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Revision as of 02:48, 11 March 2014

For the Chilean geochemist, see Leopoldo López Escobar.

Template:Spanish name

Leopoldo López
Leopoldo López
Mayor of Chacao
In office
30 July 2000 – 9 December 2008
Preceded byCornelio Popesco
Succeeded byEmilio Graterón
National Coordinator of Voluntad Popular
Incumbent
Assumed office
5 December 2009
Personal details
Born (1971-04-29) 29 April 1971 (age 53)
Caracas, Venezuela
Political partyVoluntad Popular
SpouseLilian Tintori
ChildrenManuela Rafaela López, Leopoldo Santiago López
ResidenceCaracas
WebsiteOfficial site

Leopoldo López Mendoza (born 29 April 1971 in Caracas) is a Venezuelan politician and economist. From 2000 until 2008, López was the mayor of the Chacao Municipality of Caracas. The Los Angeles Times said that López came to the attention of the administration of then-Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in 2000, and that during events surrounding the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, "he orchestrated the public protests against Chávez and he played a central role in the citizen's arrest of Chavez's interior minister", Ramón Rodríguez Chacín, though he later tried to distance himself from the event,[1] and did not sign the Carmona Decree.[2]

In 2006, López was the leader of the opposition to President Chávez, as well as a social activist working for "grass-roots judicial reform".[2] The government of Venezuela[3] disqualified him from public office for six years;[4] the Inter-American Court of Human Rights sanctioned Chávez for violating the human rights of opposition candidates by disqualifying them from running,[5][6][7][8] and in 2010 the court reached a unanimous decision in favour of Lopez.[9] The government of Venezuela refused to comply with the court.

López led some of the February 2014 Venezuelan protests in Caracas: the government charged him with instigating arson, damage and criminal gatherings; he turned himself in to the military after addressing a crowd of supporters.[10] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch criticized the arrest as a politically motivated move targeting him as an opponent of the government.[11]

Personal and professional life and education

López was born in Caracas on 29 April 1971, into a wealthy family.[1] He has two sisters, Diana and Adriana López. He studied at the Colegio Santiago de León de Caracas and graduated from the Hun School of Princeton.[12] He graduated from Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio in 1993,[13] where he received a degree in Sociology. He subsequently attended Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government where he obtained a Master of Public Policy in 1996.[14] In 2007, he received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Kenyon.[15] In May 2007 he married Lilian Tintori,[14][16] with whom he had a daughter in 2009 followed by a son in 2013.[17]

López' mother, Antonieta Mendoza, is the daughter of Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa, who was Secretary of Agriculture for two years during the democratic period from 1945 to 1948. Through her, López is the great-great-great-grandson of the country's first president, Cristóbal Mendoza. López is the great-great-grand nephew of Simón Bolívar.[18] Bolivar's sister, Juana Bolivar, is Lopez's fourth grandmother making him one of Bolívar's few living relatives. His first cousin is Thor Halvorssen Mendoza.[19]

His great-uncle Rafael Ernesto Lopez Ortega was Minister of Education during the presidency of Lopez Contreras. His grandfather Leopoldo Lopez Ortega and great-uncle Rafael Ernesto Lopez Ortega were both doctors, founders of the Centro Medico of San Bernardino in Caracas,Venezuela.

López worked as an economic consultant to the Planning Vice-President in Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) between 1996 and 1999, and has served as a professor of Institutional Economy in the Economics Department at Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.[14]

Political life

López cofounded the Primero Justicia political party.[20] In 2007 he joined the political party Un Nuevo Tiempo.[21] López was elected mayor of Chacao in 2000 with 51% of the vote, and re-elected in 2004, with 81%;[14] the LA Times described him in 2006 as "[i]mmensely popular in his district", which is the richest in metropolitan Caracas.[2]

On 5 December 2009 in the state of Carabobo, López launched the party Movimiento Voluntad Popular; Voluntad Popular (English: Popular Will) aims to overcome poverty without concentrating more power or eliminating the rule of law.[22]

