Archaeocyatha: Difference between revisions
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== Preservation == |
== Preservation == |
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The remains of Archaeocyatha are mostly preserved as [[carbonate]] structures in a [[limestone]] [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]]. This means that the fossils cannot be chemically or mechanically isolated, save for some specimens that have already eroded out of their matrices, and their morphology has to be determined from thin cuts of the stone they were preserved |
The remains of Archaeocyatha are mostly preserved as [[carbonate]] structures in a [[limestone]] [[Matrix (geology)|matrix]]. This means that the fossils cannot be chemically or mechanically isolated, save for some specimens that have already eroded out of their matrices, and their morphology has to be determined from thin cuts of the stone in which they were preserved. |
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== Geological history == |
== Geological history == |
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Today, the archaeocyathan families are recognizable by small but consistent differences in their [[fossil]]ized structures: Some archaeocyathans were built like nested bowls, while others were as long as 300mm. Some archaeocyaths were solitary organisms, while others formed [[Colony (biology)|colonies]]. In the beginning of the [[Toyonian]] Age around 516 [[mya (unit)|mya]], the archaeocyaths went into a sharp decline. Almost all species became [[extinct]] by the Middle Cambrian, with the final-known species disappearing just prior to the end of the Cambrian period, |
Today, the archaeocyathan families are recognizable by small but consistent differences in their [[fossil]]ized structures: Some archaeocyathans were built like nested bowls, while others were as long as 300mm. Some archaeocyaths were solitary organisms, while others formed [[Colony (biology)|colonies]]. In the beginning of the [[Toyonian]] Age around 516 [[mya (unit)|mya]], the archaeocyaths went into a sharp decline. Almost all species became [[extinct]] by the Middle Cambrian, with the final-known species, ''[[Antarcticocyathus]] webberi'', disappearing just prior to the end of the Cambrian period, .<ref>The last-recorded archaeocyathan is a single species from the late (upper) Cambrian of Antarctica.</ref> Their rapid decline and disappearance coincided with a rapid [[Adaptive radiation|diversification]] of the [[Demosponges]]. |
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The archaeocyathids were important reef-builders in the early to middle Cambrian, with reefs (and indeed any accumulation of carbonates) becoming very rare after the group's extinction until the diversification of new taxa of coral reef-builders in the [[Ordovician]].<ref name=Munnecke2010>{{Cite doi|10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001}}</ref> |
The archaeocyathids were important reef-builders in the early to middle Cambrian, with reefs (and indeed any accumulation of carbonates) becoming very rare after the group's extinction until the diversification of new taxa of coral reef-builders in the [[Ordovician]].<ref name=Munnecke2010>{{Cite doi|10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:44, 25 April 2014
| Archaeocyatha Temporal range: Early — Late Cambrian
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| (unranked): | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Subkingdom: | |
| Phylum: | Porifera? (sponges)
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| (unranked): | Archaeocyatha Vologdin, 1937
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| Synonyms | |
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Archaeocyatha or archaeocyathids ("ancient cups") are extinct, sessile, reef-building[1] marine organisms of warm tropical and subtropical waters that lived during the early (lower) Cambrian period. It is believed that the centre of the Archaeocyatha origin is in East Siberia, where they are first known from the beginning of the Tommotian Age of the Cambrian, 525 million years ago (mya).[2] In other regions of the world, they appeared much later, during the Atdabanian, and quickly diversified into over a hundred families. They became the planet's very first reef-building animals and are an index fossil[3] for the Lower Cambrian worldwide.
Preservation
The remains of Archaeocyatha are mostly preserved as carbonate structures in a limestone matrix. This means that the fossils cannot be chemically or mechanically isolated, save for some specimens that have already eroded out of their matrices, and their morphology has to be determined from thin cuts of the stone in which they were preserved.
Geological history
Today, the archaeocyathan families are recognizable by small but consistent differences in their fossilized structures: Some archaeocyathans were built like nested bowls, while others were as long as 300mm. Some archaeocyaths were solitary organisms, while others formed colonies. In the beginning of the Toyonian Age around 516 mya, the archaeocyaths went into a sharp decline. Almost all species became extinct by the Middle Cambrian, with the final-known species, Antarcticocyathus webberi, disappearing just prior to the end of the Cambrian period, .[4] Their rapid decline and disappearance coincided with a rapid diversification of the Demosponges.
