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===Regulation===
===Regulation===
The disaster raised questions about the regulation of shipping in South Korean. Shipping there is regulated by the [[Korean Shipping Association]], which is also an industry trade group, which experts consider a likely [[conflict of interest]]. In addition, government regulators outside the Association frequently move to jobs as part of the association after their government service, and vice versa. Yun Jong-hwui, a professor at Korea Maritime and Ocean University notes that while South Korean regulations are strong, they are often poorly enforced.<ref name=insoonam/>
The disaster raised questions about the regulation of shipping in South Korean. Shipping there is regulated by the [[Korean Shipping Association]], which is also an industry trade group, which experts consider a likely [[conflict of interest]]. In addition, government regulators outside the Association frequently move to jobs as part of the association after their government service, and vice versa, an problem known as a [[Revolving door (politics)|revolving door]]. Yun Jong-hwui, a professor at Korea Maritime and Ocean University notes that while South Korean regulations are strong, they are often poorly enforced.<ref name=insoonam/>


==Reactions==
==Reactions==

Revision as of 22:13, 23 April 2014

Sinking of the MV Sewol
Sinking of MV Sewol is located in South Korea
Sinking location
Sinking location
Point of departure Incheon 　
Point of departure
Incheon 　
Destination Jeju City 　
Destination
Jeju City 　
Sinking of MV Sewol (South Korea)
Date16 April 2014 (2014-04-16)
Location2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) off Gwanmae Island, Jindo County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea
Coordinates34°14′23″N 125°51′59″E / 34.239833°N 125.866361°E / 34.239833; 125.866361
Deaths159[1]
Missing143[1]
On board476[2][3]
Survivors174[1][4]

Template:Contains Korean text The sinking of the MV Sewol (Template:Lang-ko; Hanja: 世越號沈沒事故[5]) occurred on 16 April 2014 en route to Jeju from Incheon. The South Korean ferry capsized while carrying 476 people, mostly secondary school students from Danwon High School (Ansan City).[6] The 6,825-ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) off Gwanmaedo Island at 08:58 Korea Standard Time (23:58 UTC, 15 April 2014).

Many passengers were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels, which were first on the scene before the arrival approximately 30 minutes later of the South Korean coast guard and ROK Navy ships, backed by helicopters.[7][8] There are ongoing rescue efforts by the South Korean government, the United States Navy, civilian groups and individuals.

The last major ferry disaster in South Korea is in October 1993, when 292 of the 362 passengers on board died.[9][10]

Background

Ship

MV Sewol
MV Sewol as it appeared at the port of Incheon
History
Namelist error: <br /> list (help)
Ferry Naminoue (1994–2012)
Sewol (2013–2014)
Ownerlist error: <br /> list (help)
Oshima Unyu, Kagoshima, Japan (1994–2007)
A-Line Ferry Company, Kagoshima, Japan (2007–2012)
Chonghaejin Marine Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea (2012–2014)
Port of registrylist error: <br /> list (help)
Naze, Japan (1994–2012)
Incheon, South Korea (2012–2014)
BuilderHayashikane Dockyard, Nagasaki, Japan
Yard number1006
Launched13 April 1994
CompletedJune 1994
IdentificationIMO number: 9105205
FateCapsized and sank on 16 April 2014
General characteristics
TypeRoPax ferry
Tonnagelist error: <br /> list (help)
6,835 GT
3,794 DWT
Lengthlist error: <br /> list (help)
146.61 m (481 ft 0 in) (as built)
157.02 m (515.16 ft)
Beam22.00 m (72 ft 2 in)
Height14.00 m (45 ft 11 in)
Draught6.26 m (20 ft 6 in)*
Installed powerlist error: <br /> list (help)
2 × Diesel United-Pielstick 12PC2-6V-400
11,912 kW (15,974 hp) (combined)
Propulsionlist error: <br /> list (help)
Two shafts; fixed pitch propellers
Bow and stern thrusters
Speed21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph)
Capacitylist error: <br /> list (help)
As Sewol: 960 passengers
88 cars
60 8-ton trucks
Original capacity was 804 passengers, 90 cars and 60 trucks
Crew36