2002 demonstrations

Lopez led demonstrations against Hugo Chávez in the days before the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt. This is considered by some to have been a legitimate protest, by others as having "crossed the line into insurrection by trying to bring down a democratically elected president".[2] During the coup, he took part in the citizen's arrest of Chávez's interior minister Ramón Rodríguez Chacín. A few months after the coup, López allowed his district's Plaza Francia to be used as a base for the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03. He has since distanced himself from the coup organizers.[2]

Opposition leader: target of violence

The United States Department of State mentioned actions taken against López by the Venezuelan government in its 2005 annual Country Report on Human Rights Practices. In November 2005 López was suspended from future political activity after his term as mayor expires in 2008 over allegations of misuse of funds. According to the US State Department, the charges were part of "a strategy by the Chávez government to eliminate the political opposition".[23] López said "his real offense is that he poses an electoral threat as he builds a social democratic alternative to the socialist, anti-American 'Bolivarian Revolution'."[2]

According to the Los Angeles Times, Chávez critics say all government dissidents are being targeted, but "Lopez seems to be the object of a full-out campaign".[2] His aunt was also a victim of violence in Venezuela, shot during a peaceful rally.[24]

As a leader of the opposition, López says he has experienced several violent attacks: the Los Angeles Times wrote that he had been shot at and was held hostage in February 2006 by armed thugs at a university where he was speaking and that his bodyguard was shot while sitting in the passenger seat of the car where López normally sits. The Times continued that "the killing of his bodyguard was meant to send a message".[2] According to Jackson Diehl, writing for the Washington Post, in June 2008, after López returned from a visit to Washington, D.C., he was detained and assaulted by the state intelligence service.[25] A member of the Venezuelan National Guard, a military corp on command of Hugo Chávez presidency, denounced López as responsible for the aggression and presented a video as evidence.[26]

Barred from holding office

López was among 400 Venezuelans barred from running in the November 2008 elections[27] over alleged corruption;[28] 80 percent of those barred belong to the opposition.[27] The November elections were crucial for the Chávez administration; following Chávez's defeat at the polls in December 2007, López says the government banned them because it knew they could win.[27] As the best-known banned politician, López contested the sanction, arguing that the right to hold elected office could only be rescinded in the wake of a civil or criminal trial.[27] In June 2008, López made his case before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in Washington, D.C.;[25] in July, the Commission agreed to hear his case[29] and noted that the two years that had elapsed since López filed a motion asking the Court to annul the ban constituted an "undue delay".[30]

An April 2008 poll found that 52% of adults opposed the ban, and 51% thought it was politically motivated.[31] The US State Department said the attempt to rule by decree was "worrisome"; Chávez responded saying that concerns were "overblown".[32]

Although no individuals were convicted charges remained unproven,[28] in August 2008, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal – dominated by Chávez appointees[33] – found that the sanction of the Comptroller General was constitutional.[34] According to the Wall Street Journal, six of the seven Supreme Court justices "are sympathetic to the president".[28] BBC News called the list of individuals barred from office a "blacklist", noting that "there is little that Mr López and others can now do that will allow them to take part in November's polls".[35] The Economist observed that López is the "main apparent target" of the "decision by the auditor-general to ban hundreds of candidates from standing in the state and municipal elections for alleged corruption, even though none has been convicted by the courts".[36] The Wall Street Journal noted that the ban "has elicited comparisons to moves by Iran's government preventing opposition politicians from running in elections in that country" and singles López out as "a popular opposition politician who polls say would have a good chance at becoming the mayor of Caracas, one of the most important posts in the country".[28]

The next day, López and others protested the ruling in a demonstration,[31] until they were blocked in front of a government building.[37] López led protesters on an unauthorized march through Caracas;[38] riot police threw tear gas canisters into the crowd of about 1,000 marchers.[39]

López filed a complaint with the Mercosur Human Rights Committee;[40] the Mercosur parliament session was disrupted and the Committee was unable to reach conclusions because they couldn't meet with authorities in Venezuela.[41] José Miguel Vivanco of Human Rights Watch "described political discrimination as a defining feature of Mr. Chávez's presidency", singling out López and the "measure that disqualifies candidates from running for public office because of legal claims against them".[42]