The archaeocyathids were important reef-builders in the early to middle Cambrian, with reefs (and indeed any accumulation of carbonates) becoming very rare after the group's extinction until the diversification of new taxa of coral reef-builders in the Ordovician.[5]
Morphology
The typical archaeocyathid resembled a hollow horn coral. Each had a conical or vase-shaped porous skeleton of calcite similar to that of a sponge. The structure appeared like a pair of perforated, nested ice cream cones. Their skeletons consisted of either a single porous wall (Monocyathida), or more commonly as two concentric porous walls, an inner and outer wall separated by a space. Inside the inner wall was a cavity (like the inside of an empty ice cream cone). At the base, these pleosponges were held to the substrate by a holdfast. The body presumably occupied the space between the inner and outer shells (the intervallum).
Ecology
Flow tank experiments suggest that archaeocyathan morphology allowed them to exploit flow gradients, either by passively pumping water through the skeleton, or, as in present-day, extant sponges, by drawing water through the pores, removing nutrients, and expelling spent water and wastes through the pores into the central space.
Distribution
The archaeocyathans inhabited coastal areas of shallow seas. Their widespread distribution over almost the entire Cambrian world, as well as the taxonomic diversity of the species, might be explained by surmising that that they were planktonic during their larval stage.
Their phylogenetic affiliation has been subject to changing interpretations, yet the consensus is growing that the archaeocyath was indeed a kind of sponge,[6] thus sometimes called a pleosponge. But some invertebrate paleontologists have placed them in an extinct, separate phylum, known appropriately as the Archaeocyatha.[7] However, one cladistic analysis[8] suggests that Archaeocyatha is a clade nested within the phylum Porifera (better known as the true sponges).
Taxonomy
The clade Archaeocyatha have traditionally been divided into Regulares and Irregulares (Rowland, 2001):
However, Okulitch (1955), who at the time regarded the archaeocyathans as outside of Porifera, divided the phylum in three classis:
- Phylum Archaeocyatha Vologdin, 1937
- Class Monocyathea Okulitch, 1943
- Class Archaeocyathea Okulitch, 1943
- Class Anthocyathea Okulitch, 1943
Notes
- ^ Archaeocyathid reef structures ("bioherms"), although not as massive as later coral reefs, might have been as deep as ten meters (Emiliani 1992:451).
- ^ Maloof, A.C., 2010. "Constraints on early Cambrian carbon cycling from the duration of the Nemakit-Daldynian–Tommotian boundary $$\delta$$13C shift, Morocco." Geology; July 2010; v. 38; no. 7; p. 623-626; doi:10.1130/G30726.1
- ^ http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~janderso/historic/paleolif.htm
- ^ The last-recorded archaeocyathan is a single species from the late (upper) Cambrian of Antarctica.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001instead. - ^ Scuba divers have discovered living calcareous sponges, including one species that -- like the archaeocyathans -- is without spicules, thus morphologically similar to the archaeocyaths. Rowland, S.M. (2001). "Archaeocyatha: A history of phylogenetic interpretation". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1065–1078. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1065:AAHOPI>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- ^ Debrenne, F. and J. Vacelet. 1984. "Archaeocyatha: Is the sponge model consistent with their structural organization?" in Palaeontographica Americana, 54:pp358-369.
- ^ J. Reitner. 1990. "Polyphyletic origin of the 'Sphinctozoans'", in Rutzler, K. (ed.), New Perspectives in Sponge Biology: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges (Woods Hole) pp. 33-42. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
References
- Emiliani, Cesare. (1992). Planet Earth : Cosmology, Geology, & the Evolution of Life & the Environment. Cambridge University Press. (Paperback Edition ISBN 0-521-40949-7), p 451
- Okulitch, V. J., 1955: Part E – Archaeocyatha and Porifera. Archaeocyatha, E1-E20 in Moore, R. C., (ed.) 1955: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955, xviii-E122.
External links
- knowledge base and interactive key for identification of archaeocyathan genera: http://www.infosyslab.fr/archaeocyatha/
- (UCMP Berkeley) Archaeocyathans
- (Palaeos Invertebrates) Archaeocyatha