MV Sewol (Template:Lang-ko, literally Beyond the world; 2012–14), previously Ferry Naminoue or Naminoue-Maru (Template:Lang-ja; 1994–2012) was built by the Japanese company Hayashikane (Template:Lang-ja).[11] At 146 m (479 ft) in length and 22 m (72 ft) in width,[12] it could carry 921 passengers[13] – a maximum capacity, including the crew, of 956.[11] It had been reported to have space for 180[11] or 220 cars[14] and could carry 152 twenty-foot shipping containers.[11] The maximum speed of the ship was 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph).[14]

Ferry Naminoue operated in Japan for 18 years from 1994.[12] In October 2012 the ship was bought by Cheonghaejin Marine Company, Incheon, renamed Sewol and refurbished.[15][16] Modifications included adding extra passenger cabins on the third, fourth and fifth decks, raising the passenger capacity by 181, and increasing the weight of the ship by 239 tons.[17] After regulatory and safety checks by the government of South Korea and the Korean Register of Shipping (KR), the ship began its operation in South Korea on 15 March 2013.[17] The ship then made two or three round-trips every week from Incheon to Jeju.[11][15] It was reported that Sewol again passed a vessel safety inspection by the South Korean coast guard on 19 February 2014 following an Intermediate Survey to ensure the ship remains in a general condition which satisfies KR's requirements.[11][18]

Passengers

The Ministry of Security and Public Administration vice-minister, Lee Gyeon-og, stated that there were 459 people aboard, the majority of whom were high school students who were on their way to a four day field trip: 30 crew members, 325 high school students of Danwon High School, 15 school teachers and 89 non-student passengers were aboard the ship.[2] Other reports put the number of passengers between 450 and 476.[19]

Capsizing

Sailing route, Position

The ship departed Incheon on the evening of 15 April after a 2-hour fog delay.[20] The frequently-traveled 400-kilometre (250 mi) route from Incheon to Jeju usually took 13.5 hours,[21] but on the morning of 16 April the ship began to take on water.[22] The capsizing began about 25 kilometres (16 mi) off the southwest coast.[23] While a full scientific accident investigation has yet to be completed, by day two of the incident some officials had attributed the cause to a sharp left turn,[24] made between 8:48 and 8:49 am KST,[25] that was quickly followed by the initial on-take of water.[26] At the time of the accident, conditions were calm and the area did not contain rocks or reefs.[21] Passengers reported feeling a tilt of the ship.[27]

At the time of the accident, the captain was in his private cabin[28] and the third mate was at the helm.[29] Immediately after the accident, the captain is reported to have returned to the bridge and attempted to re-balance the ship.[21] At 8:55 am, the ferry established contact with the Jeju vessel traffic service (VTS) and asked the Jeju VTS to notify the coast guard that the ship was rolling and in danger.[30] At 8:58, the ferry was reported to the coast guard to be capsizing[31] by a parent whose child had asked for a rescue.[32] Soon afterwards, a loud 'bang' was reportedly heard.[27] The captain then told passengers to stay in their rooms.[33] Passengers were repeatedly ordered not to move over the intercom[27] by the communications officer.[26]

The ship then began communicating with the Jindo VTS, which was closer to its location.[34] At 9:06 am, the Jindo VTS attempted to establish contact with Sewol, which it did at 9:07 am. At this point, the crew confirmed to VTS that the ferry was capsizing. At 9:14 am, the crew stated that the ship's tilting made evacuation impossible. At 9:18 am, the crew reported that the ferry had tilted more than 50 degrees to port.[35] This was later confirmed by the Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters (중앙재난안전대책본부 or 중앙재난대책안전본부).[36] At 9:23 am, VTS ordered the crew to inform the passengers to wear personal flotation devices, and told the crew to personally order the passengers to wear thick clothes or lifebuoys when the crew replied that the broadcasting equipment was out of order.[35]

