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Category:Orchids of Ecuador
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{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{taxobox
|image = Epidendrum radicans.jpg
| image = Epidendrum radicans.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
|tribus = [[Epidendreae]]
| tribus = [[Epidendreae]]
|subtribus = [[Laeliinae]]
| subtribus = [[Laeliinae]]
|genus = ''[[Epidendrum]]''
| genus = ''[[Epidendrum]]''
|subgenus = [[Epidendrum subg. Amphiglottium|''E.'' subg. ''Amphiglottium'']]
| subgenus = [[Epidendrum subg. Amphiglottium|''E.'' subg. ''Amphiglottium'']]
|sectio = [[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|''E.'' sect. ''Schistochila'']]
| sectio = [[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|''E.'' sect. ''Schistochila'']]
|subsectio = [[Epidendrum subsect. Integra|''E.'' subsect. ''Integra'']]
| subsectio = [[Epidendrum subsect. Integra|''E.'' subsect. ''Integra'']]
|sectio = [[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|''E.'' sect. ''Schistochila'']]
| sectio = [[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|''E.'' sect. ''Schistochila'']]
|subsectio = [[Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|''E.'' subsect. ''Carinata'']]
| subsectio = [[Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|''E.'' subsect. ''Carinata'']]
|species = '''''E. radicans'''''
| species = '''''E. radicans'''''
|binomial = ''Epidendrum radicans''
| binomial = ''Epidendrum radicans''
|binomial_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
| binomial_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
|}}
|}}
'''''Epidendrum radicans''''' is a species of [[orchid]]. Common names include '''ground-rooting epidendrum''', '''fire-star orchid''', '''rainbow orchid''', and '''reed-stem epidendrum'''.<ref name=kew>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Epidendrum-radicans.htm ''Epidendrum radicans''.] Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> It is a common roadside weed at middle elevations in [[Central America]]. It is a crucifix orchid, often confused with many other members of the section [[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|''Schistochila'']], including ''[[Epidendrum calanthe|E.&nbsp;calanthe]]'', ''[[Epidendrum cinnabarinum|E.&nbsp;cinnabarinum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum denticulatum|E.&nbsp;denticulatum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum erectum|E.&nbsp;erectum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum fulgens|E.&nbsp;fulgens]]'', ''[[Epidendrum ibaguense|E.&nbsp;ibaguense]]'', ''[[Epidendrum flexuosum|E.&nbsp;imatophyllum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum secundum|E.&nbsp;incisum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum macrocarpum|E.&nbsp;schomburgkii]]'', ''[[Epidendrum secundum|E.&nbsp;secundum]]'', and ''[[Epidendrum xanthinum|E.&nbsp;xanthinum]]'', among others. The diagnostic characteristic of ''E. radicans'' is its tendency to sprout roots all along the length of the stem; other crucifix orchids only produce roots near the base.<ref>Dressler, R. L.: "Will the Real ''Epidendrum ibaguense'' please stand up?" ''American Orchid Society Bulletin'', '''58'''(1989) pages 796 - 800.</ref> Additionally, ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' flowers are [[resupination#Orchidaceae|resupinate]], unlike the members of the ''Epidendrum secundum'' complex, ''E.&nbsp;fulgens'', and many other crucifix orchids. ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' also differs from ''E.&nbsp;secundum'' by bearing no nectar in the flower.
'''''Epidendrum radicans''''' is a species of [[orchid]]. Common names include '''ground-rooting epidendrum''', '''fire-star orchid''', '''rainbow orchid''', and '''reed-stem epidendrum'''.<ref name=kew>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Epidendrum-radicans.htm ''Epidendrum radicans''.] Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> It is a common roadside weed at middle elevations in [[Central America]]. It is a crucifix orchid, often confused with many other members of the section [[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|''Schistochila'']], including ''[[Epidendrum calanthe|E.&nbsp;calanthe]]'', ''[[Epidendrum cinnabarinum|E.&nbsp;cinnabarinum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum denticulatum|E.&nbsp;denticulatum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum erectum|E.&nbsp;erectum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum fulgens|E.&nbsp;fulgens]]'', ''[[Epidendrum ibaguense|E.&nbsp;ibaguense]]'', ''[[Epidendrum flexuosum|E.&nbsp;imatophyllum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum secundum|E.&nbsp;incisum]]'', ''[[Epidendrum macrocarpum|E.&nbsp;schomburgkii]]'', ''[[Epidendrum secundum|E.&nbsp;secundum]]'', and ''[[Epidendrum xanthinum|E.&nbsp;xanthinum]]'', among others. The diagnostic characteristic of ''E. radicans'' is its tendency to sprout roots all along the length of the stem; other crucifix orchids only produce roots near the base.<ref>Dressler, R. L.: "Will the Real ''Epidendrum ibaguense'' please stand up?" ''American Orchid Society Bulletin'', '''58'''(1989) pages 796 - 800.</ref> Additionally, ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' flowers are [[resupination#Orchidaceae|resupinate]], unlike the members of the ''Epidendrum secundum'' complex, ''E.&nbsp;fulgens'', and many other crucifix orchids. ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' also differs from ''E.&nbsp;secundum'' by bearing no nectar in the flower.


