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The '''Laughingthrushes''' are the genus |
The '''Laughingthrushes''' are the genus [[Garrulax]] and [[Trochalopteron]] of the [[Leiothrichidae]] family of [[passerine]] [[bird]]s. They primarily occur in tropical [[Asia]]. |
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These are rangy, medium-sized landbirds. These birds have strong legs and are quite terrestrial. This group is not strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], and most [[species]] have short rounded wings, and a weak flight. |
These are rangy, medium-sized landbirds. These birds have strong legs and are quite terrestrial. This group is not strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], and most [[species]] have short rounded wings, and a weak flight. |
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Most [[molecular phylogeny]] studies, for example, used only the [[White-crested Laughingthrush]] as an "example" of this "genus", because specimens were readily available. Morphological studies, on the other hand, had usually more material at their disposal, but these too were generally conducted under a false assumption of monophyly. A 2003 study,<ref>Cibois (2003)</ref> analyzing [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[12S rRNA|12S]]/[[MT-RNR2|16S rRNA]] data of a number of laughingthrushes, did establish however that there is no such thing as a "representative" laughingthrush. Consequently most of the work regarding the evolution of this assemblage needs to be evaluated anew and if necessary even redone. Indeed, the taxon ''Garrulax'' would need to be restricted to the [[type species]] ([[Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush]]) and its closest relatives, but the species generally considered the most likely candidates have not been comprehensively studied in recent times.<ref>Cibois (2003), Pasquet ''et al.'' (2006)</ref> |
Most [[molecular phylogeny]] studies, for example, used only the [[White-crested Laughingthrush]] as an "example" of this "genus", because specimens were readily available. Morphological studies, on the other hand, had usually more material at their disposal, but these too were generally conducted under a false assumption of monophyly. A 2003 study,<ref>Cibois (2003)</ref> analyzing [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[12S rRNA|12S]]/[[MT-RNR2|16S rRNA]] data of a number of laughingthrushes, did establish however that there is no such thing as a "representative" laughingthrush. Consequently most of the work regarding the evolution of this assemblage needs to be evaluated anew and if necessary even redone. Indeed, the taxon ''Garrulax'' would need to be restricted to the [[type species]] ([[Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush]]) and its closest relatives, but the species generally considered the most likely candidates have not been comprehensively studied in recent times.<ref>Cibois (2003), Pasquet ''et al.'' (2006)</ref> |
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=== Species list === |
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The list below uses the treatment of the laughingthrushes by ''[[Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide|Birds of South Asia]]''<ref>Rasmussen & Anderton (2005)</ref> and the ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]''<ref>Collar & Robson (2007)</ref> as a baseline, acknowledging the polyphyly of ''Garrulax'' and attempting to reorganise it into [[monophyletic]] genera. |
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This list is by no means the last word on the subject though, and it is very likely that some of the new groups will be revised, expanded or split as more species are studied in the future; additional laughingthrushes are presently elevated to species status and even hitherto unknown taxa are discovered at a rate of about 1-2 per year. Some proposed small or [[monotypic]] genera on the other hand might ultimately be merged with others for convenience if they turn out to be [[sister taxa]]. |
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[[File:Chestnut-capped Laughing Thrush.jpg|thumb|right|Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush<br/>''Garrulax mitratus'']] |
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[[File:New Friend.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chinese Hwamei]]<br/>''Garrulax canorus'']] |
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[[File:Streaked Laughingthrush I IMG 3892.jpg|thumb|right|[[Streaked Laughingthrush]]<br/>''Garrulax lineatus'']] |
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[[File:Garrulax formosus - front-6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Red-winged Laughingthrush]]<br/>''Garrulax formosus'']] |
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[[File:Bhutan_Laughingthrush.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bhutan Laughingthrush]]<br/>''Garrulax imbricatus'']] |
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* '''Genus ''[[Garrulax]]'' - |
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** [[White-crested Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax leucolophus'' |
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** [[Striated Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax striatus'' |
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** [[Sumatran Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax bicolor'' |
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** [[Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax monileger'' |
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** [[Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax pectoralis'' |
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** [[White-throated Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax albogularis'' |
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** [[Rufous-crowned Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax ruficeps'' |
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** [[Masked Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax perspicillatus'' |
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** [[Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax rufifrons'' |
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** [[Ashy-headed Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax cinereifrons'' |
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** [[Sunda Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax palliatus'' |
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** [[Grey Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax maesi'' |
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** [[Rufous-cheeked Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax castanotis'' |
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** [[Black-hooded Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax milleti'' |
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*** Kon Tum Black-hooded Laughingthrush, ''Garrulax milleti sweeti'' |
