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== World War II ==
== World War II ==
During the [[Norwegian Campaign]] in 1940 Hauge took part in the defence of [[Rjukan]] from 9 April onwards.<ref>Johnsen 1956: p. 101</ref><ref name=heh/> He had recently graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy as anti-aircraft officer, and commanded an improvised heavy machine gun company fighting at Rjukan as a lieutenant until the forces there were dissolved on 3 May 1940.<ref>Haga 1984: p. 19</ref><ref>Johnsen 1956: pp. 116-173</ref> Although Rjukan and the entire county of [[Telemark]] was considered by the Norwegian military leadership as having no strategic value, it was nonetheless defended following requests by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. The Allies wanted the [[Heavy water#Norway|heavy water]] production facilities at Rjukan defended against the advancing German forces.<ref>Johnsen 1956: pp. 84, 289</ref>{{#tag:ref|The German-controlled production of heavy water at [[Vemork]] near Rjukan ended in 1943, after a [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|successful sabotage action]] by operatives from [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]] and a bombing raid by American heavy bombers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kraglund |first=Ivar |authorlink=Ivar Kraglund |editor=Dahl, Hans Fredrik |encyclopedia=[[Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45]] |title=tungvannssabotasjonen |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/f/f3.html#fleischer-carl |accessdate=24 April 2014 |edition= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn= |doi= |pages= |quote= |language=Norwegian |editor-link= Hans Fredrik Dahl }}</ref>|group=Note}} After the end of the fighting in Rjukan, Hauge attempted to make his way through Sweden to the [[Battle of Narvik|still Norwegian-controlled]] areas in Northern Norway, but was handed over to the Germans by Swedish officials. Having been held as a prisoner by the Germans in [[Trondheim]] until June 1940, he made contact with the resistance movement later in 1940.<ref>Haga 1984: p. 20</ref> He was arrested in December 1940,<ref name=fangenskap>{{cite book|title=Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940&ndash;1945 |editor-first=Kristian |editor-last=Ottosen|editor-link=Kristian Ottosen |page=292 |publisher=Universitetsforlaget |location=Oslo |year=2004 |origyear=1995 |edition=2 }}</ref> due to the disclosure of a resistance group, but was released shortly before Christmas, on parole with obligation to report to the [[German occupation of Norway|German occupants]].<ref>Haga 1984: pp. 19</ref> Fearing further consequences, he decided to flee to Sweden. Here he was given tickets to travel the "long way" to Britain: aircraft to Moscow, further with train over Odessa, by boat over the Black Sea, further with ship from Suez around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], finally ending up in [[Glasgow]] in September 1941. In Great Britain he joined the [[Norwegian Armed Forces in exile]], where he served as second-in-command of Company 4 of the Norwegian Brigade.<ref>Haga 1984: pp. 20&ndash;22</ref> In June 1942 two infantry troops from this company were sent to a [[shock troops]] training course at [[Fort William, Scotland|Fort William]].<ref>Fjærli 1982: p. 186.</ref> In August 1942 Hauge was given the command of ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' of the [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando]],<ref name=heh/><ref>van der Bijl 2006: p. 8.</ref> with the rank of Captain. Hauge was authorized to select volunteers from the whole Norwegian Brigade, but with the core from Company 4 which recently had undergone the shock troops training course. The unit was initially based in [[Nefyn]] in Wales, and they had to go through a standard three weeks ''Commando Hardening Course'' in [[Achnacarry]] before they were accepted as commandos.<ref>Fjærli 1982: pp. 187&ndash;188.</ref>
During the [[Norwegian Campaign]] in 1940 Hauge took part in the defence of [[Rjukan]] from 9 April onwards.<ref>Johnsen 1956: p. 101</ref><ref name=heh/> He had recently graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy as anti-aircraft officer, and commanded an improvised heavy machine gun company fighting at Rjukan as a lieutenant until the forces there were dissolved on 3 May 1940.<ref>Haga 1984: p. 19</ref><ref>Johnsen 1956: pp. 116-173</ref> Although Rjukan and the entire county of [[Telemark]] was considered by the Norwegian military leadership as having no strategic value, it was nonetheless defended following requests by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. The Allies wanted the [[Heavy water#Norway|heavy water]] production facilities at Rjukan defended against the advancing German forces.<ref>Johnsen 1956: pp. 84, 289</ref>{{#tag:ref|The German-controlled production of heavy water at [[Vemork]] near Rjukan ended in 1943, after a [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|successful sabotage action]] by operatives from [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]] and a bombing raid by American heavy bombers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kraglund |first=Ivar |authorlink=Ivar Kraglund |editor=Dahl, Hans Fredrik |encyclopedia=[[Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45]] |title=tungtvannssabotasjonen |url=http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/d2e8afecb1aba47bf48bb3cd246dd070?index=0 |accessdate=24 April 2014 |edition= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |id= |isbn= |doi= |pages= |quote= |language=Norwegian |editor-link= Hans Fredrik Dahl }}</ref>|group=Note}} After the end of the fighting in Rjukan, Hauge attempted to make his way through Sweden to the [[Battle of Narvik|still Norwegian-controlled]] areas in Northern Norway, but was handed over to the Germans by Swedish officials. Having been held as a prisoner by the Germans in [[Trondheim]] until June 1940, he made contact with the resistance movement later in 1940.<ref>Haga 1984: p. 20</ref> He was arrested in December 1940,<ref name=fangenskap>{{cite book|title=Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940&ndash;1945 |editor-first=Kristian |editor-last=Ottosen|editor-link=Kristian Ottosen |page=292 |publisher=Universitetsforlaget |location=Oslo |year=2004 |origyear=1995 |edition=2 }}</ref> due to the disclosure of a resistance group, but was released shortly before Christmas, on parole with obligation to report to the [[German occupation of Norway|German occupants]].<ref>Haga 1984: pp. 19</ref> Fearing further consequences, he decided to flee to Sweden. Here he was given tickets to travel the "long way" to Britain: aircraft to Moscow, further with train over Odessa, by boat over the Black Sea, further with ship from Suez around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]], finally ending up in [[Glasgow]] in September 1941. In Great Britain he joined the [[Norwegian Armed Forces in exile]], where he served as second-in-command of Company 4 of the Norwegian Brigade.<ref>Haga 1984: pp. 20&ndash;22</ref> In June 1942 two infantry troops from this company were sent to a [[shock troops]] training course at [[Fort William, Scotland|Fort William]].<ref>Fjærli 1982: p. 186.</ref> In August 1942 Hauge was given the command of ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' of the [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando]],<ref name=heh/><ref>van der Bijl 2006: p. 8.</ref> with the rank of Captain. Hauge was authorized to select volunteers from the whole Norwegian Brigade, but with the core from Company 4 which recently had undergone the shock troops training course. The unit was initially based in [[Nefyn]] in Wales, and they had to go through a standard three weeks ''Commando Hardening Course'' in [[Achnacarry]] before they were accepted as commandos.<ref>Fjærli 1982: pp. 187&ndash;188.</ref>


