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{{Other uses|Planking (disambiguation){{!}}Planking|Plank}}
{{Other uses|Planking (disambiguation){{!}}Planking|Plank}}
[[File:playing The Lying Down Game at the geohash.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Planking in a field]]
[[File:playing The Lying Down Game at the geohash.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Planking in a field]]
'''Planking''' (or the '''Lying Down Game''') is an activity consisting of lying face down—sometimes in an unusual or incongruous location. Both hands must touch the sides of the [[Human body|body]].<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/6162412/The-lying-down-game-how-to-play.html |title=The lying down game: how to play |author=[Staff] |date=September 9, 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=November 13, 2010 |location=London}}</ref> Some players compete to find the most unusual and original location in which to play.<ref name="telegraph"/> The term planking refers to mimicking a wooden [[Plank (wood)|plank]]. Planking can include lying flat on a flat surface, or holding the body flat while it is supported in only some regions, with other parts of the body suspended. Many participants in planking have photographed the activity in unusual locations and have shared such pictures through [[social media]].
'''Planking''' (or the '''Lying Down Game''') is an activity consisting of lying face down—sometimes in an unusual or incongruous location. Both hands must touch the sides of the [[Human body|body]].<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/6162412/The-lying-down-game-how-to-play.html |title=The lying down game: how to play |author=[Staff] |date=September 9, 2009 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=November 13, 2010 |location=London}}</ref> Some players compete to find the most unusual and original location in which to play.<ref name="telegraph" /> The term planking refers to mimicking a wooden [[Plank (wood)|plank]]. Planking can include lying flat on a flat surface, or holding the body flat while it is supported in only some regions, with other parts of the body suspended. Many participants in planking have photographed the activity in unusual locations and have shared such pictures through [[social media]].


== History ==
== History ==
Line 41: Line 41:
* On 20 January 2012, [[Pat Barry (fighter)|Pat Barry]] planked on National Television, FOX televised worldwide, following a knockout victory over his opponent in a mixed martial arts match.<ref>[http://www.mmafighting.com/2012/01/20/ufc-on-fx-results-pat-barry-knocks-out-christian-morecraft/]. www.mmafighting.com (2012-01-20). Retrieved on 2012-01-23.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}
* On 20 January 2012, [[Pat Barry (fighter)|Pat Barry]] planked on National Television, FOX televised worldwide, following a knockout victory over his opponent in a mixed martial arts match.<ref>[http://www.mmafighting.com/2012/01/20/ufc-on-fx-results-pat-barry-knocks-out-christian-morecraft/]. www.mmafighting.com (2012-01-20). Retrieved on 2012-01-23.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}


* On "[[Faith Hilling]]", the 28 March 2012, episode of the animated American TV series ''[[South Park]]'', parodied trends such as planking.
* On "[[Faith Hilling]]", the 28 March 2012 episode of the animated American TV series ''[[South Park]]'', trends such as planking were parodied.


== Variations ==
== Variations ==
Line 55: Line 55:


=== Owling ===
=== Owling ===
'''Owling''' is a variation on planking in which a person [[Squatting position|squats]] "like an owl" in a populated and uncommon area. Participants commonly make noises similar to an owl, to make the owl impression more realistic.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/07/21/owling.meme/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=Forget planking -- who's up for owling? - CNN.com |author=Doug Gross, |work=cnn.com |year=2011 |accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> It was first documented on 11 July 2011 in a post on the social news website [[reddit]].<ref name=cnn/><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlE-K_FY2Wo Owling the new planking]. YouTube. Retrieved on 2012-01-19.</ref>
'''Owling''' is a variation on planking in which a person [[Squatting position|squats]] "like an owl" in a populated and uncommon area. Participants commonly make noises similar to an owl, to make the owl impression more realistic.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/07/21/owling.meme/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=Forget planking -- who's up for owling? - CNN.com |author=Doug Gross, |work=cnn.com |year=2011 |accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> It was first documented on 11 July 2011 in a post on the social news website [[reddit]].<ref name="cnn" /><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlE-K_FY2Wo Owling the new planking]. YouTube. Retrieved on 2012-01-19.</ref>


