Tarkhan (Punjab): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
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|group=Tarkhan (Punjab) |
|group=Tarkhan (Punjab) |
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|image = [[File:SA_with_President_of_India_Giani_Zail_Singh.jpg|300px]] |
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|image = |
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|caption = [[Giani Zail Singh]] (right), first [[Sikh]] President of [[India]] |
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|caption = |
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|group = Tarkhan (Punjab) |
|group = Tarkhan (Punjab) |
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|pop = |
|pop = |
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|popplace = [[Punjab region|Punjab]] |
|popplace = [[Punjab region|Punjab]] |
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|languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} |
|languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} |
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|religions = |
|religions = Sikhism, Hinduism, Islam |
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|related = other [[Indo-Aryans]] |
|related = other [[Indo-Aryans]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Tarkhan''' are considered a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] tribe in [[Pakistan]]i [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] while a [[caste]] in [[India]]n [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. They are traditionally [[carpenter]]s by occupation.<ref>{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |authorlink=W H McLeod |title=Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-564902-4 |page=214}}</ref> |
The '''Tarkhan''' are considered a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] tribe in [[Pakistan]]i [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] while a [[caste]]<ref name=sbayly-p385>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA385|accessdate=15 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=385}}</ref> in [[India]]n [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. They are traditionally [[carpenter]]s by occupation.<ref>{{cite book |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |authorlink=W H McLeod |title=Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-564902-4 |page=214}}</ref>. Scholars such as Khalsa have analysed the work of ethnographers such as Ibbetson, Cunningham, and Elliot, and have concluded that agrarian and artisan communities in Punjab such as Tarkhans may be of [[Scythian]] origin.<ref>http://rajputana.htmlplanet.com/scy_raj/scy_raj1.html</ref> Further analysis has suggested that Tarkhans may be descended from Scythic tribes who settled in north-western India in successive waves between 500 B.C. too 500 AD.<ref>www.worldmultimedia.biz/Culture/yuechih%20sakas%20kushans.pdf</ref><ref>W. H. McLeod, ''Exploring sikhism: aspects of Sikh identity, culture and thought'', Oxford University Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0-19-564902-4, p. 214.</ref> |
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==History== |
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[[File:Nand Singh VC IWM IND 3975.jpg |thumb|right|[[Nand Singh]] a [[Victoria Cross|VC]] and [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]].]] |
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[[File:Raja Lal Singh, of First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Lal Singh]], in battle during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846]] |
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[[File:Ajay-Devgan-LondonDreams01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ajay Devgan]], Bollywood actor and member of the Devgan Tarkhan clan]] |
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[[File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg|thumb|The [[15th Ludhiana Sikhs]] being given a heroes' welcome upon their arrival in [[Marseille]], France during the First World War.]] |
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The Tarkhans are an example of community-and identity-formation in [[Early modern period|early modern]] [[South Asia]].<ref name="AsherTalbot2006-p269">{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine Ella Blanshard|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India before Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269|accessdate=29 October 2011|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=269}}</ref>. Generally, a clan name is unique to the Tarkhan community. The occupation of Tarkhans was traditionally known to be [[carpentry]], however due to similarities in size, religious values and the way their [[turbans]] were tied, the occupation of a Tarkhan was then split into three, which was: Tarkhan work, building work and [[Lohar | Lohar work]]. "Tarkhan" is an elastic label applied to a wide-ranging, traditionally non-elite,{{efn|According to Susan Bayly, "... (North India) contained large numbers of non-elite tillers. In the Punjab and the western Gangetic Plains, convention defined the Rajput's non-elite counterpart as a Tarkhan. Like many similar titles used elsewhere, this was not so much a caste name as a broad designation for the man of substance in rural terrain. ... To be called Tarkhan has in some regions implied a background of pastoralism, though it has more commonly been a designation of non-servile cultivating people."