Battle of Baxter Springs

Battle of Fort Blair
Part of the American Civil War
Date October 6, 1863 (1863-10-06) Location Cherokee County, Kansas Result Confederate States victory
Belligerents
Confederate States	United States
Commanders and leaders
William C. Quantrill	James B. Pond
Strength
400 cavalry	70 infantry 195 cavalry 1 12-pounder field guns
Casualties and losses
3	103

The Battle of Fort Blair, sometimes called the Fort Baxter Massacre, or the Battle of Baxter Springs, was a minor battle of the American Civil War, fought on October 6, 1863, near the present-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas.

In late 1863, Quantrill's Raiders, a large Confederate guerrilla band, was traveling south through Kansas along the Texas Road to winter in Texas. Numbering about 300, this group captured and killed two Union teamsters who had come from a small Federal Army post called Fort Blair (also known as Fort Baxter).

Quantrill decided to attack Fort Baxter and divided his force into two columns, one under him and the other commanded by a subordinate, David Poole. Poole and his men proceeded down the Texas Road, where they encountered Union soldiers, most of whom were African Americans. They chased and attacked the Union troops, killing some before the soldiers reached the earth and log Fort Blair. The garrison there consisted of about 25 cavalry and 65-70 infantry men of the United States Colored Troops.

Poole's column attacked the fort, but the garrison fought them off. 1st Lt. James Burton Pond received the Medal of Honor for leading the defense of the fort. The citation for his Medal of Honor reads:

For extraordinary heroism on 6 October 1863, while serving with Company C, 3d Wisconsin Cavalry, in action at Baxter Springs, Kansas. While in command of two companies of Cavalry, First Lieutenant Pond was surprised and attacked by several times his own number of guerrillas, but gallantly rallied his men, and after a severe struggle drove the enemy outside the fortifications. First Lieutenant Pond then went outside the works and, alone and unaided, fired a howitzer three times, throwing the enemy into confusion and causing him to retire.

Moving out on to the prairie, Quantrill's column happened to encounter a Union detachment escorting Maj. Gen. James G. Blunt, who was moving his command headquarters from Fort Scott eastward to Fort Smith, Arkansas. They greatly outnumbered the Union forces.

Taking the Federals by surprise, Quantrill's column killed most of the detachment, including the military band, Maj. Henry Z. Curtis (son of Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis), and Johnny Fry (first official westbound rider of the Pony Express), a total of 103 men. When a few men escaped to Fort Baxter, soldiers went out to find Blunt and survivors; there were few. Blunt was removed from command for failing to protect his column, but he was soon restored.

Union supporters called the killings a massacre; the conflict at Baxter Springs was characteristic of the vicious Kansas-Missouri border warfare. Fort Baxter was temporarily reinforced but by the end of 1863, the Union Army pulled its troops back to Fort Scott, which was better fortified. Before abandoning the fort, US forces demolished it and took away everything usable, to avoid its being used by the enemy.

Baxter Springs later developed as the first "cow town" in Kansas, a way station for cattle drives to markets and railroads further north. By 1875 it had a population estimated at 5,000.

See also

• Battle of Lawrence
• Camp Ben Butler

References

• Battle of Baxter Springs: Summary, Civil War Sites Advisory Commission
• "Battle of Baxter Springs", CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles

External links

• Edmund V. Ness, Battle of Baxter Springs mural, Baxter Springs Heritage Center
• William C. Pollard, Jr., "Kansas Forts During the Civil War", 1992
• "Fort Blair and the Baxter Springs Massacre", Legends of America