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== Motivation ==
== Motivation ==
[[T-carrier]] circuits operate at 1.544 [[Mbit/s]]. These circuits were originally carried using a [[line code]] called [[alternate mark inversion]] (AMI). Later the line code used was [[B8ZS]]. AMI did not have sufficient range, requiring the application of [[repeaters]] over long circuits. As with any wire circuit, they were subject to lightning and cable trouble such as inferior splices and damage by construction equipment. These line codes at this bit rate give a bandwidth of 772 [[kHz]] and the repeaters are usually spaced every mile to 1.2 miles depending on conductor gauge and other circumstances.
[[T-carrier]] circuits operate at 1.544 [[Mbit/s]]. These circuits were originally carried using a [[line code]] called [[alternate mark inversion]] (AMI). Later the line code used was [[B8ZS]]. AMI did not have sufficient range, requiring the application of [[repeaters]] over long circuits. As with any wire circuit, they were subject to lightning and cable trouble such as inferior splices and damage by construction equipment. These line codes at this bit rate give a bandwidth of 772 [[kHz]] and the repeaters are usually spaced every mile to 1.2 miles depending on conductor gauge and other circumstances.

As in classical T-carrier, HDSL has a positive and negative polarity to the side of the repeater. In splicing this type of service the telcos placed the low voltage side of the repeater cable together and then the High voltage side together in the splice. The telcos have a powering end to the circuit path and this gives the polarity and the repeaters are typically powered up to 130 volts dc. Usually if you see 130 volts there is trouble because the repeaters are running full power to try to compensate for the trouble. They require 60 milliamps and if they cannot get it they try to achieve it by raising the voltage.


== Deployment ==
== Deployment ==

Revision as of 01:44, 27 December 2013

High-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) was a telecommunications protocol standardized in 1994.[1] It was the first digital subscriber line (DSL) technology to use a higher frequency spectrum of copper, twisted pair cables. HDSL was developed in the US, as a better technology for high-speed, synchronous circuits typically used to interconnect local exchange carrier systems, and also to carry high-speed corporate data links and voice channels, using T1 lines. The HDSL standard has been improved upon by HDSL2 and HDSL4, the proprietary SDSL, and G.SHDSL.

Description

DSL SoC

HDSL was developed for T1 service at 1.544 Mbit/s by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee T1E1.4 and published in February 1994 as ANSI Technical Report TR-28.[1] The line code 2B1Q was specified on two pairs at a rate of 784 kbit/s each.[1] First products were developed in 1993.[2] A European version for E1 service at 2.048 Mbit/s of the standard was published in February 1995 by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as ETSI ETR 152.[3] The first edition of ETR 152 specified the line code 2B1Q on either two pairs at 784 kbit/s each or two pairs at 1,168 kbit/s each.[3] A second edition of ETR 152, published in June 1995, specified the use of the alternative modulation scheme carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP) on two pairs at 1,168 kbit/s each.[4] A third version of ETR 152, published in December 1996, added the possibility of using a single CAP-modulated pair at 2,320 kbit/s.[5] Later, an international version building on the ANSI and ETSI work was published by Study Group 15 of the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) on 26 August 1998 and adopted as recommendation ITU G.991.1 on 13 October 1998.[6]

Motivation

T-carrier circuits operate at 1.544 Mbit/s. These circuits were originally carried using a line code called alternate mark inversion (AMI). Later the line code used was B8ZS. AMI did not have sufficient range, requiring the application of repeaters over long circuits. As with any wire circuit, they were subject to lightning and cable trouble such as inferior splices and damage by construction equipment. These line codes at this bit rate give a bandwidth of 772 kHz and the repeaters are usually spaced every mile to 1.2 miles depending on conductor gauge and other circumstances.

Deployment

The first attempts to use DSL technology to solve the problem were done in the US, using the line code 2B1Q. This modulation allowed for a 784 kbit/s data rate over a single twisted pair cable. With two twisted pair cables, the full 1.544 Mbit/s was achieved. The new technology attracted the attention of the industry, but could not be directly used worldwide, due to the differences between the T1 and E1 standards. A new standard was then developed by the ITU for HDSL, using the CAP (carrierless amplitude phase modulation) line code, that reached the maximum bandwidth of 2.0 Mbit/s using two pairs of copper wires.

HDSL gave the telcos a greater distance reach when delivering a T-1 circuit. It was marketed originally as a Non Repeated T-1, with a distance of 12k feet (3.8 km) over 24-gauge cable. The cable gauge affects the distance. To allow for longer distances, a repeater can be used. The repeater actually terminates the circuit and regenerates the signal. Up to four repeaters can be used for a reach of 60k feet (about 20 km). This reduced the cost of maintenance when compared with AMI-based repeaters that had to be used at every 35 db of attenuation (about 1 mile).

HDSL can be used either at the T1 rate (1.544 Mbit/s) or the E1 rate (2 Mbit/s). Slower speeds are obtained by using multiples of 64 kbit/s channels, inside the T1/E1 frame. This is usually known as channelized T1/E1, and it's used to provide slow-speed data links to customers. In this case, the line rate is still the full T1/E1 rate, but the customer only gets the limited (64 multiple) data rate over the local serial interface. Unlike later ADSL, HDSL did not allow POTS at baseband.

HDSL gave way to two new technologies, called HDSL2 and symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). HDSL2 offers the same data rate over a single pair of copper; it also offers longer reach, and can work over copper of lower gauge or quality.[7] SDSL is a multi-rate technology, offering speeds ranging from 192 kbit/s to 2.3 Mbit/s, using a single pair of copper. SDSL is used as a replacement (and in some cases, as a generic designation) for the entire HDSL family of protocols.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Starr, Thomas (ed.). DSL Advances. Uppser Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-093810-6.
  2. ^ Gare, Chris (1993-08). "Copper Local-Loop Defunct? No Way! (DSL)". Technology Watch. Retrieved 2013-12-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b publisher=ETSI "ETR 152: Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); High bitrate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) transmission system on metallic local lines". 1995-02. Retrieved 2013-12-27. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  4. ^ "ETR 152, Second Edition: Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); High bitrate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) transmission system on metallic local lines; HDSL core specification and applications for 2 048 kbit/s based access digital sections including HDSL dual-duplex Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation (CAP) based system" (PDF). ETSI. 1995-06. Retrieved 2013-12-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "ETR 152, Third Edition:Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) transmission system on metallic local lines; HDSL core specification and applications for 2 048 kbit/s based access digital sections" (PDF). ETSI. 1996-12. Retrieved 2013-12-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ "G.991.1 : High bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) transceivers". International Recommendation. ITU-T. 26 August 1998. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  7. ^ Jim Quilici (August 1999). "HDSL Primer". Comm Design. Archived from the original on 27 May 2002. Retrieved 23 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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