<ref name=sbayly-p37>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA37|accessdate=15 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=37}}</ref>}} community who follow [[Sikhism]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]].They are known to be a powerful community in such parts of India. However it is the Sikh Tarkhans, [[Ramgarhia | Ramgarhias]], who have proven to be the most powerful and wealthiest tribe amongst the whole of India.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L1RGX3whGEIC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=muslim+tarkhans&source=bl&ots=OSlnFXeyx_&sig=0r2wLuxl4yXRX3Clc2xur5qB3eI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kPzHUq_SH8SVhQegkICYDw&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=muslim%20tarkhans&f=false|title= Punjab, the Crucial Decade|first= S.C.|last= Sharma}}</ref> |
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===Varna status=== |
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Hindu Tarkhans are regarded to be of the Vaishya Varna (as they are artisans) and worship the Vedic deity, Vishwakarma. This is namely due to following the traditional Vaishya occupation of carpentry.<ref>http://www.unp.me/f16/the-tarkhan-history-48969/#ixzz2p8yULu50</ref> Hindu religious texts assigned Vaishyas to traditional roles in agriculture and cattle-rearing but over time they came to be landowners, traders and money-lenders.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K85NA7Rg67wC&pg=PA24 |page=24 |title=The First Great Political Realist |first=Roger |last=Boesche}}</ref> The Vaishyas, along with members of the [[Brahmin]] and [[Kshatriya]] varnas, claim "twice born" (''dvija'') status in Hindu theology.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n84OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA112 |page=112 |title=Western Sociologists on Indian Society: Marx, Spencer, Weber, Durkheim, Pareto |first=Gurmukh Ram |last=Madan |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1979 |isbn=9780710087829}}</ref> Indian traders were widely credited for the spread of [[Indian culture]] to regions as far as [[Greater India|southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xn-6yMhAungC&pg=PA361 |page=361 |title=Asia in western and world history |first1=Ainslie Thomas |last1=Embree |first2=Carol |last2=Gluck}}</ref> |
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===Sikh Tarkhans=== |
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Sikh Tarkhans are more commonly known as [[Ramgarhia]]s because of their reverence for the famous Misl leader, [[Maharaja Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]](1723-1803), who hailed from the Thokar Tarkhan clan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Making-Sikh-Empire-Bahadur/dp/0968673619 |page= 50 |title=The Making of the Sikh Empire: The role of Banda Bahadur and the Misls |first=Bhupinder |last= Mahal}}</ref> Ramgarhia, led by Nand Singh Sanghania, so called as they extended fort of Ram Rauni at Amritsar which was later called Ramgarh. Riarki Area around Batala Approximately 5,000 horsemen. Their territory was parts of Amritsar, Qadian, Batala and Sri Hargobindpur, in the Bari doab and Miani, Sarih, and Urmur Tanda in the Jalandhar Doab. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was a great Sikh warrior of times of [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]. He led Khalsa<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Khalsa-Jatha-British-Isles-1908-2008/dp/0956058604/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1388836657&sr=1-2&keywords=khalsa |title= Khalsa Jatha British Isles 1908-2008 |first=Peter |last= Bance}}</ref> army in many battles. In command of Dal Khalsa he was just behind Jassa Singh Ahluwalia after the retirement of Nawab Kapur Singh.<ref>http://informaitonofpunjab.weebly.com/punjab.html</ref> |
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==Ramgarhia Misl== |
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Rome was not built in a day. So the organisation of the Sikh power in the sacred land of the five rivers was not the work of one man (the Lion of the Punjab) only, nor was it attained in one day. It was the result of the constant and combined efforts of the twelve Misls. The leaders of these Misls had to undergo and face many hardships, not only to establish the Sikh<ref>{{cite book |title= http://www.amazon.co.uk/Empire-Sikhs-Times-Maharaja-Ranjit/dp/072061323X/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1388837229&sr=1-3&keywords=ramgarhia |title= Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |first=Patwant |last=Singh}}</ref> power in the Punjab but also to defend their faith and their very existence upon the face of the earth. The seed was sown and watered by the blood of the martyrs. Their nerves would tingle and their brains would throb when they read the stories of these heroes. No religion can be proud of so many martyrs. But it was Ranjit Singh only who was destined to reap the main harvest which had taken nearly a century to ripen and had cost the blood of the dearest sons of the Guru. By some means or other he reduced all the chiefs to subjection who were on this side of the Satluj. The Cis - Satluj chiefs obtained the protection of the British and thus escaped destruction. |