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** [[Cambodian Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax ferrarius'' |
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** [[Snowy-cheeked Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax sukatschewi'' |
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** [[Moustached Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax cineracea'' |
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** [[Rufous-chinned Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax rufogularis'' |
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** [[Chestnut-eared Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax konkakinhensis'' |
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** [[Barred Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax lunulata'' |
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** [[White-speckled Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax bieti'' |
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** [[Giant Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax maxima'' |
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** [[Spotted Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax ocellata'' |
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** [[Grey-sided Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax caerulatus'' |
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** [[Rusty Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax poecilorhynchus'' |
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** [[Buffy Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax berthemyi'' |
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** [[Black-throated Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax chinensis'' |
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** [[Chestnut-backed Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax nuchalis'' |
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** [[Rufous-vented Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax gularis'' |
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** [[Wynaad Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax delesserti'' |
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** [[Blue-crowned Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax courtoisi'' |
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** [[Yellow-throated Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax galbanus'' |
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** [[White-cheeked Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax vassali'' |
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** [[Rufous-necked Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax ruficollis'' |
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** [[Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax mitratus'' |
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** [[Chestnut-hooded Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax treacheri'' |
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** [[White-browed Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax sannio'' |
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** [[Plain Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax davidi'' |
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** [[Black Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax lugubris'' |
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** [[Chinese Hwamei]], ''Garrulax canorus'' |
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** [[Taiwan Hwamei]], ''Garrulax taewanus'' |
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** [[White-necked Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax strepitans'' |
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** [[Bare-headed Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax calvus'' |
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** [[Spot-breasted Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax merulinus'' |
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** [[Orange-breasted Laughingthrush]], ''Garrulax annamensis'' |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 13:36, 22 November 2013
| Garrulax | |
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| Garrulax leucolophus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Garrulax Lesson, 1831
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The Laughingthrushes are the genus Garrulax and Trochalopteron of the Leiothrichidae family of passerine birds. They primarily occur in tropical Asia. These are rangy, medium-sized landbirds. These birds have strong legs and are quite terrestrial. This group is not strongly migratory, and most species have short rounded wings, and a weak flight.
A few, like the Streaked Laughingthrush occur in fairly open habitats, but most are jungle species, difficult to observe in the dense vegetation they prefer.
These are noisy birds, and the characteristic laughing calls are often the best indication that these birds are present. They frequently occur in groups of up to a dozen, and the rainforest species like the Ashy-headed Laughingthrush often occur in the mixed feeding flocks typical of tropical Asian jungle.
Systematics
Most molecular phylogeny studies, for example, used only the White-crested Laughingthrush as an "example" of this "genus", because specimens were readily available. Morphological studies, on the other hand, had usually more material at their disposal, but these too were generally conducted under a false assumption of monophyly. A 2003 study,[1] analyzing mtDNA cytochrome b and 12S/16S rRNA data of a number of laughingthrushes, did establish however that there is no such thing as a "representative" laughingthrush. Consequently most of the work regarding the evolution of this assemblage needs to be evaluated anew and if necessary even redone. Indeed, the taxon Garrulax would need to be restricted to the type species (Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush) and its closest relatives, but the species generally considered the most likely candidates have not been comprehensively studied in recent times.[2]
References
- Cibois, Alice (2003a): Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny of Babblers (Timaliidae). Auk 120(1): 1-20. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0035:MDPOBT]2.0.CO;2 HTML fulltext without images
- Collar, N.J. & Robson, Craig (2007): Family Timaliidae (Babblers). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Christie, D.A. (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 12 (Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees): 70-291. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
- Pasquet, Eric; Bourdon, Estelle; Kalyakin, Mikhail V. & Cibois, Alice (2006). The fulvettas (Alcippe), Timaliidae, Aves): a polyphyletic group. Zoologica Scripta 35, 559–566. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00253.x (HTML abstract)
- Rasmussen, Pamela C. & Anderton, J.C. (2005): Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington DC and Barcelona.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garrulax.
- Laughingthrush videos on the Internet Bird Collection