==Description==
== Description ==
''E.&nbsp;radicans'', like other members of subgenus ''[[Epidendrum subg. Amphiglottium|Amphiglottium]]'', is a sympodial orchid which grows stems which do not swell into pseudobulbs and are covered with imbricating sheaths, produces a terminal inflorescence covered at its base by close imbricating sheaths, and produces a [[labellum|lip]] [[adnation|adnate]] to the [[Column (botany)|column]] to its apex. The lip of ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' is trilobate, as with the other members of section ''[[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|Schistochila]]'', with the lacerate lobes which are typical of the subsections ''[[Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|Carinata]]'' and ''[[Epidendrum subsect. Tuberculata|Tuberculata]]''. ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' differs from the other lacerate ''Schistochila'' by producing roots from most of the stem.
''E.&nbsp;radicans'', like other members of subgenus ''[[Epidendrum subg. Amphiglottium|Amphiglottium]]'', is a sympodial orchid which grows stems which do not swell into pseudobulbs and are covered with imbricating sheaths, produces a terminal inflorescence covered at its base by close imbricating sheaths, and produces a [[labellum|lip]] [[adnation|adnate]] to the [[Column (botany)|column]] to its apex. The lip of ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' is trilobate, as with the other members of section ''[[Epidendrum sect. Schistochila|Schistochila]]'', with the lacerate lobes which are typical of the subsections ''[[Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|Carinata]]'' and ''[[Epidendrum subsect. Tuberculata|Tuberculata]]''. ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' differs from the other lacerate ''Schistochila'' by producing roots from most of the stem.


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The chromosome number of an individual collected in [[Ecuador]] has been determined as 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;60. Other reported chromosome numbers for ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' include 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;40, 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;57, 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;62, and 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;64<ref>Fábio Pinheiro, Samantha Koehler, Andréa Macêdo Corrêa, Maria Luiza Faria Salatino, Antonio Salatino & Fábio de Barros. "Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification of ''Epidendrum'' subgenus ''Amphiglottium'' (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)", ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' published online 25 September 2009. Springer Wien. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k70111rh6ww5437l/</ref>
The chromosome number of an individual collected in [[Ecuador]] has been determined as 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;60. Other reported chromosome numbers for ''E.&nbsp;radicans'' include 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;40, 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;57, 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;62, and 2n&nbsp;=&nbsp;64<ref>Fábio Pinheiro, Samantha Koehler, Andréa Macêdo Corrêa, Maria Luiza Faria Salatino, Antonio Salatino & Fábio de Barros. "Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification of ''Epidendrum'' subgenus ''Amphiglottium'' (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)", ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' published online 25 September 2009. Springer Wien. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k70111rh6ww5437l/</ref>