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The original founder of the Ramgarhia Misl<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.amazon.co.uk/Misl-Sikh-State-Institution-Khalsa/dp/8188629561/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1388837603&sr=1-2&keywords=misl |title= Misl, Sikh State and the Institution of Khalsa |first= J.C |last= Dua}}</ref> was known as Khushal Singh, he lead the Ramgarhias to battle against the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.bookdepository.co.uk/book/9780521566032?redirected=true&gclid=COKy-YTA5LsCFSKWtAodtnAAcw |title= The Mughal Empire |first= John |last= Richards}}</ref> Of the leaders of the Ramgarhia Misl during the earliest period of its existence Maharaja Jassa Singh was the most distinguished. |
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==Clan system== |
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According to [[Sir Denzil Ibbetson]]{{ref|Ibbetson}}, there were major Twelve Tarkhan clans (Based on 1881 census) of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and the [[Northwest Frontier Province]]. The Tarkhan people have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineal [[clans]], [[Panchayat]] system or [[Khap]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Tarkhan Clans: Chopra, Virdi, Jandu, Saund, Bhurjee |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqfRbwAACAAJ&dq=book+on+tarkhans&hl=en&sa=X&ei=s_3HUrS8AqTe7AbN5oGwBw&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAQ |isbn= 9781158516322}}</ref> A clan was based on one small [[gotra]] or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law. A clan name can be based on ancestor, place or of origin or language spoken. |
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==Culture and society== |
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The Tarkhans were a [[Martial Race]] in the period of the British Raj.<ref>{{cite web |title= British Raj |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> They were a Martial Race due to the requirements of being brave, intimidating and independent warrior-like figures, walking with pride and authority. Tarkhans were well built men with strong hands and muscles, as well as patience and skill. A very proud and fiercely independent people, they are amongst the wealthiest and most educated clans of the Punjab region. Historically, Tarkhan occupations have included carpentry, landowning, farming, engineering, politics, science, medicine, and military. Tarkhans have served courageously in crack Commando units of the Punjab and Sikh Regiments of the Indian Army, as well as brave fighter pilots and in the Navy. They were made famous on the silver screen in the Bollywood film, Border for their brave actions in the Battle of Longowal, a battle fought during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title= Tarkhan History |url= http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Tarkhan#History_of_Sikh_Tarkhans |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> |
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===Religion=== |
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Tarkhans, predominantly the Sikh, were known to be followers of [[Tat Khalsa]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Tat Khalsa |url= http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Tat_Khalsa |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> and follow its teachings. Many Sikh Tarkhans moved to Kenya during the Anglo-Sikh Wars, as well as the first and second world wars<ref>{{cite web |title= Sikh Wars |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543900/Sikh-Wars |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>. Due to this they adopted a certain style of their [[Turban]]. |
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===Tarkhan Diet=== |
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Tarkhans were by and large non-vegetarians. They used to hunt their meat themselves and cook them upon reaching home, their main meals would be one of; pork; beef; chicken; lamb. The Tarkhans were also seen to be heavy consumers of alcohol, some recent polls in Punjab have indicated that the Tarkhans were the worst when it came to drinking. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Dhiman sikh|Dhiman]] |
*[[Dhiman sikh|Dhiman]] |
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*[[Ubhi]] |
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== |
==Footnotes== |
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{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Citations== |
