Cannon River (Minnesota)

The Cannon River as seen from a snowshoe trail in Miesville Ravine Park Reserve on a winter day.

The Cannon River flows 112 miles (180 km) from Shields Lake near Faribault, Minnesota to Red Wing in the U.S. state of Minnesota, where it joins the Mississippi River. It drains a watershed approximately 1460 square miles (3,780 km²) in size.

The Cannon River has few rapids, but some can be difficult (Class II). Some have claimed lives, as has the confluence with the Little Cannon River in Cannon Falls. Canoes traversing the river must portage several dams; the low header dams are more dangerous than they appear to novices. Downed trees and logjams are extreme hazards in high water, as are low bridges. The river varies in width from 50 to 200 feet (15 to 60 m).

Water characteristics

The Cannon River in April at Welch

Stream flow usually peaks in early April. Very heavy rains can cause the river to flood. The dam at Lake Byllesby, does not affect water levels and canoeing downstream, because it maintains instantaneous flow-through. From Faribault, Minnesota to its mouth, the Cannon, a designated Minnesota Wild and Scenic River falls 280 feet (85 m), an average of 4.8 feet/mile (1 m/km). In its upper course, the river flows through the lake region of western Rice County. The chief tributary of the Cannon River is the Straight River, which enters the Cannon in Faribault. The Straight River is an important and scenic river in its own right. It originates in southern Steele County at Oak Glen Lake near Bixby.

Landscape

Bounded by rolling hills, bluffs, farmland, and woods in its upper reaches, dammed by H.M. Byllesby in 1910 for hydroelectric power to create Lake Byllesby Reservoir, the Cannon enters a broad gorge below Cannon Falls, where it is flanked by bluffs up to 300 feet (100 m) high. The Cannon River is underlaid with a variety of sedimentary rocks. The river valley created by cutting through these rocks produced rock outcrops of St. Peter Sandstone, the Prairie du Chien Group of dolomites and sandstone, and near the river's mouth, Jordan Sandstone and the St. Lawrence and Franconia formations.

Past the Falls, the river is in the Driftless Area of Minnesota, a region that remained ice free during the last ice age, allowing the river to carve a very impressive canyon. The upper region of the river is involved with terminal moraines and glacial drift and till, and is not in the Driftless Area.

Animals and plants

In the reservoirs and slow stretches above Faribault the most common game fish are northern pike, black crappies, bluegills, and bullheads. Downstream from Faribault the most common species are smallmouth bass, northern pike, walleye, and, in the stretch below Cannon Falls, Minnesota, channel catfish. Wildlife seen in the river valley includes white-tailed deer, beavers, otters, raccoons, bobcats, red fox, gray fox, and coyotes. Bald eagles are sighted near the Mississippi River.

The Dwarf Trout Lily is a rare plant present only in the Cannon River watershed.

The Cannon River

Cultural information

Evidence of human activity along Inyan Bosndata (Or "Standing Rock River" as the Cannon is named in the Dakota Indian language) goes back at least 12,000 years. By C.E. 1000 the Mississippian Culture, a tradition heavily dependent on agriculture, was established in southern Minnesota. An important part of the yearly cycle was the hunting of buffalo west of the Mississippi and the Big Woods. The Cannon served as a primary route from the Mississippi River valley to the plains of western Minnesota where bison were common. The Dakota were forced to surrender the area in the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and most Dakota (except for a small group south of Faribault) left the area after the Dakota War of 1862. The "Standing Rock" of the Dakota language name is Castle Rock, located two miles east of the village of Castle Rock, Minnesota.

The mouth of the Cannon River was a major center of this culture. In historic times Indians and traders frequently hid their canoes near the river's mouth, and so French fur traders called the stream La Riviere aux Canots, "the river of canoes." In 1877 there were 15 flour mills along the stretch of river between Faribault and Northfield alone. At Dundas, Minnesota travelers still can see the aging limestone walls of the Archibald Mill. The Cannon River also flows through the Science Center at the Maltby Nature Preserve in Randolph, Minnesota.

Adapted from the Minnesota DNR web site

Industry Information

  Ingenious flour millers along the Cannon River were responsible for many advances in flour milling technology. The inventions they made and the processes they developed changed milling around the world. The most important of these mills were situated along the Cannon River at Faribault, Dundas, and Northfield. If the names John North, John T. Archibald, Alexander Faribault, Edmund LaCroix, or Captain Jesse Ames mean anything to you, read more about it on the Historic Mills of the Cannon Valley website at http://www.cannonvalleymills.com.

Parks and recreation

The Miesville Ravine Park Reserve is located in the Cannon River valley near Miesville, Minnesota. The Cannon Valley Trail runs along the south bank of the river, between Cannon Falls and Red Wing and provides scenic views of surrounding farmland and the river valley. Sakatah Lake State Park is on a natural widening of the river near Waterville.

See also

• List of Minnesota rivers

External links

• Cannon River Watershed Partnership