=== Horsemanning ===
=== Horsemanning ===
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==== Bradying ====
==== Bradying ====
After the loss to the [[New York Giants]] in [[Super Bowl XLVI]], a photograph of Patriots quarterback [[Tom Brady]] spread throughout the Internet, which involves sitting down with his head lowered and hands clasped between his legs. The picture took place after Brady threw an interception late in the game. Unlike "Gronking" and "Tebowing", '''Bradying''' is not considered as a "celebration". Many called Tebowing the pose of 2011, while calling Bradying the pose of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d826bf943/article/bradying-its-unfortunately-sure-to-catch-on |title=Bradying: It's unfortunately sure to catch on |publisher=NFL.com |date=2012-02-07 |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/thehuddle/post/2012/02/is-bradying-the-next-pose-to-sweep-the-nation/1 | title=Is Bradying the next pose to sweep the nation? | work=USA Today | date=2012-02-07}}</ref> However, Tebowing.com creator Jared Kleinstein claimed that the pose would not catch on for long, claiming it to be too negative.<ref name=HuffingtonPost>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/08/bradying-tebowing-tebow-tim-brady-super-bowl_n_1263230.html |title=Bradying vs. Tebowing: Tom Brady Pose In Super Bowl Loss Starts Internet Meme (VIDEO) |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>
After the loss to the [[New York Giants]] in [[Super Bowl XLVI]], a photograph of Patriots quarterback [[Tom Brady]] spread throughout the Internet, which involves sitting down with his head lowered and hands clasped between his legs. The picture took place after Brady threw an interception late in the game. Unlike "Gronking" and "Tebowing", '''Bradying''' is not considered as a "celebration". Many called Tebowing the pose of 2011, while calling Bradying the pose of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d826bf943/article/bradying-its-unfortunately-sure-to-catch-on |title=Bradying: It's unfortunately sure to catch on |publisher=NFL.com |date=2012-02-07 |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/thehuddle/post/2012/02/is-bradying-the-next-pose-to-sweep-the-nation/1 | title=Is Bradying the next pose to sweep the nation? | work=USA Today | date=2012-02-07}}</ref> However, Tebowing.com creator Jared Kleinstein claimed that the pose would not catch on for long, claiming it to be too negative.<ref name="HuffingtonPost">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/08/bradying-tebowing-tebow-tim-brady-super-bowl_n_1263230.html |title=Bradying vs. Tebowing: Tom Brady Pose In Super Bowl Loss Starts Internet Meme (VIDEO) |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>


==== Griffining ====
==== Griffining ====

Revision as of 09:03, 23 March 2014

Not to be confused with Plank (exercise).
For other uses, see Planking and Plank.
Planking in a field

Planking (or the Lying Down Game) is an activity consisting of lying face down—sometimes in an unusual or incongruous location. Both hands must touch the sides of the body.[1] Some players compete to find the most unusual and original location in which to play.[1] The term planking refers to mimicking a wooden plank. Planking can include lying flat on a flat surface, or holding the body flat while it is supported in only some regions, with other parts of the body suspended. Many participants in planking have photographed the activity in unusual locations and have shared such pictures through social media.

History

Pre-planking has been observed as early as a 1981 photograph wherein a Geneva Oliver, now a biology teacher in Florida, was observed pre-planking in Los Angeles International Airport.

The first recorded occurrence of planking was in 1994 when Tom Green performed a stunt he called "Dead Guy" for a cable TV show, which consisted of Green lying down on an Ottawa sidewalk without moving. Green, who was in an MTV show in the 1990s, is a comedian known for his pranks. He informed CNN about this video evidence and how it did not air on the show, stating that it was “a very obscure piece of video.”[2] Tom tweeted “Just found video of me #planking in 1994. I will post it soon. Let people know. :)” on July 12, 2011.[3]

However the video sketch was never aired. So when, in 1997, two bored school boys in Taunton started lying face-down in public places to amuse themselves and baffle onlookers they could not have known of Green's stunt. Gary Clarkson (then aged 15) and Christian Langdon (then aged 12) called it the "lying down game". As Clarkson puts it, "It was just a really stupid, random thing to do."[4][5]

The Lying Down Game remained within Clarkson and Langdon's circle of friends until 2007, when their friend Daniel Hoppin created a Facebook page for their craze. As Hoppin says, "We began a Facebook group to see who could get the craziest photo."[5]

The term "Planking" was coined by Sam Weckert, of Adelaide, South Australia, "Planking was a term myself and two other mates came up with in the summer of 2008".[5] Weckert created a Facebook fan page to share "planking" photos. After reports of the practice started appearing in the Australian media it grew rapidly and the meme became a global phenomenon.[6]

After reports of the craze in the British media in 2009,[7][8] the lying down game spread to the rest of the world.