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{{reflist | 2}} |
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{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}} |
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}} |
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[[Category:Hindu communities]] |
[[Category:Hindu communities]] |
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[[Category:Carpenter castes]] |
[[Category:Carpenter castes]] |
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==Further reading== |
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*http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-martyrs/sardar-jassa-singh-ramgarhia |
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*http://www.unp.me/f16/the-tarkhan-history-48969/ |
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*http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Tarkhan |
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Revision as of 13:01, 4 January 2014
- This article is about Tarkhan, a Northern Indian tribe. For other uses, see Tarkan (disambiguation)
 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Punjab | |
| Languages | |
| Punjabi, Hindi, English[citation needed] | |
| Religion | |
| Sikhism, Hinduism, Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Indo-Aryans |
The Tarkhan are considered a Punjabi tribe in Pakistani Punjab while a caste[1] in Indian Punjab. They are traditionally carpenters by occupation.[2]. Scholars such as Khalsa have analysed the work of ethnographers such as Ibbetson, Cunningham, and Elliot, and have concluded that agrarian and artisan communities in Punjab such as Tarkhans may be of Scythian origin.[3] Further analysis has suggested that Tarkhans may be descended from Scythic tribes who settled in north-western India in successive waves between 500 B.C. too 500 AD.[4][5]
History
The Tarkhans are an example of community-and identity-formation in early modern South Asia.[6]. Generally, a clan name is unique to the Tarkhan community. The occupation of Tarkhans was traditionally known to be carpentry, however due to similarities in size, religious values and the way their turbans were tied, the occupation of a Tarkhan was then split into three, which was: Tarkhan work, building work and Lohar work. "Tarkhan" is an elastic label applied to a wide-ranging, traditionally non-elite,[a] community who follow Sikhism, Hinduism and Islam.They are known to be a powerful community in such parts of India. However it is the Sikh Tarkhans, Ramgarhias, who have proven to be the most powerful and wealthiest tribe amongst the whole of India.[8]
Varna status
Hindu Tarkhans are regarded to be of the Vaishya Varna (as they are artisans) and worship the Vedic deity, Vishwakarma. This is namely due to following the traditional Vaishya occupation of carpentry.[9] Hindu religious texts assigned Vaishyas to traditional roles in agriculture and cattle-rearing but over time they came to be landowners, traders and money-lenders.[10] The Vaishyas, along with members of the Brahmin and Kshatriya varnas, claim "twice born" (dvija) status in Hindu theology.[11] Indian traders were widely credited for the spread of Indian culture to regions as far as southeast Asia.[12]
Sikh Tarkhans
Sikh Tarkhans are more commonly known as Ramgarhias because of their reverence for the famous Misl leader, Maharaja Jassa Singh Ramgarhia(1723-1803), who hailed from the Thokar Tarkhan clan.[13] Ramgarhia, led by Nand Singh Sanghania, so called as they extended fort of Ram Rauni at Amritsar which was later called Ramgarh. Riarki Area around Batala Approximately 5,000 horsemen. Their territory was parts of Amritsar, Qadian, Batala and Sri Hargobindpur, in the Bari doab and Miani, Sarih, and Urmur Tanda in the Jalandhar Doab. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was a great Sikh warrior of times of Nawab Kapur Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He led Khalsa[14] army in many battles. In command of Dal Khalsa he was just behind Jassa Singh Ahluwalia after the retirement of Nawab Kapur Singh.[15]
Ramgarhia Misl
Rome was not built in a day. So the organisation of the Sikh power in the sacred land of the five rivers was not the work of one man (the Lion of the Punjab) only, nor was it attained in one day. It was the result of the constant and combined efforts of the twelve Misls. The leaders of these Misls had to undergo and face many hardships, not only to establish the Sikh[16] power in the Punjab but also to defend their faith and their very existence upon the face of the earth. The seed was sown and watered by the blood of the martyrs. Their nerves would tingle and their brains would throb when they read the stories of these heroes. No religion can be proud of so many martyrs. But it was Ranjit Singh only who was destined to reap the main harvest which had taken nearly a century to ripen and had cost the blood of the dearest sons of the Guru. By some means or other he reduced all the chiefs to subjection who were on this side of the Satluj. The Cis - Satluj chiefs obtained the protection of the British and thus escaped destruction.
