, while at the same time remaining open, friendly, and welcoming as a community. This is a challenge."[29] Wikipedia's co-founder Larry Sanger characterizes the Wikipedia community as ineffective and abusive, stating that "The community does not enforce its own rules effectively or consistently. Consequently, administrators and ordinary participants alike are able essentially to act abusively with impunity, which begets a never-ending cycle of abuse."[30] Oliver Kamm, of The Times expressed skepticism toward Wikipedia's reliance on consensus in forming its content: "Wikipedia seeks not truth but consensus, and like an interminable political meeting the end result will be dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices."[31]

References

This article incorporates text from the GFDL Wikipedia page Wikipedia:Replies to common objections.
  1. ^ Suh, Bongwon; et al. (2009). "The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia". WikiSym '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. ACM. Retrieved July 15, 2011. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  2. ^ List of Wikipedias. Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
  3. ^ Shirky, Clay (April 26, 2008). "Gin, Television, and Social Surplus". shirky.com. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  4. ^ Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  5. ^ Ciffolilli, Andrea. "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia," First Monday December 2003.
  6. ^ Forte, Amy (2005). "Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing". SIGGROUP 2005 Workshop: Sustaining community. CiteSeerx: 10.1.1.120.7906. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b Nov, Oded (2007). "What Motivates Wikipedians?". Communications of the ACM. 50 (11): 60–64. doi:10.1145/1297797.1297798. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  8. ^ Clary, E (1998). "Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach". J. Personality and Social Psychology. 74: 1516–1530. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Möller, Erik. "New Reports from November 2008 Survey Released". Wikimedia Foundation Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  10. ^ Glott, Ruediger. "Wikipedia Survey - Overview of Results" (PDF). Wikipedia Study. UNU-MERIT. Retrieved 20 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Wikimedia Foundation. "Wikipedia editors do it for fun: First results of our 2011 editor survey". Wikimedia Foundation Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  12. ^ Wikimedia Foundation. "Launching our semi-annual Wikipedia editors survey". Wikimedia Foundation Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  13. ^ a b Yang, Heng-Li (2010). "Motivations of Wikipedia content contributors". Computers in Human Behavior. 26 (6): 1377–1383. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.011. Retrieved 2 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "Yang and Lai" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ Trampani, Gina. "Geek to Live: How to contribute to Wikipedia". Lifehacker. Gawker Media. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  15. ^ Griffin, Ricky W. (2011). Management (10 ed.). Mason, OH. USA.: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4390-8099-2. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ^ T Kriplean, I Beschastnikh; et al. (2008). "Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars". Proceedings of the ACM. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  17. ^ "Hella ridic new words to make you lolz: ODO August 2012 update". OxfordWords blog. Oxford University Press. 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
  18. ^ Hesse, Monica (25 June 2011). "Wikipedia editors log off long enough to mingle". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  19. ^ Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says. The Guardian. Published September 25, 2008.
  20. ^ Why you should care that Jimmy Wales ignores reality. The Register. Published March 6, 2008.
  21. ^ John Siegenthaler (2005-11-29). "A false Wikipedia "biography"". USA Today.
  22. ^ Katharine Q. Seelye (December 3, 2005) "Snared in the Web of a Wikipedia Liar" The New York Times
  23. ^ Cohen, Noam (2007-03-05). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Cohen, Noam (January 30, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List". New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  25. ^ Cohen, Noam (March 17, 2008). "Open-Source Troubles in Wiki World". The New York Times.
  26. ^ Aaron Sharp (October 26, 2013). "Is this the decline of Wikipedia? A third of staff have QUIT complaining site bosses have 'lowered the bar' on quality". Daily Mail. Retrieved 2013-10-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (March 25, 2007). "Wiki wars". The Observer.
  28. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (March 28, 2007). "Wikipedia braces itself for April Fools' Day". The Guardian newspaper. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  29. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 1, 2005). "Wikipedia Faces Growing Painsdate". Wired News. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  30. ^ Bogatin, Donna (March 25, 2007). "Can Wikipedia handle the truth?". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  31. ^ Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds | Oliver Kamm – Times Online (archive version 2011-08-14) (Author’s own copy)
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