==Taxonomic placement==
== Taxonomic placement ==
A biochemical examination (Pinheiro & al., 2009) of the lacerate ''Schistochila'' subsections encompassing [[Plastid#Plastids in plants|plastid]] nucleotide sequence data from the ''trn''L—''trn''F regions, Amplified Fragment Length Polyorphism ([[Amplified fragment length polymorphism|AFLP]]) data, and somatic chromosome number for 30 individuals in three of the thirteen recognized species of ''E''.&nbsp;subsect.&nbsp;''Tuberculata'' and twenty individuals in eleven of the twelve recognized species of ''E''.&nbsp;subsect.&nbsp;''Carinata'', including ''E.&nbsp;radicans'', has suggested that perhaps [[Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|''E.''&nbsp;subsect. ''Carinata'']] should be replaced with three subsections: an "Atlantic" subsection, an "Andean" subsection, and a monotypic subsection for ''E.&nbsp;radicans''.
A biochemical examination (Pinheiro & al., 2009) of the lacerate ''Schistochila'' subsections encompassing [[Plastid#Plastids in plants|plastid]] nucleotide sequence data from the ''trn''L—''trn''F regions, Amplified Fragment Length Polyorphism ([[Amplified fragment length polymorphism|AFLP]]) data, and somatic chromosome number for 30 individuals in three of the thirteen recognized species of ''E''.&nbsp;subsect.&nbsp;''Tuberculata'' and twenty individuals in eleven of the twelve recognized species of ''E''.&nbsp;subsect.&nbsp;''Carinata'', including ''E.&nbsp;radicans'', has suggested that perhaps [[Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|''E.''&nbsp;subsect. ''Carinata'']] should be replaced with three subsections: an "Atlantic" subsection, an "Andean" subsection, and a monotypic subsection for ''E.&nbsp;radicans''.


==Ecology==
== Ecology ==
''E. radicans'' is part of a complex of several orange-flowered, weedy species (including ''[[Asclepias]] spp''.) that are unrelated but ecologically similar. Species within this group share pollinators as well as habitat, and are believed to exhibit what is known as [[convergent evolution]], where unrelated species "converge" upon similar physical characteristics as a result of similar evolutionary pressures. Paulette Bierzychudek studied pollinator behavior in the apparent complex consisting of ''E. radicans'', ''[[Asclepias curassavicia]]'', and ''[[Lantana camara]]'', but could not find clear evidence that [[Mimicry#Mimicry of flowers|floral mimicry]] was affecting pollination rates for any of the three species.
''E. radicans'' is part of a complex of several orange-flowered, weedy species (including ''[[Asclepias]] spp''.) that are unrelated but ecologically similar. Species within this group share pollinators as well as habitat, and are believed to exhibit what is known as [[convergent evolution]], where unrelated species "converge" upon similar physical characteristics as a result of similar evolutionary pressures. Paulette Bierzychudek studied pollinator behavior in the apparent complex consisting of ''E. radicans'', ''[[Asclepias curassavicia]]'', and ''[[Lantana camara]]'', but could not find clear evidence that [[Mimicry#Mimicry of flowers|floral mimicry]] was affecting pollination rates for any of the three species.


==Notes==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==References==
== References ==
*Pansarin, E. R., and Amaral, M. C. E.: "Reproductive biology and pollination mechanisms of ''Epidendrum secundum'' (Orchidaceae). Floral variation: a consequence of natural hybridization?" ''Plant Biology'' '''10''' (2008) 211-219
* Pansarin, E. R., and Amaral, M. C. E.: "Reproductive biology and pollination mechanisms of ''Epidendrum secundum'' (Orchidaceae). Floral variation: a consequence of natural hybridization?" ''Plant Biology'' '''10''' (2008) 211-219

*Paulette Bierzychudek: "''Asclepias'', ''Lantana'', and ''Epidendrum'': A Floral Mimicry Complex?" ''Biotropica'', '''13''', 2, Supplement: Reproductive Botany (Jun., 1981), pp.&nbsp;54–58, published by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation
*Paulette Bierzychudek: "''Asclepias'', ''Lantana'', and ''Epidendrum'': A Floral Mimicry Complex?" ''Biotropica'', '''13''', 2, Supplement: Reproductive Botany (Jun., 1981), pp.&nbsp;54–58, published by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation

== External links ==
{{TaxonIds
{{TaxonIds
|wikispecies =
|wikispecies =
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Epidendrum Radicans}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Epidendrum Radicans}}
[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Orchid species]]
[[Category:Laeliinae species]]
[[Category:Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|radicans]]
[[Category:Epidendrum subsect. Carinata|radicans]]
[[Category:Orchids of Ecuador]]

Revision as of 11:10, 31 December 2013

Epidendrum radicans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Epidendroideae
Tribe:
Epidendreae
Subtribe:
Laeliinae
Genus:
Epidendrum
Subgenus:
E. subg. Amphiglottium
Section:
E. sect. Schistochila
Subsection:
E. subsect. Carinata
Species:
E. radicans
Binomial name
Epidendrum radicans