On 9:25 am, VTS asked the captain to decide whether to evacuate the ship, stating that VTS did not have enough information to make the decision. When the captain inquired about the rescue, VTS replied that patrol boats were due to arrive in 10 minutes and a helicopter in one minute. The captain then replied that there were too many passengers for the helicopter.[35] Around 9:30 am, the captain gave orders to evacuate the ship, though the order may not have been relayed to all the passengers.[25] On 9:33 am, after confirming that nearby ships had volunteered to help in the rescue operations, VTS requested lifeboats to be dropped overboard for the passengers. At 9:38 am, all communications were cut off between VTS and the ferry. About three minutes after all communications were cut, about 150 to 160 passengers and crew jumped overboard.[35]

The ship took two and a half hours to sink.[37] By around 11:18 am, the bow of the ship was submerged, with a section about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high and 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft) long showing above the water. At 8 am on 16 April, only 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) of the bow was above water.[38] As of 1:03 pm, the ship was completely submerged.[39]

There were reports that passengers were able to send text messages to friends and family as the vessel sank,[40] but an investigation by the Cyber Terror Response Center found that passengers on board had not used their phones from noon on the 16th to 10 am on the 17th and determined that text messages received from passengers during that period must be fake.[41]

Ocean temperatures in the area where the ship capsized were around 12 °C (54 °F); at that temperature the time before the onset of hypothermia is approximately 90 minutes.[42]

Rescue operations

Sewol as it was capsizing; picture taken on 10:00 am, KST 16 April

At 8:58 am KST, 16 April, units from the Republic of Korea Navy were sent to help in the rescue effort.[43] At 9:04 am, the Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters (중앙재난안전대책본부 or 중앙재난대책안전본부) was created by the government of South Korea. At 9:10 am, a rescue operations headquarters was set up in the South Korean coast guard.[44] At 9:35 am, The Korean Ministry of National Defense started operating Counter-disaster Headquarters (재난대책본부).[45] At 9:40 am, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries declared the accident to be the highest state of emergency in terms of naval accidents; consequently, the Central Accident Response Headquarters (중앙사고수습본부) was established.[46] At the same time, the Ministry of Health and Welfare sent emergency vehicles and the first squad of the Disaster Medical Support Team (재난의료지원팀) to Jindo.[47]

Naval forces include the 3rd Fleet (제3함대; 第三艦隊) soldiers, a Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship, a Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyer, and an Ulsan-class frigate. The Republic of Korea Air Force sent support units such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk, and HH-47 variant of the Boeing CH-47 Chinook. The Republic of Korea Army sent units including 150 Special Warfare Command soldiers and 11 ambulances.[48]

  • 17 April – As of 6 am KST, 171 ships, 29 aircraft and 30 divers were involved in the rescue effort.[49] The Korea Coast Guard had assigned 20 divers in teams of two. The Republic of Korea Navy had also assigned 8 divers. There were also civilian efforts.[49] By 3:32 pm KST, the number of divers had increased to 555.[50][51]
  • 18 April – At 10:50 am divers had entered the capsized ship's hull despite strong tides, darkness and presence of silt in water,[52] but they could not reach the passenger area,[53] though they were trying to pump oxygen at high pressure in the hope that some of the missing passengers might have survived in the air pocket inside the vessel.[54]
  • 19 April – At 5:40 three bodies were recovered from the passenger cabins on the fourth floor of the ship by divers for the first time.[55] The coast guard plan to lift the boat by two to three meters on consent of the divers if they found it safe, for which three cranes have arrived at the spot.[56]

Survivors

Initial reports stated that rescuers retrieved 368 people from cold waters as the passengers, mostly school students, had jumped overboard when the vessel started sinking, but the South Korean government later corrected this statement, saying 295 passengers remained missing.[57]

Early in the rescue efforts, a 27-year-old female crew member was found dead inside the sinking vessel and a male high school student died shortly after arriving at hospital.[58][59]