In January 1943 a detachment from the troop participated in the [[Operation Cartoon]], an attack on the [[pyrite]] mines of [[Stordø Kisgruber]] at [[Litlabø]] near [[Sagvåg]] in [[Stord]], Norway.<ref>Haga 1984: pp. 47&ndash;69</ref> From May 1943 the unit was based in [[Eastbourne]] and went through intensive training in preparation for landing operations. From January 1944 they were stationed in Shetland, where they took part in raids to the Norwegian coast, and in June they moved back to Eastbourne. His unit took part in the [[Battle of the Scheldt]], in particular the [[Operation Infatuate]], the victorious attack on [[Walcheren]] in November 1944.<ref>Fjærli 1982</ref><ref>Haga 1984: pp. 107&ndash;143</ref><ref>Melien 1979</ref> Hauge's report from the attack on Walcheren is reprinted in Fjærli's book from 1982 . The unit had a loss of four killed and seventeen injured during the eight days of the attack, Hauge being amongst the wounded.<ref>Fjærli 1982: pp. 192&ndash;198.</ref><ref name=vanderbijl51>van der Bijl 2006: p. 51.</ref> While recuperating, Hauge was awarded the British [[Military Cross]] for his leadership during the Walcheren battle.<ref>van der Bijl 2006: p. 59.</ref> In January 1945 No 5 Troop took part in the attack on the island [[Kapelsche Veer]], along with [[No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando]]. This attack was not an immediate success, but the island was conquered by Canadian troops a few weeks later.<ref>Fjærli 1982: p. 191.</ref><ref>Haga 1984: pp. 159&ndash;168</ref> After the first Norwegian assault against the German lines had resulted in more than 50% casualties, Hauge had called of the renewed attacks ordered by No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando. ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' saw no further fighting during the war after the Kapelsche Veer attack,<ref name=vanderbijl51/> being instead sent to [[Sweden in World War II|officially neutral Sweden]] on 1 May 1945. On 9 May 1945, eight days after arriving in Sweden, Hauge led ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' over the border to Norway to take part in [[Operation Doomsday|the disarming]] of the surrendered German forces there. When [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]] returned to Norway on 13 May, ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' formed his [[guard of honour]].<ref>van der Bijl 2006: pp. 57-58.</ref>
In January 1943 a detachment from the troop participated in the [[Operation Cartoon]], an attack on the [[pyrite]] mines of [[Stordø Kisgruber]] at [[Litlabø]] near [[Sagvåg]] in [[Stord]], Norway.<ref>Haga 1984: pp. 47&ndash;69</ref> From May 1943 the unit was based in [[Eastbourne]] and went through intensive training in preparation for landing operations. From January 1944 they were stationed in Shetland, where they took part in raids to the Norwegian coast, and in June they moved back to Eastbourne. His unit took part in the [[Battle of the Scheldt]], in particular the [[Operation Infatuate]], the victorious attack on [[Walcheren]] in November 1944.<ref>Fjærli 1982</ref><ref>Haga 1984: pp. 107&ndash;143</ref><ref>Melien 1979</ref> Hauge's report from the attack on Walcheren is reprinted in Fjærli's book from 1982 . The unit had a loss of four killed and seventeen injured during the eight days of the attack, Hauge being amongst the wounded.<ref>Fjærli 1982: pp. 192&ndash;198.</ref><ref name=vanderbijl51>van der Bijl 2006: p. 51.</ref> While recuperating, Hauge was awarded the British [[Military Cross]] for his leadership during the Walcheren battle.<ref>van der Bijl 2006: p. 59.</ref> In January 1945 No 5 Troop took part in the attack on the island [[Kapelsche Veer]], along with [[No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando]]. This attack was not an immediate success, but the island was conquered by Canadian troops a few weeks later.<ref>Fjærli 1982: p. 191.</ref><ref>Haga 1984: pp. 159&ndash;168</ref> After the first Norwegian assault against the German lines had resulted in more than 50% casualties, Hauge had called of the renewed attacks ordered by No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando. ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' saw no further fighting during the war after the Kapelsche Veer attack,<ref name=vanderbijl51/> being instead sent to [[Sweden in World War II|officially neutral Sweden]] on 1 May 1945. On 9 May 1945, eight days after arriving in Sweden, Hauge led ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' over the border to Norway to take part in [[Operation Doomsday|the disarming]] of the surrendered German forces there. When [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]] returned to Norway on 13 May, ''No. 5 Norwegian Troop'' formed his [[guard of honour]].<ref>van der Bijl 2006: pp. 57-58.</ref>