Banning from public office

In 1998, while López was working for Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) and his mother was the company's manager of public affairs, it awarded a grant to the Primero Justicia Civil Association, an organization of which López was a member. (The political party, Movimiento Primero Justicia, emerged in 2000 as an offshoot of the civil association.) Because PDVSA forbids donations to employees or relatives of employees, both mother and son were sanctioned from running for public office. Jackson Diehl wrote in The Washington Post that "the charges against López, never tested in court, are a blatantly bogus concoction."[43]

The Associated Press reported that the use of the charges to disqualify López "is a tactic critics say Chavez uses to put his opponents' political ambitions on indefinite hold."[44] The Organization of American States cited the case against López as one of the "factors that contribute to the weakening of the rule of law and democracy in Venezuela."[45] López challenged these claims by stating that none of those punished had been charged, prosecuted and found guilty through due process of law, in direct violation of treatises signed by the Venezuelan government[46] and the Venezuelan constitution.[47]

The government of Venezuela maintains that the sanctions were legal.[48][49][50][51] The Inter-American Court of Human Rights published on 16 September 2011 a unanimous decision, ruling that Lopez "should be allowed to run for office", regardless of the previous ban imposed by the Chavez administration.[9] The Carter Center equated Venezuela's Supreme Court decision to disregard the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' decision to the military courts of Alberto Fujimori: "We note with concern that to our knowledge, with the exception of the military courts rulings during the Fujimori regime, this is the only country in the hemisphere where the merits rulings of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have been rejected by the Supreme Court in expressly declaring them non-binding and unenforceable."[52]

The government of Venezuela refused to comply with the court ruling, and Lopez remained banned from office.[53]

2014 protests in Venezuela

Main article: 2014 Venezuelan protests

On 13 February 2014, Venezuelan prosecutors issued an arrest warrant for López on charges including instigation of dilinquency, public intimidation, arson of a public building, damage to public property, severe injury, "incitement to riot," homicide, and terrorism.[54][55] The day after the warrant was issued, López address Maduro via Twitter, saying, "Don't you have the guts to arrest me? Or are you waiting for orders from Havana? I tell you, the truth is on our side."[56]

On 18 February 2014, after days of hiding, López turned himself in to face charges including murder and terrorism related to the protests that resulted in four deaths.[57] López turned himself in before thousands of supporters who, like him, wore white as a sign of nonviolence. He gave a short speech saying he hoped his arrest would awaken Venezuela to the corruption and economic disaster caused by socialist rule. Hours after the arrest, Maduro addressed a cheering crowd of supporters wearing red, and said that he would not tolerate "psychological warfare" by his opponents and that López must be held responsible for his "treasonous acts."[58] On 20 February, his lawyer, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez, informed the press that López would face three charges related to the protests, but they no longer included homicide or terrorism.[59]

Amnesty International said the charges appeared to be politically motivated, and called for the release of López in the absence of evidence.[60] Human Rights Watch said "The Venezuelan government has openly embraced the classic tactics of an authoritarian regime, jailing its opponents, muzzling the media, and intimidating civil society", saying that the Maduro government was blaming opposition leaders, including López, for violence.[61]

Political platform

The Associated Press called López "the man who is challenging President Hugo Chávez's grip on power."[44] On 5 December 2009 in the Valencia forum in Carabobo, López launched Voluntad Popular. The Associated Press reported of the launch, "the mere fact that Lopez's efforts are resonating with ordinary Venezuelans shows that the democratic spirit still burns in the nation of 28 million." López said of the movement, "What we want is to build a new majority from the bottom up - not just through negotiations and agreements between elites. It's a longer road, but for us, it's the only road that gives us possibilities of winning."[44]

Education

López made repeated statements similar to, "We here do not talk about infrastructure, quality of training, staffing of schools; we Venezuelans want to send our children to quality schools, where they can not only learn Spanish or math, but also acquire values and be formed as wholly complete beings".[62]

He made a call to create grassroots groups, similar to a PTA, or a popular net (red popular), in each school to ensure the quality of schools and the education received by children and youth. "A people´s net in each school."[63]