Worldwide it has also been known as "extreme lying down" (2008, Australasia), "facedowns" (2010, USA and Ireland),[9][10] and "planking" (2011, Australia, New Zealand and worldwide).[11]

Variations (which appear to have arisen independently) include:

  • "시체놀이" ("playing dead") (2003, South Korea),[12] where participants play dead. Inspired by the manga character Crayon Shin-Chan.[13]
  • "à plat ventre" ("on one’s belly", 2004, France),[14][verification needed] (2005, France)[15] where participants pose as if they fell on the ground.

Controversies

The popularity of planking has generated a backlash.[16] Some people object to its ridiculous aspects; such as a girl planking with her head in a toilet, or a man planking on a stripper pole.[17] Also, planking in dangerous places has resulted in many injuries and at least one death.[18]

Notable incidents

  • On 15 May 2011, Acton Beale, a 20-year-old man, plunged to his death after reportedly "planking" on a seventh-floor balcony in Brisbane, Australia.[22] He eventually won a Darwin Award in 2011.[23]
  • On 29 May 2011, Max Key, son of New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, uploaded to Facebook a photograph of himself planking on a lounge suite, his father standing behind him. After the photograph was reproduced on the front page of the New Zealand Herald.[24] Confirming that the photograph was indeed genuine, Mr. Key remarked that he doesn't see anything wrong with planking when done safely.[25] Key was criticized for his appearance in the photograph with some going as far as to comment that he "killed" the meme.[26]
  • On 20 January 2012, Pat Barry planked on National Television, FOX televised worldwide, following a knockout victory over his opponent in a mixed martial arts match.[31][failed verification]
  • On "Faith Hilling", the 28 March 2012 episode of the animated American TV series South Park, trends such as planking were parodied.

Variations

Hadoukening

Hadoukening also known as Makankosappo, involves two or more people staging a “Ki attack” knockout sequence and photographing themselves in mid-action, posed like in the popular Japanese fighting arcade game Street Fighter or manga series Dragon Ball.[32]

Vadering

Vadering mimics Darth Vader’s Force Choke hold as one person has their hand up in a choking gesture, while their “victim” looks to be raised off the ground while clutching at their neck.[33][34]

Teapotting

Teapotting is one of the many variations of planking that arose shortly after planking went viral. Teapotting consists of bending the arms into the shape of a teapot, in reference to the children's song "I'm a Little Teapot". This variation was created by teachers in Mortlake College in an attempt to create a new 'craze' after noticing the amount of attention planking received.[35]

Owling

Owling is a variation on planking in which a person squats "like an owl" in a populated and uncommon area. Participants commonly make noises similar to an owl, to make the owl impression more realistic.[36] It was first documented on 11 July 2011 in a post on the social news website reddit.[36][37]

Horsemanning

Main article: Horsemanning

Horsemanning involves posing two people so that they appear to be a single body with a detached head and is a revival of a photography fad popular in the 1920s.[38] It is thought that the name comes from the Headless Horseman in Washington Irving's short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.[39]

Batmanning

Batmanning involves hanging upside down by the feet.[40][41][42]

Springing

Springing is a variation of planking that involves standing beside one or multiple spring riders in a children's outdoor playground, flicking the riders so they bounce backwards and forwards, then standing beside them with arms raised and imitating the spring shaking action.[43]

Tebowing

Tebowing is a phenomenon that began to spread in October 2011. It is an act of imitating National Football League quarterback Tim Tebow's fad of getting down on one knee, resting head in arm and praying, especially in a setting where others are doing something unrelated.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]

Gronking

Toucher and Rich, of Boston's 98.5FM sports talk radio station started a trend for New England Patriots fans to compete with Tebowing during the 2011 NFL season. Rob Gronkowski, a player for the Patriots, was known for spiking the football in a very characteristic manner. Replacing the football with any inanimate object and spiking it when Gronkowski made a touchdown became known as Gronking.[51]

Bradying

After the loss to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI, a photograph of Patriots quarterback Tom Brady spread throughout the Internet, which involves sitting down with his head lowered and hands clasped between his legs. The picture took place after Brady threw an interception late in the game. Unlike "Gronking" and "Tebowing", Bradying is not considered as a "celebration". Many called Tebowing the pose of 2011, while calling Bradying the pose of 2012.[52][53] However, Tebowing.com creator Jared Kleinstein claimed that the pose would not catch on for long, claiming it to be too negative.[54]

