Power associativity

In abstract algebra, power associativity is a property of a binary operation which is a weak form of associativity.

An algebra (or more generally a magma) is said to be power-associative if the subalgebra generated by any element is associative. Concretely, this means that if an element x is multiplied by itself several times, it doesn't matter in which order the multiplications are carried out, so for instance x(x(xx)) = (x(xx))x = (xx)(xx). This is stronger than merely saying that (xx)x = x(xx) for every x in the algebra, but weaker than alternativity or associativity.

Every associative algebra is obviously power-associative, but so are all other alternative algebras (like the octonions, which are non-associative) and even some non-alternative algebras like the sedenions and Okubo algebras. Any algebra whose elements are idempotent is also power-associative.

Exponentiation to the power of any natural number other than zero can be defined consistently whenever multiplication is power-associative. For example, there is no ambiguity as to whether x³ should be defined as (xx)x or as x(xx), since these are equal. Exponentiation to the power of zero can also be defined if the operation has an identity element, so the existence of identity elements becomes especially useful in power-associative contexts.

A nice substitution law holds for real power-associative algebras with unit, which basically asserts that multiplication of polynomials works as expected. For f a real polynomial in x, and for any a in such an algebra define f(a) to be the element of the algebra resulting from the obvious substitution of a into f. Then for any two such polynomials f and g, we have that (fg) (a) = f(a)g(a).

References

• Albert, A. Adrian (1948). "Power-associative rings". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 64: 552–593. ISSN 0002-9947. JSTOR 1990399. MR 0027750. Zbl 0033.15402.
• Knus, Max-Albert; Merkurjev, Alexander; Rost, Markus; Tignol, Jean-Pierre (1998). The book of involutions. Colloquium Publications. Vol. 44. With a preface by J. Tits. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-0904-0. Zbl 0955.16001.
• Okubo, Susumu (1995). Introduction to octonion and other non-associative algebras in physics. Montroll Memorial Lecture Series in Mathematical Physics. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-521-01792-0. MR 1356224. Zbl 0841.17001.
• Schafer, R.D. (1995) [1966]. An introduction to non-associative algebras. Dover. pp. 128–148. ISBN 0-486-68813-5.