E-4 process: Difference between revisions
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The '''E-4 process''' is a now outdated process for developing [[transparency (photography)|color reversal (transparency)]] photographic film. |
The '''E-4 process''' is a now outdated process for developing [[transparency (photography)|color reversal (transparency)]] photographic film. |
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The process is infamous for two reasons: |
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| ⚫ | First, its use of the highly toxic reversal agent Tertiary Butyl-Amine Borane (TBAB) (not to be jumbled with [[Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide]] which also has TBAB abbr.) – as of all boron hydrides. Early releases of the consumer-sized version of the chemistry provided the TBAB in the form of a tablet. This was later changed to loose powder (likely as a countermeasure against inadvertant ingestion of the substance). The use of the reversal agent permits processing of the film without the manual reexposure that its predecessor [[E-3 process|E-3]] required. Kodak's official Process E-6, which replaced Process E-4 for almost all applications, avoids the necessity of TBAB by adding a separate reversal bath containing the [[tin]] salt Stannous Chloride. |
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Second, the first two steps in the process are Prehardener and Neutralizer. When the prehardener is neutralized a noxious gas, which has been likened to tear gas, is generated. Process E-6 films are hardened during manufacture, eliminating the prehardener step and allowing them to be processed at 38°C (100°F). |
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The process is faster than E-3 and ran at 30°C (85°F, ± .5°F), about 6°C (10°F) higher than E-3. The ME-4 process was a motion picture variation of the E-4 process. |
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Process E-4 consisted of nine chemicals: |
Process E-4 consisted of nine chemicals: |
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Revision as of 09:14, 15 March 2014
- See also Ektachrome for full details of Kodak E-series processes.
The E-4 process is a now outdated process for developing color reversal (transparency) photographic film.
The process is infamous for two reasons:
First, its use of the highly toxic reversal agent Tertiary Butyl-Amine Borane (TBAB) (not to be jumbled with Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide which also has TBAB abbr.) – as of all boron hydrides. Early releases of the consumer-sized version of the chemistry provided the TBAB in the form of a tablet. This was later changed to loose powder (likely as a countermeasure against inadvertant ingestion of the substance). The use of the reversal agent permits processing of the film without the manual reexposure that its predecessor E-3 required. Kodak's official Process E-6, which replaced Process E-4 for almost all applications, avoids the necessity of TBAB by adding a separate reversal bath containing the tin salt Stannous Chloride.
Second, the first two steps in the process are Prehardener and Neutralizer. When the prehardener is neutralized a noxious gas, which has been likened to tear gas, is generated. Process E-6 films are hardened during manufacture, eliminating the prehardener step and allowing them to be processed at 38°C (100°F).
The process is faster than E-3 and ran at 30°C (85°F, ± .5°F), about 6°C (10°F) higher than E-3. The ME-4 process was a motion picture variation of the E-4 process.
Process E-4 consisted of nine chemicals:
Prehardener, Neutralizer, First Developer, First Stop Bath, Color Developer, Second Stop Bath, Bleach, Fixer, Stabilizer
Total darkness was required during the first four chemicals. Normal room light was used for the remaining five. Temperature tolerance was 1°F for Prehardener, 1/2°F for the two Developers, and 2°F all other steps.
The process was phased out in 1976 with the introduction of the E-6 process which was more environmentally friendly due to its lack of toxic chemicals.
Today the process is discontinued but was used up until 1996 for Kodak IE Color Infrared film. This was due to legal commitment by Kodak to provide the process for 30 years.
External links
Processing of older Ektachrome films (including Process E-4)
- Process C-22 UK and Europe
- Film Rescue USA and Canada
- Rocky Mountain USA
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