Community development

López said, "... part of the solution is to have community organization and we can fix the situation of Venezuela only by promoting culture, sport and employment".[64]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ a b Peralta, Eyder (20 February 2013). "5 Things To Know About Venezuela's Protest Leader". NPR. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Kraul, Chris (19 July 2006). "A lightning rod for Venezuela's political strife". Los Angeles Times. Also online here.
  3. ^ "Leopoldo Lopez: Venezuela blueblood, ardent Maduro foe". Yahoo News. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  4. ^ McDermott, Jeremy (21 November 2008). "Chavez accused of behaving like 'dictator' ahead of elections". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  5. ^ Template:Es "CIDH demanda a Venezuela ante corte por inhabilitación de Leopoldo López". El Universal. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  6. ^ López, Leopoldo (5 October 2010). "Venezuela's elections: a building block to something bigger". Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  7. ^ "Schedule of Hearings, 140o Period of Sessions, October 2010". Organization of American States, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  8. ^ Template:Es "Leopoldo López, dirigente de Voluntad Popular". El Universal. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  9. ^ a b Rueda, Jorge (16 September 2011). "Rights court sides with Chavez opponent". The Guardian. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 September 2011. Also available from Yahoo news
  10. ^ Andrew Cawthorne and Diego Ore (22 February 2014). "From jail, Venezuela protest leader urges resistance". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  11. ^ Castillo, Mariano and Ed Payne (20 February 2014). "Murder charges against Venezuela opposition leader dropped". CNN. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  12. ^ "Hun Alumnus Leopoldo López '89 Stands Up for Venezuela; Hun Community Wears White". The Hun School of Princeton. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  13. ^ Curran, Hannah. "Leo Lopez: Kenyon grad, Venezuelan politician". Kenyon Collegian. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  14. ^ a b c d Template:Es icon "Leopoldo López Mendoza". Oficina del Alcalde, Chacao. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  15. ^ "Honors day". Kenyon College, Office of the Provost. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  16. ^ "Leopoldo Lopez' Wife Lilian Tintori". February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  17. ^ Template:Es El Universal, 20 September 2009, Leopoldo López presenta a su hija Manuela por twitter
  18. ^ http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/chacao-mayor.html
  19. ^ Halvorssen, Thor (14 March 2012). "Hugo Chavez channels the dead". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  20. ^ Template:Es Muñoz, Ingrid Núñez and Nury Pineda Morán (January–June 2003). "Nuevos Partidos, Nuevos Liderazgos: Primero Justicia" (PDF). Cuestiones Políticas (30). IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ: 45–74. ISSN 0798-1406. Retrieved 19 October 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ Template:Es icon "Un Nuevo Tiempo juramentó nueva comisión política". Venevisión. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
  22. ^ Template:Es "Leopoldo López lanza movimiento Voluntad Popular en Carabobo". El informador. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  23. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Venezuela, 2005". U.S. State Department. 8 March 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  24. ^ Glabe, Scott L (22 November 2005). "New Organization Opens Fire on Chavez". The Dartmouth Review. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  25. ^ a b Diehl, Jackson (30 June 2008). "The Rival Chavez Won't Permit". The Washington Post. p. A11. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  26. ^ Template:Es icon "La Fiscalía investiga a un alcalde opositor por presuntas agresiones contra agentes del aeropuerto". Terra. 28 June 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  27. ^ a b c d Ingham, James (27 June 2008). "Testing Times Ahead for Chavez". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  28. ^ a b c d de Córdoba, José and Darcy Crowe (6 August 2008). "In Enacting Decrees, Chávez Makes New Power Grab". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
  29. ^ Gunson, Phil (7 August 2008). "More anger, protests over Venezuelan decrees". Miami Herald. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  30. ^ Alonso, Juan Francisco (31 July 2008). "IACHR finds unjustified procedural delay in case of Venezuelan Mayor". El Universal. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