Griffining

Rookie Washington Redskins quarterback Robert Griffin III (RGIII)'s first NFL touchdown pass was an 88-yard pass play to Pierre Garcon against the New Orleans Saints. In the process of throwing the pass, Griffin was knocked to the ground, from which position he watched the rest of the play unfold. As Garcon streaked across the goal-line, Griffin, seated on the turf, thrust his hands in the air showing a #1 with both index fingers, thereby spawning the Griffining Internet meme.[55] The Griffining movement began in earnest when Brent from @BurgundyBlog tweeted, “How has the sitting-down-arms-up posture not yet incited a ‘Griffining’ meme?" Soon afterward the Griffining pose was featured on an ESPN segment and on the front page of The Washington Post. Robert Griffin III was later asked how he felt about the new meme by ESPN's Rick Reilly and he responded with, “Who would have thought getting knocked on your butt and throwing a touchdown would start a phenomenon like that?” Griffin said. “I’m not opposed to it. It’s pretty funny to me.[56][57]

Kaepernicking

In the 2012-13 NFC Divisional Playoffs between the San Francisco 49ers and Green Bay Packers, 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick celebrated a touchdown by flexing his right arm and kissing his bicep.[58] Afterwards, 49ers fans began posting photos online of themselves performing the pose, and Kaepernick had retweeted other fans' photos of the pose on Twitter.[59] However, USA Today pointed out that Kaepernicking has been performed by athletes prior to the game, including wrestler Scott Steiner, Steve Nash, and Metta World Peace.[60] Kaepernick later trademarked the pose.[61]

  • Planking across a gap between cushion-seats
    Planking across a gap between cushion-seats
  • Planking the street lights
    Planking the street lights
  • Planking (and owling) in the Snow
    Planking (and owling) in the Snow
  • Three people plank the Taj Mahal
    Three people plank the Taj Mahal
  • Batmanning
    Batmanning
  • Tim Tebow Tebowing
    Tim Tebow Tebowing