Revision as of 23:10, 23 April 2014

Rolf Hauge MC (1 July 1915 – 1989) was a Norwegian army officer with the rank of colonel.

Personal life

Hauge was born in Bergen, a son of Jørgen Ingjeldsen Hauge and Randi Urheim. He had his schooling at Bergen Cathedral School. He married Margaret Gerrard Watt Burnett from Scotland in 1942, the couple having a son in 1943.[1][2] Hauge died in 1989.[3]

Pre-World War II

In 1934-35, Hauge studied at and graduated from the Norwegian field artillery's officer school.[4] Following his first bout of military studies, he studied social economics in 1935-37. In 1937 he began two years of studies at the Norwegian Military Academy, becoming a lieutenant serving in the Kongsberg and Bergen anti-aircraft command in 1939.[5]

World War II

During the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 Hauge took part in the defence of Rjukan from 9 April onwards.[6][1] He had recently graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy as anti-aircraft officer, and commanded an improvised heavy machine gun company fighting at Rjukan as a lieutenant until the forces there were dissolved on 3 May 1940.[7][8] Although Rjukan and the entire county of Telemark was considered by the Norwegian military leadership as having no strategic value, it was nonetheless defended following requests by the Allies. The Allies wanted the heavy water production facilities at Rjukan defended against the advancing German forces.[9][Note 1] After the end of the fighting in Rjukan, Hauge attempted to make his way through Sweden to the still Norwegian-controlled areas in Northern Norway, but was handed over to the Germans by Swedish officials. Having been held as a prisoner by the Germans in Trondheim until June 1940, he made contact with the resistance movement later in 1940.[11] He was arrested in December 1940,[12] due to the disclosure of a resistance group, but was released shortly before Christmas, on parole with obligation to report to the German occupants.[13] Fearing further consequences, he decided to flee to Sweden. Here he was given tickets to travel the "long way" to Britain: aircraft to Moscow, further with train over Odessa, by boat over the Black Sea, further with ship from Suez around the Cape of Good Hope to the Atlantic Ocean, finally ending up in Glasgow in September 1941. In Great Britain he joined the Norwegian Armed Forces in exile, where he served as second-in-command of Company 4 of the Norwegian Brigade.[14] In June 1942 two infantry troops from this company were sent to a shock troops training course at Fort William.[15] In August 1942 Hauge was given the command of No. 5 Norwegian Troop of the No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando,[1][16] with the rank of Captain. Hauge was authorized to select volunteers from the whole Norwegian Brigade, but with the core from Company 4 which recently had undergone the shock troops training course. The unit was initially based in Nefyn in Wales, and they had to go through a standard three weeks Commando Hardening Course in Achnacarry before they were accepted as commandos.[17]