In its 17 April morning edition, The Chosun Ilbo reported that 174 people had been rescued, 4 had died, and 284 were missing.[31] According to CNN and its affiliate YTN, six people died.[3] News1 Korea reported that, as of 8 am KST on 17 April 179 people had been rescued, 6 had died and 290 were missing.[49] Three more people were found dead at 11 am KST and the confirmed death toll rose to 9.[60] At 10 pm KST, Yonhap news confirmed that the death toll had risen to 14.[61] By the morning of 18 April, the death toll had risen to 28.[62] On 19 April, the death toll rose to 36.[63] By 20 April, the death toll reached 49.[64][65]

Foreign response

U.S. Marines assigned to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit responding to the scene of South Korean passenger ship Sewol that sank 16 April 2014.
  • The Japan Coast Guard offered support with a message of sympathy and condolences from the Japanese government, but the South Korean coast guard declined the offer, saying that while the offer was welcome, special assistance was not needed on this occasion.[69]

Investigation

The ROK Coast Guard launched an investigation on the events of the day of the accident, mostly centered around the captain,[70] Lee Joon-seok.

Causes

The ROK Coast Guard has reached the provisional conclusion that a sudden turn and the consequent shift of the cargo was the cause of the accident.[24] However, other sources have commented on the causes of the accident.[24]

Sudden-turn theory

A sudden turn of the ship (Template:Lang-ko; Hanja: 變針) was suspected as the cause since the onset of the investigation.[70][71] The analysis of the Automatic Identification System of the ship confirmed a sudden turn and supported the theory.[70] As of 17 April, the sudden turn is officially determined by the ROK Coast Guard as the cause.[24]

Lee Sang-Yun (Template:Lang-ko), a professor and head of the environment/maritime technology institute of the Pukyong National University also advocated that there were multiple causes, but put forward a theory of a progression of the capsizing through 6 steps. The steps are: 1. Abnormal speeds during traveling (contradicts the fact that Automatic Identification System (AIS) showed that it had been traveling at around 17 to 18 knots before slowing to 5 to 6 knots) ; 2. Passing quickly in a section in which the flow velocity has an average of 8 km/hr and an appearance of an obstacle (such as a wave); 3. A sudden turn to avoid this obstacle; 4. The initial sideways flop; 5. Flooding of the ship; 6. Consequent capsizing. Lee argues against the "explosion theory" by attributing the sounds of the "explosion" to the fourth step and the sound of the cargo shifting.[72]

Overloading

South Korean prosecutors have alleged that the ferry was seriously overloaded. The Chonghaejin Marine Co., the ferry operator, reported to the Korean Register of Shipping by radio that it was carrying 3608 tons of cargo when it left Incheon; however, the ship was only rated for a maximum of 987 tons of cargo. Officials from Chonghaejin were banned from leaving the country while prosecutors investigated.[73]

Renovation theory

Kim Gill-Soo (Template:Lang-ko), a professor of maritime transport technological department in the Korea Maritime University argued that the addition of extra passenger cabins on the third, fourth and fifth decks was the main cause behind the accident. He argued that the addition caused the center of gravity to shift 51 centimetres (1.67 ft) higher and that forces from inside and outside were the cause of the incident, not the sudden turn.[17][74][75] Detained crew members told investigators that the ship was unstable and difficult to steer. While the renovations were approved as meeting safety standards, prosecutors are investigating whether the renovations actually did and if there were further modifications that weren't part of the approved renovations.[73]

Explosion theory

Gong Gil-Young (Template:Lang-ko), a professor of aviation engineering in the Korea Maritime University, has commented that the sudden turn was simply the 'first cause' and that there were secondary causes to the incident. He advocated an explosion as the most probable secondary cause.[76]

Reef collision theory

At the beginning of the investigation, the ROK Coast Guard thought that the cause was a collision with a reef, believing this likely because the area was foggy.[77] The captain denied this was the cause of the accident,[78] and a reef collision has been dismissed as a cause by consensus among experts.[79] The theory is also not currently advocated by the Coast Guard.[24]