Epidendrum radicans is a species of orchid. Common names include ground-rooting epidendrum, fire-star orchid, rainbow orchid, and reed-stem epidendrum.[1] It is a common roadside weed at middle elevations in Central America. It is a crucifix orchid, often confused with many other members of the section Schistochila, including E. calanthe, E. cinnabarinum, E. denticulatum, E. erectum, E. fulgens, E. ibaguense, E. imatophyllum, E. incisum, E. schomburgkii, E. secundum, and E. xanthinum, among others. The diagnostic characteristic of E. radicans is its tendency to sprout roots all along the length of the stem; other crucifix orchids only produce roots near the base.[2] Additionally, E. radicans flowers are resupinate, unlike the members of the Epidendrum secundum complex, E. fulgens, and many other crucifix orchids. E. radicans also differs from E. secundum by bearing no nectar in the flower.

Description

E. radicans, like other members of subgenus Amphiglottium, is a sympodial orchid which grows stems which do not swell into pseudobulbs and are covered with imbricating sheaths, produces a terminal inflorescence covered at its base by close imbricating sheaths, and produces a lip adnate to the column to its apex. The lip of E. radicans is trilobate, as with the other members of section Schistochila, with the lacerate lobes which are typical of the subsections Carinata and Tuberculata. E. radicans differs from the other lacerate Schistochila by producing roots from most of the stem.

E. radicans seeds are quite small, at 320 seeds per milligram.[3][4]

The chromosome number of an individual collected in Ecuador has been determined as 2n = 60. Other reported chromosome numbers for E. radicans include 2n = 40, 2n = 57, 2n = 62, and 2n = 64[5]

Taxonomic placement

A biochemical examination (Pinheiro & al., 2009) of the lacerate Schistochila subsections encompassing plastid nucleotide sequence data from the trnL—trnF regions, Amplified Fragment Length Polyorphism (AFLP) data, and somatic chromosome number for 30 individuals in three of the thirteen recognized species of E. subsect. Tuberculata and twenty individuals in eleven of the twelve recognized species of E. subsect. Carinata, including E. radicans, has suggested that perhaps E. subsect. Carinata should be replaced with three subsections: an "Atlantic" subsection, an "Andean" subsection, and a monotypic subsection for E. radicans.

Ecology

E. radicans is part of a complex of several orange-flowered, weedy species (including Asclepias spp.) that are unrelated but ecologically similar. Species within this group share pollinators as well as habitat, and are believed to exhibit what is known as convergent evolution, where unrelated species "converge" upon similar physical characteristics as a result of similar evolutionary pressures. Paulette Bierzychudek studied pollinator behavior in the apparent complex consisting of E. radicans, Asclepias curassavicia, and Lantana camara, but could not find clear evidence that floral mimicry was affecting pollination rates for any of the three species.

Notes

  1. ^ Epidendrum radicans. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ^ Dressler, R. L.: "Will the Real Epidendrum ibaguense please stand up?" American Orchid Society Bulletin, 58(1989) pages 796 - 800.
  3. ^ Arditti, J. & A. K. A. Ghani "Tansley Review No. 110. Numerical and Physical Properties of Orchid Seeds and Their Biological Implications" New Phytologist 145(3) p. 389 (2000)
  4. ^ Cherevchenck, T. M., & G. P. Kushnir, Orheide v kulture (Orchids in cultivation). Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka
  5. ^ Fábio Pinheiro, Samantha Koehler, Andréa Macêdo Corrêa, Maria Luiza Faria Salatino, Antonio Salatino & Fábio de Barros. "Phylogenetic relationships and infrageneric classification of Epidendrum subgenus Amphiglottium (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)", Plant Systematics and Evolution published online 25 September 2009. Springer Wien. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k70111rh6ww5437l/

References

  • Pansarin, E. R., and Amaral, M. C. E.: "Reproductive biology and pollination mechanisms of Epidendrum secundum (Orchidaceae). Floral variation: a consequence of natural hybridization?" Plant Biology 10 (2008) 211-219
  • Paulette Bierzychudek: "Asclepias, Lantana, and Epidendrum: A Floral Mimicry Complex?" Biotropica, 13, 2, Supplement: Reproductive Botany (Jun., 1981), pp. 54–58, published by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation
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