In January 1943 a detachment from the troop participated in the Operation Cartoon, an attack on the pyrite mines of Stordø Kisgruber at Litlabø near Sagvåg in Stord, Norway.[18] From May 1943 the unit was based in Eastbourne and went through intensive training in preparation for landing operations. From January 1944 they were stationed in Shetland, where they took part in raids to the Norwegian coast, and in June they moved back to Eastbourne. His unit took part in the Battle of the Scheldt, in particular the Operation Infatuate, the victorious attack on Walcheren in November 1944.[19][20][21] Hauge's report from the attack on Walcheren is reprinted in Fjærli's book from 1982 . The unit had a loss of four killed and seventeen injured during the eight days of the attack, Hauge being amongst the wounded.[22][23] While recuperating, Hauge was awarded the British Military Cross for his leadership during the Walcheren battle.[24] In January 1945 No 5 Troop took part in the attack on the island Kapelsche Veer, along with No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando. This attack was not an immediate success, but the island was conquered by Canadian troops a few weeks later.[25][26] After the first Norwegian assault against the German lines had resulted in more than 50% casualties, Hauge had called of the renewed attacks ordered by No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando. No. 5 Norwegian Troop saw no further fighting during the war after the Kapelsche Veer attack,[23] being instead sent to officially neutral Sweden on 1 May 1945. On 9 May 1945, eight days after arriving in Sweden, Hauge led No. 5 Norwegian Troop over the border to Norway to take part in the disarming of the surrendered German forces there. When Crown Prince Olav returned to Norway on 13 May, No. 5 Norwegian Troop formed his guard of honour.[27]

Among Hauge's war decorations were the St. Olav's Medal With Oak Branch,[28] the Norwegian War Medal, the Defence Medal 1940–1945, the Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal, the British Military Cross, the 1939–45 Star[1] and the France and Germany Star.[5]

Later career

Hauge continued his military career after World War II. He lectured at the Norwegian Military Academy from 1945 to 1946, studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences from 1946 to 1948, and commanded a field artillery battalion of the Norwegian Army Command Germany in 1949.[1] From 1951 to 1952 he served as a NATO staff officer, and from 1952 to 1958 he headed a field artillery training school.[29] From 1958 to 1972 he headed the Norwegian field artillery regiment 3 in Trondheim, with the rank of colonel.[1][29]

References

Notes

  1. ^ The German-controlled production of heavy water at Vemork near Rjukan ended in 1943, after a successful sabotage action by operatives from Norwegian Independent Company 1 and a bombing raid by American heavy bombers.[10]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f Steenstrup, Bjørn, ed. (1973). "Hauge, Rolf". Hvem er Hvem? (in Norwegian) (11 ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  2. ^ Møller 1959: p. 524.
  3. ^ Danielsen, D. (18 May 1989). "Rolf Hauge". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 15.
  4. ^ Gamst 1998: pp. 203, 211.
  5. ^ a b Møller 1959: p. 165.
  6. ^ Johnsen 1956: p. 101
  7. ^ Haga 1984: p. 19
  8. ^ Johnsen 1956: pp. 116-173
  9. ^ Johnsen 1956: pp. 84, 289
  10. ^ Kraglund, Ivar (1995). "tungtvannssabotasjonen". In Dahl, Hans Fredrik (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  11. ^ Haga 1984: p. 20
  12. ^ Ottosen, Kristian, ed. (2004) [1995]. Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940–1945 (2 ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 292.
  13. ^ Haga 1984: pp. 19
  14. ^ Haga 1984: pp. 20–22
  15. ^ Fjærli 1982: p. 186.
  16. ^ van der Bijl 2006: p. 8.
  17. ^ Fjærli 1982: pp. 187–188.
  18. ^ Haga 1984: pp. 47–69
  19. ^ Fjærli 1982
  20. ^ Haga 1984: pp. 107–143
  21. ^ Melien 1979
  22. ^ Fjærli 1982: pp. 192–198.
  23. ^ a b van der Bijl 2006: p. 51.
  24. ^ van der Bijl 2006: p. 59.
  25. ^ Fjærli 1982: p. 191.
  26. ^ Haga 1984: pp. 159–168
  27. ^ van der Bijl 2006: pp. 57-58.
  28. ^ Waage 1967
  29. ^ a b Bull; Eskeland; Tandberg, eds. (1972). "Hauge, Rolf". Gyldendals store konversasjonsleksikon (in Norwegian). Vol. 3 (3 ed.). Oslo: Gyldendal. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

Bibliography

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