Conduct of the captain

Captain Lee Jun-Seok was one of the first to leave the ship to safety after the disaster. Such conduct is a violation of the maritime principle that the captain goes down with the ship, that is, the captain should remain on board until everyone is rescued, and if unable to rescue everyone, should die trying. Lee was condemned by maritime experts for his action, frequently being compared to Francesco Schettino, captain during the Costa Concordia disaster. South Korean law explicitly requires captains to remain on the ship during a disaster.[80] Prosecutors sought to arrest Lee after state prosecutor Park Jae-Eok said that he was not present in charge of the ship at the time of the incidents and that the third mate was at the helm.[81][82] Others arrested with Lee were a helmsman and the third officer. Two days later, four more men were also arrested. South Korean President Park Geun-hye said that the behaviour of the captain and some of the crew was "utterly incomprehensible, unacceptable and tantamount to murder" and that it was "utterly unimaginable, legally and ethically." Lee Ju-young, the minister for maritime policies, was heckled when meeting family members of victims.[83]

Regulation

The disaster raised questions about the regulation of shipping in South Korean. Shipping there is regulated by the Korean Shipping Association, which is also an industry trade group, which experts consider a likely conflict of interest. In addition, government regulators outside the Association frequently move to jobs as part of the association after their government service, and vice versa, an problem known as a revolving door. Yun Jong-hwui, a professor at Korea Maritime and Ocean University notes that while South Korean regulations are strong, they are often poorly enforced.[73]

Reactions

South Korean President Park Geun-hye ordered maximum efforts to rescue as many survivors as possible.[84] On 17 April, Park visited the accident site.[70] Political candidates for local offices temporarily stopped campaigns.[70] Lee Gyeong-og added that the immediate focus was on rescue measures.

Barack Obama, President of the United States, sent his condolences and stated that the United States would help in the search for survivors.[85] Truong Tan Sang, the president of Vietnam, as well as the deputy prime minister and the minister of foreign affairs sent their condolences to Yun Byung-se, Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs.[86] Xi Jinping, the president of China[87] and Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong sent their condolences to the president of South Korea.[88] Several officials from North Korea also sent condolences to the families of those missing.

Aftermath

On 17 April, a representative of the Cheonghaejin Marine Company apologised for the incident.[89]

Kang Min-kyu, 52, the vice principal of the Danwon High School which many of the victims attended, was rescued from the ship but was later found hanging from a tree in Jindo, near the gymnasium where relatives of the victims were camped. Police stated that he used his belt to hang himself and a note was found in his wallet.[90] According to the two-page note, he had organized the field trip that had brought the high school party aboard the ship. "Surviving alone is too painful when 200 lives are unaccounted for... I take full responsibility."[82][91] The note ended with a request that his body be cremated and the ashes scattered over the site of the accident, "that I might be a teacher in heaven to those kids whose bodies have not been found." [92]

See also

References

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  5. ^ 세월호 '미스터리'-세모해운의 후신?,Newsis, 2013-04-19
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  18. ^ Sewol Becomes 100th Passenger Vessel Lost Since 2002 gCaptain Maritime Community site, 16 April 2014
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  33. ^ Wong, Gillian; Kim, Hyung-Jin (20 April 2014). "Confusion Over Ferry Evacuation May Have Added to Death Toll". ABC News. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  34. ^ Chappell, Bill (20 April 2014). "Ferry Transcript Shows Confusion And Panic: 'Please Come Quickly'". NPR. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
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    • Translation by npr here
  36. ^ Gi (기), SeungHoon (성훈) (17 April 2014). "[일문일답]"침몰 세월호 내부수색 아직까지 못했다"". Moneytoday News (in Korean). Moneytoday. Retrieved 21 April 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Drew, Christopher; Mouawad, Jad (19 April 2014). "Breaking Proud Tradition, Captains Flee and Let Others Go Down With Ship". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
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  41. ^ "<여객선침몰> 경찰 "SNS '살아 있다' 메시지 전부 가짜"(종합)". Yonhap News (in Korean). Yonhap. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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