References

  1. ^ a b [Staff] (September 9, 2009). "The lying down game: how to play". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  2. ^ Duke, Alan. "New clues in planking origins mystery". CNN Entertainment. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  3. ^ Bershad, Jon. "You Know That Internet Phenomenon 'Planking'? Seems That Tom Green Invented It In 1994". Mediaite. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  4. ^ Meltzer, Tom (16 May 2011). "Planking: a brief history". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  5. ^ a b c [Staff] (16 May 2011). "Who, What, Why: What is planking?". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  6. ^ http://www.skynews.com.au/national/article.aspx?id=612302&vId=
  7. ^ a b [Staff] (9 September 2009). "'Lying down' NHS staff suspended". BBC News Magazine. London. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  8. ^ [Staff] ([undated]). "The lying down game on Facebook". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved November 13, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Guzman, Monica (March 26, 2010). "'And here I am facedown by the Coliseum'". Seattle PI. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  10. ^ Byrne, Niall (May 14, 2010). "Facedown on the up". Irish Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  11. ^ Russel, Mathew. "Planking Gladstone". Queensland Police. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
  12. ^ "People Playing Dead In Public Locations". 9 July 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  13. ^ "Planking Fails". 16 August 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  14. ^ Brad [pseud.], amanda b. [pseud.], yatta [pseud.], Tomberry [pseud.], James [pseud.] (2011) "Lying Down Game" Emily Huh (ed.), Brad Kim (ed.) Know your Meme Seattle and New York: Cheezburger Inc.. available online
  15. ^ "a-plat-ventre's blog - Tous A Plat Ventre !!!". Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  16. ^ I Hate Planking
  17. ^ Wright, Danielle (2011-07-06). "Planking: What's All the Controversy About?". BET. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  18. ^ "'Planking' death puts spotlight on bizarre Web craze". CNN. 2011-05-18.
  19. ^ Simon de Bruxelles (September 10, 2009). "Seven NHS staff suspended over Facebook 'Lying Down Game' pictures". The Times. London. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  20. ^ Richard Savill (September 9, 2009). "Hospital staff suspended over Facebook 'lying down game' pictures". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  21. ^ The Times [Staff] (September 10, 2009). "Internet Craze 'Lying Down Game' Gets 7 Doctors, Nurses Suspended in Emergency Ward". Fox News. Retrieved November 13, 2010. Using content from The Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  22. ^ "Australia man plunges to 'planking' death - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
  23. ^ "Darwin awards". Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  24. ^ "PM's son named 'New Zealand's top planker'" Yahoo News/AFP (31 May 2011)
  25. ^ "PM says a safe plank fine by him". One News. 31 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  26. ^ Did John Key kill planking meme?. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved on 2012-01-19.
  27. ^ Golliver, Ben (2011-09-02). "Dwight Howard planks with 100 fans in China". CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
  28. ^ Gardner, Sam. "Dwight Howard planks with 100 fans in China". FS Florida. FoxSports.com. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  29. ^ "The Office - Planking (Season 8) FULL". YouTube. 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  30. ^ "The Office Tries Planking for its Season Premier www.huffingtonpost.com 9-23-2011". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  31. ^ [1]. www.mmafighting.com (2012-01-20). Retrieved on 2012-01-23.
  32. ^ Prakash, Neha. "Hadouken Meme Strikes Internet Like Lighting".
  33. ^ huffingtonpost france. "PHOTOS. Le Vadering : après le Harlem Shake et le "kamehameha", la nouvelle mode photo des internautes". huffingtonpost france.
  34. ^ Perez, Daniel. "Vadering Meme Features Darth Vader's Force Choke". ubergizmo.
  35. ^ "Forget planking – now it's teapotting". General. Examiner. 28 July 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  36. ^ a b Doug Gross, (2011). "Forget planking -- who's up for owling? - CNN.com". cnn.com. Retrieved 22 July 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  37. ^ Owling the new planking. YouTube. Retrieved on 2012-01-19.
  38. ^ Bentley, Paul (12 August 2011). "Off their heads! 1920s photography craze for 'horsemanning' has a very modern makeover". Daily Mail. London.
  39. ^ 'Planking' is Dead; Long Live 'Horsemaning' [SLIDESHOW] – International Business Times. Ibtimes.com (2011-08-11). Retrieved on 2012-01-19.
  40. ^ Forget planking, it's Batmanning Sept 7 2011, The Sun
  41. ^ "Holy cow! Now students develop another craze... Batmanning". Daily Mail. London. 10 September 2011.
  42. ^ Batmanning is a Christian Bale stunt with an Adam West flavour Sept 11 2011, The Guardian's Sam Leith
  43. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msACh901YzU
  44. ^ Hess, Joshua (2 November 2011). "Embracing 'Tebowing'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  45. ^ Foster, Daniel. "Tebow's Religion, and Ours". National Review. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  46. ^ "He's going to be an NFL fan! Ultrasound shows unborn baby 'Tebowing'". The Daily Mail. London. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  47. ^ Steinmetz, Katy (9 November 2011). "Wednesday Words: Herman's 'Cain-Wreck,' Male Cleavage and More". TIME. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  48. ^ Maske, Mark (2 December 2011). "Tim Tebow's faith makes for controversial NFL stardom but wins keep mystique alive". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  49. ^ Jones, Lindsay. "The story behind the "Tebowing" craze". Denver Post. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  50. ^ Christopher Hunt (December 16, 2011). "High schoolers banned for Tebowing". ESPN New York. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
  51. ^ Toucher & Rich: Patriots Rob Gronkowski Talks Denver Broncos Defense, 'Gronking' « CBS Boston. Boston.cbslocal.com (2011-12-15). Retrieved on 2012-01-19.
  52. ^ "Bradying: It's unfortunately sure to catch on". NFL.com. 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  53. ^ "Is Bradying the next pose to sweep the nation?". USA Today. 2012-02-07.
  54. ^ "Bradying vs. Tebowing: Tom Brady Pose In Super Bowl Loss Starts Internet Meme (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  55. ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000061174/article/say-hello-to-griffining-the-nfls-new-tebowing
  56. ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dc-sports-bog/post/a-scoring-pass-an-unintentional-pose-griffining-is-born/2012/09/16/664cc92a-0020-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_blog.html
  57. ^ http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2012/09/griffining-is-the-next-tebowing-photos/1
  58. ^ "'Kaepernicking' craze takes off after 49ers win". WGHP. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  59. ^ Associated Press (2013-01-14). "'Kaepernicking' Is All the Craze After 49ers Win". ABC News. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  60. ^ Strauss, Chris (2013-01-14). "'Kaepernicking' gesture rips off World Peace, pro wrestler". USA Today. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  61. ^ Sessler, Marc (2013-01-23). "Colin Kaepernick trademarking signature pose name". National Football League. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
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