  31. ^ a b Cancel, Daniel and Steven Bodzin (6 August 2008). "Venezuela Opposition Condemns Decrees, Court Decision (Update1)". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  32. ^ Gollust, David (7 August 2008). "US Calls Chavez' Rule by Decree Effort Worrisome". VOA News. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  33. ^ Cancel, Daniel and Steven Bodzin (7 August 2008). "Venezuela Opposition Pleads Decree Case to Trade Bloc (Update3)". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  34. ^ Template:Es icon "Declaran constitucionalidad del artículo 105 de la Ley de Contraloría". El Universal. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  35. ^ "Venezuelans protest against ban". BBC News. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
  36. ^ "The autocrat of Caracas". The Economist. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
  37. ^ James, Ian (6 August 2008). "Venezuelans protest Chavez's new socialist push". Associated Press. Retrieved 9 September 2008. [dead link‍] Also available at Foxnews.com.
  38. ^ Template:Es icon "Chocan con la Policía en Caracas". Siglo XXI. 6 August 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2008. [dead link‍]
  39. ^ "Tear gas used to break up Caracas protests". CNN. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2008. [dead link‍]
  40. ^ "Mercosur human rights commission arrives in Venezuela". El Universal. 6 August 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  41. ^ "Venezuelan politics contaminate Mercosur parliament session". MercoPress. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  42. ^ Romero, Simon (18 September 2008). "Report Accuses Chávez of Abusing Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  43. ^ Diehl, Jackson (30 June 2008). "The Rival Chávez Won't Permit". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  44. ^ a b c Toothaker, Christopher (26 December 2009). "Venezuelan seeks to revive anti-Chavez movement". Deseret News. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  45. ^ "Democracy and human rights in Venezuela". Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 30 December 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  46. ^ "Leading Venezuelan Activist, Leopoldo Lopez, to Testify Before Inter-American Commission on Human Rights". Business Wire. 23 March 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  47. ^ "Interview: Leopoldo López on Venezuela's Political Alternative". Americas Society. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  48. ^ "Venezuelan GAO denounces former Mayor Leopoldo López's subterfuge". Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Press Office. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  49. ^ Template:Es icon "Contraloría inhabilitó al alcalde Leopoldo López". El Tiempo. 13 June 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2006.
  50. ^ Template:Es icon "Contraloría inhabilita por tres años a Leopoldo López para las funciones públicas". El Universal. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
  51. ^ Template:Es icon "Caso de Leopoldo López llegó a Comisión de Contraloría". Cadena Global. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008. [dead link‍]
  52. ^ "Declaration of the Friends of the Inter-American Democratic Charter on the Venezuelan Decision Regarding the Ruling of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights". The Carter Center. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  53. ^ "Protests in Venezuela: A tale of two prisoners". The Economist. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  54. ^ Girish Gupta and Peter Wilson (13 February 2014). "Venezuelans in shock over protest deaths". USA Today.
  55. ^ "Opositor Leopoldo López con orden de captura por 'terrorismo'". El Universo. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  56. ^ Andrew Cawthorne and Diego Ore (14 February 2014). "Anti-Maduro protests persist in Venezuela, dozens jailed". Thomson Reuters.
  57. ^ Wallis, Daniel; Chinea, Eyanir (16 February 2014). "Venezuela's Lopez says ready for arrest at Tuesday march". reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  58. ^ Goodman, Joshua (18 February 2014). "Venezuela opposition leader jailed over protests". Associated Press. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  59. ^ "Descartan cargos de terrorismo y homicidio contra Leopoldo López". La Jornada. Mexico City. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  60. ^ "Venezuela: Trial of opposition leader an affront to justice and free assembly". Amnesty International. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  61. ^ "Venezuela: Violence Against Protesters, Journalists". Human Rights Watch. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  62. ^ Template:Es icon "Leopoldo López afirma que deben trabajar duro en las comunidades". informe21.com. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  63. ^ Template:Es icon "Leopoldo López llamó a crear una red popular por cada escuela"
  64. ^ Template:Es icon "Voluntad Popular cree que problema de inseguridad se puede solucionar". Secretaria General Iberoamerica. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  65. ^ Template:Es "Premio Transparencia 2008 para Leopoldo López". noticias24. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
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