The original founder of the Ramgarhia Misl[17] was known as Khushal Singh, he lead the Ramgarhias to battle against the Mughal Empire.[18] Of the leaders of the Ramgarhia Misl during the earliest period of its existence Maharaja Jassa Singh was the most distinguished.
Clan system
According to Sir Denzil Ibbetson[1], there were major Twelve Tarkhan clans (Based on 1881 census) of the Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province. The Tarkhan people have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineal clans, Panchayat system or Khap.[19] A clan was based on one small gotra or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law. A clan name can be based on ancestor, place or of origin or language spoken.
Culture and society
The Tarkhans were a Martial Race in the period of the British Raj.[20] They were a Martial Race due to the requirements of being brave, intimidating and independent warrior-like figures, walking with pride and authority. Tarkhans were well built men with strong hands and muscles, as well as patience and skill. A very proud and fiercely independent people, they are amongst the wealthiest and most educated clans of the Punjab region. Historically, Tarkhan occupations have included carpentry, landowning, farming, engineering, politics, science, medicine, and military. Tarkhans have served courageously in crack Commando units of the Punjab and Sikh Regiments of the Indian Army, as well as brave fighter pilots and in the Navy. They were made famous on the silver screen in the Bollywood film, Border for their brave actions in the Battle of Longowal, a battle fought during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[21]
Religion
Tarkhans, predominantly the Sikh, were known to be followers of Tat Khalsa[22] and follow its teachings. Many Sikh Tarkhans moved to Kenya during the Anglo-Sikh Wars, as well as the first and second world wars[23]. Due to this they adopted a certain style of their Turban.
Tarkhan Diet
Tarkhans were by and large non-vegetarians. They used to hunt their meat themselves and cook them upon reaching home, their main meals would be one of; pork; beef; chicken; lamb. The Tarkhans were also seen to be heavy consumers of alcohol, some recent polls in Punjab have indicated that the Tarkhans were the worst when it came to drinking.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ According to Susan Bayly, "... (North India) contained large numbers of non-elite tillers. In the Punjab and the western Gangetic Plains, convention defined the Rajput's non-elite counterpart as a Tarkhan. Like many similar titles used elsewhere, this was not so much a caste name as a broad designation for the man of substance in rural terrain. ... To be called Tarkhan has in some regions implied a background of pastoralism, though it has more commonly been a designation of non-servile cultivating people."[7]
Citations
- ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ McLeod, W. H. (2000). Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-564902-4.
- ^ http://rajputana.htmlplanet.com/scy_raj/scy_raj1.html
- ^ www.worldmultimedia.biz/Culture/yuechih%20sakas%20kushans.pdf
- ^ W. H. McLeod, Exploring sikhism: aspects of Sikh identity, culture and thought, Oxford University Press, 2000 ISBN 978-0-19-564902-4, p. 214.
- ^ Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ Bayly, Susan (2001). Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-79842-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ Sharma, S.C. Punjab, the Crucial Decade.
- ^ http://www.unp.me/f16/the-tarkhan-history-48969/#ixzz2p8yULu50
- ^ Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. p. 24.
- ^ Madan, Gurmukh Ram (1979). Western Sociologists on Indian Society: Marx, Spencer, Weber, Durkheim, Pareto. Taylor & Francis. p. 112. ISBN 9780710087829.
- ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Gluck, Carol. Asia in western and world history. p. 361.
- ^ Mahal, Bhupinder. The Making of the Sikh Empire: The role of Banda Bahadur and the Misls. p. 50.
- ^ Bance, Peter. Khalsa Jatha British Isles 1908-2008.
- ^ http://informaitonofpunjab.weebly.com/punjab.html
- ^ Singh, Patwant. Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
- ^ Dua, J.C. Misl, Sikh State and the Institution of Khalsa.
- ^ Richards, John. The Mughal Empire.
- ^ Tarkhan Clans: Chopra, Virdi, Jandu, Saund, Bhurjee. ISBN 9781158516322.
- ^ "British Raj". Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ "Tarkhan History". Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ "Tat Khalsa". Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ "Sikh Wars". Retrieved January 4, 2014.